Introductory programming courses remain challenging for many students, which motivates educators to adopt gamification to enhance engagement and learning. More recent work explores adaptive gamification, where game elements and task flow are tailored to individual learners. A key requirement for such adaptation is the ability to predict student success on upcoming tasks. Using a dataset of task attempts collected from a gamified introductory programming activity, we examine the predictive value of coarse-grained knowledge components, task difficulty, and dynamic student performance features. The results show that behavioral signals are substantially more informative than task properties: a student's prior success history and their position within a lesson sequence are the strongest predictors of future correctness. Although advanced topics such as file handling and structures are associated with increased failure rates, their impact is secondary to students' evolving engagement patterns. These findings highlight the role of momentum and practice effects in gamified programming environments and suggest that adaptive systems should prioritize real-time learner progression when providing instructional support. Dataset and the code for our experiments is available at https://osf.io/cajby.

AIM To evaluate whether single and two-month average intradialytic blood pressure (BP) measurements, including systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), are associated with left ventricular mass index (LVMI), and whether intradialytic BP thresholds discriminate left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in patients with end-stage renal disease on haemodialysis. METHODS This prospective observational study was conducted at the Dialysis Centre in Doboj between June and September 2017 and included 97 adults on chronic haemodialysis for at least five months. Intradialytic BP was assessed as a single measurement and as a two-month average. LVMI and LVH were evaluated by echocardiography. Multivariable regression examined associations with LVMI after adjustment for age, haemoglobin, and volume overload, while receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis assessed LVH discrimination. RESULTS Median dialysis duration was 3.9 years, and 24 patients (25%) had ischemic heart disease. Median LVMI was 117.5 g/m2, and LVH was present in 44 patients (45%). After adjustment for relevant covariates, single intradialytic SBP and DBP measurements were not associated with LVMI. In contrast, two-month average SBP (B = 0.5364, p = 0.0075) and DBP (B = 0.7308, p = 0.0299) remained independently associated with LVMI. Two-month average SBP showed moderate LVH discrimination (area under the curve (AUC) 0.711; p = 0.0001), with an exploratory cut-off of >143 mmHg. CONCLUSION Two-month average intradialytic SBP was independently associated with higher LVMI and showed moderate discrimination for LVH but requires external validation.

AIM To determine the prevalence and microbiological profile of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in mechanically ventilated patients and to assess clinical and laboratory parameters associated with its development, with emphasis on C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and duration of mechanical ventilation. METHODS This single-centre prospective observational cohort study included 118 adult patients who required invasive mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours in the intensive care unit of the University Clinical Centre Tuzla. Patients were classified into VAP and non-VAP groups. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and microbiological data were collected, and in-hospital outcomes were recorded. Statistical analysis included between-group comparisons, univariate logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS VAP was diagnosed in 41 patients (34.7%). Gram-negative pathogens predominated (≈ 85%), with Acinetobacter baumannii identified most frequently (43.9%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Patients with VAP had significantly longer durations of mechanical ventilation (12.5 vs. 7.3 days, p < 0.001) and hospitalisation (19.6 vs. 12.2 days, p < 0.001), as well as higher CRP levels (178.2 vs. 126.4 mg/L, p < 0.001). Reintubation, elevated CRP, leukocytosis, hypercapnia, and prolonged mechanical ventilation were associated with VAP. CRP demonstrated good-to-moderate discriminative ability for VAP (AUC = 0.83). CONCLUSION VAP remains a common and clinically significant complication in mechanically ventilated patients. Elevated CRP levels and prolonged mechanical ventilation may support early clinical suspicion using routinely available parameters.

We investigate the asymptotic behavior of the solutions of the evolutionary version of the food-limited equation dxdt=xrK−xK+Crx where r, growth rate, K, carrying capacity, and 1C, the rate of replacement of a species at saturation, are positive. We assume that growth rate r and the carrying capacity K are functions of some trait that evolve over time. Using previously established methodologies, we investigate the effects of parameters dependent on a trait evolving over time with respect to a trait and describe the global behavior of the solutions and give biological interpretations. Additionally, we give simulations of particular examples with biological relevance.

