In this paper, the physicochemical and biological parameters in three rivers of Bosnia and Herzegovina are investigated. The compositions of macrozoobenthos and bacterial communities in the rivers Drina, Gostović and Vogošća were analyzed. Data were obtained by field sampling conducted during the summer period in 2019 and 2020. Results indicate that the most of the physicochemical parameters of water change with the impact of pollution and altitude. The results showed that the structure of macroinvertebrate communities, the number of indigenous or allochthonous bacterial populations in the examined rivers significantly depends on altitude, temperature and oxygen concentration. Patterns of correlation were observed between individual physicochemical parameters of water on the one hand and communities of macroinvertebrates and bacteria on the other.

Endocrinological and physiological changes associated with parturition and begining of lactation have negative effects to immune functions, dry matter intake and cows have to go through period of negative energy balance of different intensity and duration. After parturition, about 80% of dairy cows enter the period of negative energy balance in early lactation and body condition score decrease, because of great energy needs for milk synthesis, which is followed with compromising of reproductive performances. Lameness is chronical, painful and stressful condition, associated with lower reproductive performances and it represents one of three most common reason for economical losses in dairy industry. This study had included 44 Holstein Friesian cows. Status of reproductive organs and body condition has been assessed by sonography and for lameness ZINPRO method. More frequent lameness have been observed, where 59% cows had been in category 2, while 32,2% cows in category 3. Cows with insufficient body condition score (BCS) before parturition, during period of puerperium had anovulation of 25%. Farms should have calendar od routine body condition and lameness assessment, because of negative effects, they may have to many physiological functions.

The aim of this study was to examine the content of total polyphenols and antioxidant activity of gluten - free buckwheat dough and crackers based on sour buckwheat dough. For the preparation of gluten-free crackers based on sour buckwheat dough, the dough is prepared by adding lyophilized starter culture. The recipe for gluten-free crackers based on sour buckwheat dough was prepared by mixing wheat gluten-free flour with the addition of 10% and 20% buckwheat sourdough, as well as wheat gluten-free flour with 20% buckwheat flour. Gluten-free wheat dough and crackers were prepared as a control sample. The total polyphenols in the aqueous extract of crackers and crackers were determined by a modified Folin – Ciocalte method. Two different methods, FRAP and DPPH, were used to determine antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity in crackers and crackers was determined by the FRAP method, while the influence of time on the antioxidant activity of crackers was monitored by the DPPH method. The test results showed a higher content of total polyphenols and antioxidant activity in doughs and crackers produced with the addition of buckwheat sourdough as a result of the action of lactic acid bacteria whose metabolism stimulates the formation of new amounts of polyphenolic compounds.

Using the CIELAB method, the influence of extremely high doses of sulfur dioxide (from about 300 to about 1200 mg/L) in experimental-model white wines prepared from 31 samples of white wines from the Western Balkan region on changes in the chromatic properties of the wine was investigated. By spectrophotometric measurements and calculations, the values of the CIELAB indicators L* (clarity), a* (color along the red-green axis), b* (color along the yellow-blue axis) and ΔE* (overall colorimetric difference between the two wines) were determined. In the analyzed basic wines, the contents of free and total sulfur dioxide were found to be below the legally prescribed maximum concentrations in wines that are on the market. Changes in the values of indicators L*, a* and b* did not follow linear increases in sulfur dioxide content in experimental-model wines. However, on average for all wines, with increases in the content of sulfur dioxide in the specified range, there was an increase in the value of L* by about 1.6 units, a shift in the value of a* by about 1.5 units in a greener direction, and a shift in the value of b* in the direction of less yellow by about 2.3. Setting the value ΔE ≥ 2 as a difference in the color of the wine that could be determined visually, it was found that the modeled strong increase in the content of sulfur dioxide in the wines led to a significant change in color in about 65% of the analyzed wines. The predominant contribution to presumably visible changes in colors of the modeled wine came from changes in the value of the parameter b*. Bearing in mind the significant changes in the color of white wines noted in this research at the first model increase in sulfur dioxide content (by 200 mg/L), it would be useful to investigate changes in the color of white wines at different thresholds of increasing sulfur dioxide content up to this level.

The primary objective of this research was to determine the threshold of sensory detection of wine sweetness (sweetness threshold) modelled by adding a sucrose solution in dry white wines and identification of the possible influence of acidity on the wine sweetness threshold. The study was done on 11 samples of regional dry still white wines. The sugar content and total acidity of wines were measured in a laboratory, followed with the sensory evaluation of their quality (OIV rating scale up to 100 points). Seven experienced wine consumers tasted untreated dry wines and the same wines with modelled sugar concentrations trying to find the lowest concentration of sugar by which the sweetness of wine was undoubtedly recognized. The obtained results showed that the wine evaluators have registered wine sweetness thresholds at relatively low concentrations of sugar (the lowest 3.79 g/L, the highest 6.07 g/L). Analysis of the relations between the acid contents of the wines and the wines' sweetness thresholds pointed out their high positive correlation (correlation coefficient +0.786). This is in accordance with some previously published researches concluding that the sensory recognition of the sweetness of wine is conditioned by their acidity, i.e. that wine acidity to some extent suppress its sweetness.