AIM To examine the association between parental and child body mass index (BMI), and parental perceptions of their own and their child's weight in relation to measured BMI. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 1,343 children aged 3-6 years and 1,343 parents from primary healthcare centres and preschool institutions in Sarajevo. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, parental weight perceptions, and anthropometric parameters were collected using a questionnaire. BMI was calculated according to the National Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion recommendations. RESULTS The mean parental BMI was 25.1 ± 3.8. Overall, 460 (34.25%) parents were overweight and 140 (10.43%) were obese. Among children, 171 (12.7%) were underweight, 790 (58.8%) had normal weight, 159 (11.9%) were overweight, and 223 (16.6%) were obese. Higher parental BMI was associated with lower relative risk of underweight (RRR=0.94; 95%CI = 0.89-0.99; p = 0.021), slightly higher risk of overweight (RRR = 1.04; 95%CI = 1.00-1.09; p = 0.047), and higher risk of obesity (RRR = 1.09; 95% CI = 1.04-1.13; p < 0.001). Parental perception of child weight status differed significantly from measured BMI (p < 0.001), with very low sensitivity for child overweight and obesity of 10.5% (95%CI 7.8 - 13.9) and specificity of 99.2% (95% CI 98.4-99.6). Among parents, 100 overweight and 105 obese individuals perceived themselves as normal weight. CONCLUSION Parental BMI was positively associated with child BMI. Misperception of parent and child weight was common, supporting improved awareness and targeted prevention.

This research paper investigates the sustainable revitalization of national monuments in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina employing advanced restoration methodologies that integrate energy efficiency, cultural authenticity, and material sustainability. Utilizing the ETH Zurich retrofit framework, aligned with the European Green Deal and EU Energy Efficiency Directives, a context-specific methodological approach is developed.The study conducts spatial geodatabase analysis and comparative scenario modeling Business as Usual (BAU) versus Green Certified Retrofit (GCR) across case studies comprising three national monuments in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The retrofit strategy emphasizes reversible, minimally invasive interior insulation with vapor-permeable, bio-based materials (wood fiber, lime plaster), ensuring heritage conservation compliance. Results indicate that GCR scenarios significantly reduce energy consumption, CO₂ emissions, and life-cycle costs, while maintaining historic and architectural integrity. This research proposes a replicable model integrating geospatial tools and sustainable retrofit techniques to advance climate-adaptive cultural heritage management in the Western Balkans and comparable regions.

We present a technically natural microscopic realization of apparent phantom dark energy based on an axion coupled to $N$ copies of two-flavor dark QCD related by a $\mathbb{Z}_N$ exchange symmetry. The symmetry exponentially suppresses the axion vacuum potential, naturally generating the dark-energy scale, while reheating into a single dark sector induces a controlled breaking of $\mathbb{Z}_N$ that simultaneously restores the physical axion periodicity, sets the dark-matter abundance, and drives the late-time dark-energy dynamics. The selected sector contains dark-pion dark matter, whose finite density initially traps the axion away from its vacuum minimum. As the Universe expands and the dark-pion density redshifts away, the axion is released and rolls on the reheating-induced vacuum potential, generating an effective phantom crossing without tuned cancellations. We identify a viable parameter region that simultaneously reproduces the observed dark-matter relic abundance and dark-energy scale, satisfies cosmological and astrophysical constraints, and qualitatively reproduces the DESI preference for an evolving dark-energy equation of state.

Metal-air (O 2 ) batteries have recently gained significant attention as high-energy alternatives to state-of-the-art Li-ion batteries. While Li-O 2 batteries offer higher theoretical specific energies, Na-O 2 cells have been reported to exhibit superior reversible electrochemistry, achieving higher capacities on discharge and much lower overpotentials on charge compared to their Li-O 2 counterparts [1,2]. To support the transition from Na-O 2 to practical Na-air systems, it is essential to understand how humidity affects key aspects of aprotic electrolyte performance, particularly the stability window. In this talk, we investigate the role of water across both low potentials—relevant for deposition and stripping processes—and high potentials, where electrolyte anodically decomposes. To accomplish this, we employ the rotating (ring) disk electrode (R(R)DE) technique for in situ detection of proton generation as a direct indicator of anodic electrolyte breakdown [3]. This approach not only enables rapid screening of the stability window but also provides a robust method for generating a high-quality data library, leveraging well-defined, inert, and atomically flat surfaces. Accurate and reliable electrochemical data of this kind are essential for machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) to achieve their full predictive potential in materials and electrolyte discovery. These insights offer a pathway toward the rational design of more stable organic electrolytes, a key requirement for enabling high-capacity sodium–air batteries. References: [1] McCloskey, B.D., Garcia, J.M. and Luntz, A.C., 2014. Chemical and electrochemical differences in nonaqueous Li–O2 and Na–O2 batteries. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters , 5 (7), pp.1230-1235. [2] Xia, C., Black, R., Fernandes, R., Adams, B. and Nazar, L.F., 2015. The critical role of phase-transfer catalysis in aprotic sodium oxygen batteries. Nature chemistry , 7 (6), pp.496-501. [3] Hatsukade, T., Zorko, M., Haering, D., Markovic, N.M., Stamenkovic, V.R. and Strmcnik, D., 2020. Detection of protons using the rotating ring disk electrode method during electrochemical oxidation of battery electrolytes. Electrochemistry Communications , 120 , p.106785. ___________________ The submitted manuscript has been created by UChicago Argonne, LLC, Operator of Argonne National Laboratory (“Argonne”). Argonne, a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science laboratory, is operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. The U.S. Government retains for itself, and others acting on its behalf, a paid-up nonexclusive, irrevocable worldwide license in said article to reproduce, prepare derivative works, distribute copies to the public, and perform publicly and display publicly, by or on behalf of the Government. The Department of Energy will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan. http://energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-plan