Nowadays, farmers in Bosnia and Herzegovina are facing climate change-related problems almost constantly. Treats such as late frost, extreme temperature or precipitation events, drought, floods and hail are becoming frequent and more devastating.In order to achieve sustainable production and rational use of water resources together with environmental protection and reduction of risk, farmers should use decision-support tools such as the irrigation calendar or chart. Using such calendars can save up to 30% of water while maintaining yields and requiring minimum data or need for developing new skills. In this study, irrigation calendars for orchard production (apple, pear and plum) in Tuzla Canton taking in consideration different soil characteristics were developed. Critical month for the irrigation in Tuzla Canton is July. Average orchard water requirement is around 667 mm, or 146 mm in the critical month. Under normal weather conditions, daily irrigation requirements in July amounts to 2.64 l of water per m2, if conditions are dry or extremely dray then these values should double.

The research aims to determine the phenological characteristics of seven introduced almond cultivars (Ferragnes, Ferraduel, Tuono, Genco, Supernova, Texas, Nonpareil), in Herzegovina, in a private plantation located near the settlement of Gnojnice, Mostar municipality. The area of Herzegovina - Mostar is very favorable for intensive almond cultivation. The phenological observations covered two vegetation years (2017-2018). Phenological observations are considered as sensitive methods for recognizing the plant reactions to climate change. The flowering period is a significant characteristic of almonds because it is important to avoid late frosts that affect the production of almonds with early flowering. Based on the study of the phenological phases of almond flowering, it can be concluded that all introduced almond cultivars belong to the group of medium to late flowering, which shows a satisfactory adaptation to the ecological conditions of Herzegovina. There are significant differences in the time of the beginning of ripening of almond cultivars in 2017 and 2018, which is the result of the agro-ecological conditions. Based on the phenological research that referred to the late flowering, the most promising cultivar for the area of Herzegovina is Supernova, and it can be recommended for wider production. In addition to the late flowering phenophases, Supernova is self-fertile cultivar. In the future, it is necessary to continue and intensively research both the introduction and autochthonous genotypes of almonds in Herzegovina for genetic characteristics and breeding programs.

The aim of this study was agro-pomological evaluation of ‘Clery’ strawberry cultivated in three different growing systems (open field, under low and high tunnel). The experiment was conducted during three seasons (2013-2015) at a commercial orchard in Celic (North eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina). By cultivation system of ‘Clery’ strawberry under high tunnel were achieved better results related to the development of crowns, yield per plant, fruit size, the ratio of marketable fruits and content of soluble solids in the fruit. Obtained results indicate that it is possible to adopt cultivation system in the strawberry culture in order to improve the total and marketable yield as well as fruit quality.

The tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) is a pest that causes significant damage to tomato production in Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to previous research, the inadequate application of older generation insecticides in the control of tomato leaf miner has led to a series of harmful consequences, such as increased resistance of the pest, reduction of the natural enemies population and an increase in pesticide residues in the agricultural products and in the environment. The aim of this work was to examine the efficacy of the newer insecticides generation in controlling of tomato leaf miner in greenhouse production in southern Bosnia and Herzegovina. Testing the efficacy of insecticides was carried out on tomato plants (Matias hybrid) in greenhouses in the localities of Višići, Gabela and Klepci. The effectiveness was tested on the following variants of insecticides: Indoxacarb, Emamectin benzoate, Methoxyfenozide, Lufenuron, Chlorantraniliprole, Azadirachtin, Spinosad and the combination of Abamectin + Lufenuron. Based on the number of live larvae in the mines, according to Abbott, the efficiency values of the applied insecticide variants were calculated. The combination of insecticides based on the active substances Abamectin and Lufenuron showed the highest percentage of efficiency (53.52%). The insecticide based on the active substance Spinosad showed the lowest percentage of efficiency. Lower efficiency values of the majority tested insecticides are probably a consequence of their specific mechanism of action, physical-chemical properties and environmental conditions in which they were applied.

Metabolism in high yield dairy cows considering their genetic predisposition for high milk production from one side and reproductive demands from other is very strained and constantly exposed to changes, which as consequence may have disorders in function of different organ systems, including reproductive system. Minerals play important role in keeping of reproductive potential, as well as maintanence of healthy genital organs in domestic animals. Research had been conducted with 46 Holstein cows in dry period from two farms, 20 cows in farm „A“ and 26 cows in farm „B“. Blood is spectometrically analysed for levels of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (p) and Magnesium (Mg). Obtained average values of Ca, P and Mg in blood were mostly within physiological range, but significant differences could be found among three categories of cows within same or different farms. Higher values of Ca, P and Mg had been found in cows with shorter open days period. 