Ni-based materials have long served as cathodes in industrial alkaline water and chlor-alkali electrolysis, offering an effective balance of affordability, durability, and catalytic performance. However, progress in improving their intrinsic activity has been limited for decades, largely due to the lack of fundamental understanding of how the complex surface chemistry of Ni governs catalytic activity at the atomic/molecular level. Anyone working with Ni-based electrodes in the pursuit of improved hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts has likely faced serious reproducibility challenges. Even those who achieve internally consistent results ultimately still fall within the broad spread shown in Figure 1a, which compiles HER activities of metallic Ni and its oxide- or hydroxide-modified variants from numerous published studies. This variability does not result from poor reproducibility, the common practice of reporting geometric current densities instead of ECSA-normalized activities, or intrinsic reactivity. Rather, it stems from the uncontrolled diversity of Ni surface states, combined with variations in electrode and electrolyte histories and measurement protocols across the field. In this work, we do not aim to introduce yet another “high-performing” catalyst, but to resolve the fundamental origins of this scatter. Using well-defined, extended Ni surfaces prepared through rigorously controlled protocols, we identify the distinct roles of native Ni species in alkaline HER. Specifically, NiO often believed to participate in HER, acts as a passive spectator; NiH x inhibits HER; and Ni(OH) 2 promotes HER by facilitating water dissociation and generating new, highly active sites in its vicinity on metallic Ni (Figure 1b) [1]. These sites differ inherently from those composed solely of Ni atoms. The behavior of these species is interpreted in the context of two major factors controlling HER rates on Ni-based catalysts in alkaline solutions: the availability of active sites on the Ni electrode surface (the 1−θ ad term) and the energetics of the activated water complex (the Δ G 0# (H2O) term). Taken together, this study provides a unified framework for understanding the intrinsic activity of Ni-based catalysts, resolving discrepancies in the literature and offering guidance for the design of the next-generation alkaline water electrolyzers. Figure 1. (a) Summary of reported HER activities for metallic Ni (black symbol) and for Ni surfaces modified by oxide (red symbol) or hydroxide (green symbol), compiled from numerous published studies. Dashed horizontal lines mark the activity range measured in this work, from the least to the most active surface. (b) Representative polarization curves illustrating the distinct HER behavior induced by different native Ni surface species. Figures adapted from the authors’ own preprint/work. Reference: [1] D.K. Kozlica, M. Finšgar, P.F.B.D. Martins, M. Huš, B. Genorio, J.G. Connell, M. Martins, M. Hývl, T. Žibert, K.A. Varda, A. Osmić, M. Bele, B. Likozar, D. Strmčnik, The role of individual nickel surface species in the hydrogen evolution reaction on nickel in alkaline electrolytes, PREPRINT (Version 1) available at Research Square (doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7285662/v1), (22 August 2025). ___________________ The submitted manuscript has been created by UChicago Argonne, LLC, Operator of Argonne National Laboratory (“Argonne”). Argonne, a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science laboratory, is operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. The U.S. Government retains for itself, and others acting on its behalf, a paid-up nonexclusive, irrevocable worldwide license in said article to reproduce, prepare derivative works, distribute copies to the public, and perform publicly and display publicly, by or on behalf of the Government. The Department of Energy will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan. http://energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-plan Figure 1

Pravna priroda plodouživanja temelji se na njegovu obilježju ograničenog stvarnog prava na tuđoj stvari, kojim se nositelju priznaje pravo uporabe i ubiranja plodova stvari, uz istodobnu obvezu očuvanja njezine supstance. Iako se radi o klasičnom pravnom institutu duboko ukorijenjenom u rimskoj pravnoj tradiciji, aktualni izazovi tržišta nekretnina ponovno aktualiziraju njegovu primjenu, osobito u kontekstu rastuće stambene nedostupnosti i potrebe za fleksibilnijim oblicima stanovanja. Na razini Europske unije tržište nekretnina suočeno je s kontinuiranim rastom cijena stanova i najamnina, ograničenim pristupom stambenom financiranju za mlade, promjenama na tržištu rada, itd. Slični, a možda i izraženiji izazovi prisutni su u Bosni i Hercegovini, gdje mladi, suočeni s nesigurnim oblicima zaposlenja, niskim primanjima i nedostatnom institucionalnom potporom, u velikoj mjeri nisu u mogućnosti riješiti stambeno pitanje putem vlasništva. Ipak, postojeće stambene politike dominantno su usmjerene na vlasničke modele, dok su alternativni oblici dugoročnog i sigurnog stanovanja nedovoljno razvijeni. U takvim okolnostima plodouživanje se može promatrati kao pravni instrument investicijskog, socijalnog i stambenog planiranja. Rad razmatra plodouživanje kao mogući odgovor na aktualne izazove, ističući njegov potencijal u povezivanju socijalne potrebe s racionalnim upravljanjem nekretninama. Ključne riječi: plodouživanje, rimska pravna tradicija, rješavanje stambenog pitanja mladih, investicijsko planiranje, Bosna i Hercegovina.

Donošenjem Zakona o zaštiti prava na pravično suđenje u razumnom roku u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine osigurava se zaštita prava na razuman rok kao preventivnog pravnog sredstva. Pravno sredstvo za zaštitu prava na pravično suđenje u razumnom roku je: zahtjev za zaštitu prava na pravično suđenje u razumnom roku i isplatu primjerene naknade u slučaju povrede prava na pravično suđenje u razumnom roku. Kriteriji koji se uzimaju u obzir kod ocjene razumnosti dužine trajanja postupka su: složenost predmeta u činjeničnom i pravnom smislu, aktivnost suda i drugih tijela, ponašanje podnositelja pravnog sredstva, zakonske odredbe o hitnosti postupka, ukupna dužina trajanja postupka. Prema novom zakonu predsjednici sudova će se naći pred izazovom tumačenja kriterija i standarda određivanja kršenja razumnog roka. Autori će se u radu baviti tumačenjem europskih standarda uspostavljenih sudskom praksom Europskog suda za ljudska prava u Strasbourgu za kriterije utvrđivanja povrede prava na pravično suđenje u razumnom roku te sudskom praksom Ustavnog suda Bosne i Hercegovine i Ustavnog suda Republike Hrvatske. Ključne riječi: kriteriji kod određivanja kršenja razumnog roka, tumačenje europskih standarda i sudske prakse ustavnih sudova.

In the last few decades, bark beetle outbreaks have increased in European forests, triggered by extreme weather events, such as drought and windstorms. A core element of integrated pest management to control outbreaks are salvage logging and sanitation felling, i.e., the timely removal or treatment of potential brood material and already infested trees after disturbance events. Associated with these management operations as well as with regular, planned thinning and cutting, felling residues, such as treetops, branches and stumps that remain in the forest provide potentially suitable breeding material for bark beetles and may trigger further outbreak events. Although felling residue management is part of regular forest management in most of Europe, no overview exists on its use throughout the continent. To fill this gap, we gathered forest health experts from 20 European countries and used a questionnaire to provide information on felling residue management in the context of forest protection in managed forests. Relevant legislation in these countries was reviewed for regulations concerning this topic. We found that most countries have felling residue management in their legislation and/or perform it in practice. In 12 of the 20 countries, felling residue management is being applied to manage bark beetles, particularly in areas that have experienced large-scale outbreaks in the last few decades. Felling residues are mainly managed in forests dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) and pines (Pinus spp.) (in 19 and 17 of the countries, respectively). The most frequently used management methods on a European level were piling or mulching of felling residues. These methods were used in 14 and 16 of the countries, respectively. Besides bark beetle management, use of residues for bioenergy (4 countries) and biodiversity conservation (6 countries) was reported. The diversity of felling residue management practices across Europe may reflect differences in forest policies and climatic gradients that are affecting bark beetle outbreak risks. This overview presents the variety of felling residue management applied across 20 European countries, highlighting the reasons for and implications of its use, as well as further research needs.

Agroecological conditions, the biological characteristics of grapevine varieties, and the application of viticultural practices significantly influence the physico-chemical properties of grapes. This study assessed the impact of agroecological conditions at two cultivation sites, Sarajevo and Trebinje, on the physico-chemical properties of Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) grape varieties. The results showed that location had a statistically significant effect on several physical parameters of grape bunches and berries. Significant differences were observed in bunch and berry mass (in ‚Chardonnay‘), bunch length (in both varieties), bunch width (in ‚Cabernet Sauvignon‘), berry length (in ‚Chardonnay‘), berry width (both varieties), as well as in the mass of 100 berries, pulp and skin mass of 100 berries, and the number of seeds per 100 berries. Furthermore, the cultivation site significantly influenced the sugar and total acid content in both varieties, as well as the phenolic content in ‚Chardonnay‘ berries, and the flavonoid content and total antioxidant activity in ‚Cabernet Sauvignon‘.