This study aimed to investigate the concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides in the serum of sheep from the area of Livanjsko Polje and Mount Vlasic. A total of 117 sheep of the breed pramenka were included in the research. The sheep were divided into groups according to the sampling area through different periods (July, August, and September). Using an automatic analyzer (Kodak Ektachem analyzer DT 60 II, DTSC Module, and DTE Module), the concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides were determined in the serum of sheep. In the area of Livanjsko Polje, the highest established value of cholesterol in sheep serum was in the second sampling period, with statistical significance compared to the other two sampling periods. Cholesterol values in the Vlasic Mountain area were within the physiological range. The highest established triglyceride concentration in the area of Livanjsko Polje was also the second sampling period, with statistical significance (p <0.05) compared to other sampling periods, as well as the same period from the Travnik area. The results of triglycerides in the blood serum of sheep from the Vlasic mountain area show a tendency to decrease in the third sampling period, at the end of the lactation period. These results may be due to the effects of various factors, such as age, gender, health, lactation status, and sheep breed.

The technology and quality of indigenous Lider goat cheese are examined in this research. It is a hard, full-fat cheese produced from pasteurized goat's milk. Goat's milk is obtained from goats that are raised in the mountainous area of Nikšić, Montenegro. The aim of the work is to present the Lider goat cheese technology as well as to examine the physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of this cheese. Cheese samples were tested after ripening for 21 days (three weeks). The average chemical composition of the cheese was (g/100 g): dry matter 61.85; fat 30.17; proteins 27.59; salt 3.96 and lactic acid 0.185. The average content of fat on dry basis (FDM), moisture on fat-free basis (MFFB) and salt in moisture (S/M) were 48.94%, 54.42% and 10.89%. Average pH was 5.25, water activity 0.895, while hardness and adhesiveness were 13.844N and -0.213N. The average rind thickness of 2.57 mm was established, while the average cross-sectional height and cross-sectional area of the cheese were 33.33 mm and 9.57 cm2/100g. The average density of the cheese was 1.338 g/ml. The total sensory evaluation averaged 17.34, which places this cheese in the high first class. One-way analysis of variance (p<0.05) revealed that there is a statistically significant influence of the production day on all physico-chemical and sensory parameters of the cheese, except for the external appearance and color. 

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is one of the most important plant viruses because of its negative impact on agriculture production. This widespread pathogen has a very wide range of hosts, and it infects more than 1300 plant species, including crops, vegetables, ornamentals and weeds. According to the literature, it has been experimentally confirmed that cucumber mosaic virus is transmitted by the seeds of the following plant species: Glycine max, Phaseolus vulgaris, Spinacia oleracea, Lycopersicon esculentum, Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita melo, Cucurbita moshata, Echynocistis lobata, Lupinus angustifolus, Spergula arvensis, Vinga unguiculata, Stellaria media, Lamium purpureum, Cerastium holostioides, Senecio vulgaris and Portulaca oleracea. In this study, the possibility of CMV transmission by seeds of naturally infected Chelidonium majus L. (greater celandine) plants was investigated.Investigation in naturally infected plants greater celandine was performed by DAS-ELISA test and RT-PCR. The virus was detected in plants grown from infected seeds by biological methods and DAS-ELISA test. The results of experimental research has shown that the cucumber mosaic virus is transmitted by the greater celandine seeds. This is the first data concerning CMV transmission by Chelidonium majus L. seeds.

This study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity of common bean (Phaseolus vulagris L.) landraces from the existing collection maintained at the Gene-bank of the Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Sarajevo using microsatellite markers (SSR). A total of 21 accessions of common bean were genotyped using ten SSR markers. The obtained molecular data was analyzed using genetic structure and factorial correspondence analyses. The examined accessions of common bean were not completely structured in accordance to the gene center of origin, which indicates that during the long cultivation period of common bean in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), spontaneous crosses occurred between Mesoamerican and Andean common bean genotypes. The results of analyses confirmed that this was a heterogeneous and very interesting genetic material.

This study aimed to examine the genetic variability of tartary buckwheat populations (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.) from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sampling was performed on a total of 25 samples with 5 samples from each population. Collected samples were lyophilized and afterward, DNA extraction was conducted using a peqGOLD plant DNA kit. A total of ten primers were used for DNA amplification, where seven primers pairs resulted in successful amplification. The results showed that polymorphisms were detected on all of the analyzed loci. Also, significant genetic differences between populations of tartary buckwheat from different production regions of this agricultural species have been proven.