Rad analizira usklađenost Zakona o zaštiti ličnih podataka iz 2025. (ZZLP) s Općom uredbom o zaštiti podataka (GDPR), kao i njegov odnos prema općim pravilima odštetnog prava sadržanim u Zakonu o obligacionim odnosima (ZOO). Iako ZZLP kao lex specialis i lex posterior ima prednost u primjeni, ispitano je da li određene nedorečenosti ili kolizije između ova dva zakona podrivaju temeljni cilj GDPR-a – osiguranje djelotvornih, odvraćajućih i razmjernih pravnih sredstava. Utvrđen je visok stepen normativne usklađenosti ZZLP-a s GDPR-om, naročito u pogledu administrativnih i krivičnih sankcija. Međutim, značajna odstupanja uočena su u oblasti naknade štete. Sudska praksa Suda Evropske unije potvrđuje da ne postoji pravilo de minimis, da šteta mora biti stvarna i dokaziva, te da naknada ima isključivo kompenzacijski karakter. Budući da je BiH kandidat za članstvo u EU, ovi standardi su relevantni i za domaće sudove. Ključni problem identificiran je u pitanju uzročnosti i štete, koju ZZLP ne uređuje detaljno, pa se primjenjuju pravila ZOO. Dokazivanje uzročnosti može otežati ostvarivanje zaštite, zbog čega se razmatra mogućnost kvalifikacije obrade podataka kao opasne djelatnosti, čime bi se teret dokazivanja prebacio na obrađivača. Posebno su analizirana pitanja materijalne i nematerijalne štete. Kod materijalne štete, mali iznosi mogu obeshrabriti oštećene, pa se razmatra potencijalna uloga nominalne ili kaznene štete, uprkos restriktivnom stavu Suda EU. Najveći nesklad između ZZLP/GDPR i ZOO odnosi se na nematerijalnu štetu. Dok GDPR i ZZLP dopuštaju naknadu neovisno o intenzitetu i trajanju povrede, ZOO polazi od subjektivnog koncepta koji zahtijeva određeni prag bola ili straha. Stoga se predlaže de lege ferenda prelazak na objektivnu koncepciju nematerijalne štete, prema kojoj sama povreda ličnih prava predstavlja štetu, dok bi intenzitet bola i straha služio samo za određivanje visine naknade. Također su kritizirane procesne manjkavosti, uključujući izostanak alternativne mjesne nadležnosti i nedostatak odredbi o kolektivnoj zaštiti prava. Ključne riječi: zaštita osobnih podataka, GDPR, naknada štete za povredu osobnih podataka, nematerijalna šteta, kolektivna zaštita.

Background: The Renal Registry of Bosnia and Herzegovina systematically collects national data on kidney replacement therapy for patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). This report summarizes 2 decades of registry data (2002-2022), showing trends in incidence, prevalence, modality distribution, and patient outcomes. Methods: Data were obtained annually from 30 dialysis centers across the country. Incidence, prevalence, and survival rates for hemodialysis (HD), peritoneal dialysis (PD), and kidney transplantation were calculated per million population (pmp). Descriptive statistics and Kaplan–Meier survival analyses were performed using SPSS 25. Results: Between 2002 and 2022, the number of dialysis centers increased from 18 to 30, and the total treated population rose by 43.5% (from 1687 to 2421 patients). Hemodialysis remained the predominant modality (80.4%), while PD accounted for only 3.0% of all dialysis patients. The incidence rate in 2022 was 118.9 pmp, and the prevalence reached 685.6 pmp. The leading causes of ESKD were diabetic nephropathy (29.5%) and hypertensive nephropathy (13.1%). The crude mortality rate among dialysis patients in 2022 was 13.2%, primarily due to cardiovascular disease. By the end of 2022, a total of 402 patients lived with a functioning kidney graft. Conclusion: Over the past 2 decades, Bosnia and Herzegovina has experienced steady growth in its dialysis population and gradual improvements in registry coverage. However, the country continues to face challenges, including low utilization of PD and limited transplantation activity. Strengthening early chronic kidney disease detection and expanding organ donation programs remain key national priorities.   Cite this article as: Resić H, Rebić D, Turković AM. The renal registry of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Turk J Nephrol. Published online May 11, 2026. doi: 10.10.5152/turkjnephrol.2026.25988.