STRUCTURE is a software package that uses molecular data from multiple loci to analyze population structure. To analyze Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) data using STRUCTURE, a specific input file format is required. However, because SNP studies often involve thousands of loci, these input files are typically too large to edit manually. To address this challenge, several software tools and functions have been developed. However, in the case of plant data, some of these tools either fail to process the data correctly or generate inaccurate input files. To overcome these issues, a new software tool - SNP2STR - has been developed. SNP2STR converts SNP data into the input format required by Structure. It generates a file with an optional first row containing marker names, followed by two rows of data per individual, formatted according to the corresponding markers. The software is open-source and available on GitHub. It also offers potential for future upgrades based on user feedback.

Surface water quality is a variable value that depends on the impact of many factors. The Drina River Quality Testing was one of the main motives for writing this paper. In order to get as complete and accurate insight into the water quality as possible, the monitoring lasted for two months (April-May). Sampling was carried out in five locations on the territory of the municipality of Gorazde over the given time intervals, at the hydrological station, 500 and 1000 meters downstream and 500 and 1000 meters upstream of it. The monitoring was carried out to determine the content of heavy metals: Pb, Cd, Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, and selected alkali and alkaline earth metals: K, Na, Mg, and Ca.  In order to complement the analysis, basic physical and chemical parameters of the water quality were also monitored: temperature, conductivity, redox potential, pH value and dry residue. The experiment was carried out in the Chemistry Laboratory at the Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences in Sarajevo.  Despite numerous attempts to disturb the Drina River’s recognizable quality, the measured parameters did not show significant chemical contamination. The measured parameters should be broaden in the future in order to include organic pollutants too.  

Lavender is one of the Lamiaceae family’s most famous ornamental, aromatic, and medicinal plants. It is widely used in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food industries and is an excellent honey plant. The plantation cultivation of lavender in BiH is still not as developed as in other countries. Still, an increasing number of farms and specialized farms recognize this culture’s potential. Given the need for more research on the economic results of growing lavender in Bosnia and Herzegovina, this research aims to analyze the cost of growing fresh lavender and the economic efficiency of its processing. Primary data was collected with the help of surveys conducted on four farms, focusing on the necessary investments and operational costs of growing lavender and the income from the sale of dried flowers. The results showed that the cost of growing 1 kg of fresh lavender flowers ranges from 0.71 BAM to 1.33 BAM, which indicates significant differences between the observed farms. Lavender processing also showed different levels of economy among farms. According to this research, cultivating lavender in Bosnia and Herzegovina is an economically profitable option; however, it is necessary to research a more significant number of farms. Also, due to different applied agricultural techniques in the cultivation of lavender, economic results differ significantly from farm to farm, so one of the research recommendations is additional education of producers in this area to increase the economic efficiency of these farms with the improvement of production technology. 

The meat processing sector, as one of the most important sectors of the food industry, considering the real and potential impact on the primary production and its development potential, deserves attention to be continually analyzed to identify strengths and weaknesses and opportunities for development. For this purpose, an analysis of business enterprises that were in Bosnia and Herzegovina dealt with the processing of meat in the period 2011-2014, which is a continuation of previous research with the aim of continuous monitoring of this sector, provided that this research is going into deeper analysis. Based on the analysis of small, medium-sized and large enterprises, the meat processing sector cannot be rated as successful because the significant weaknesses are evident in medium-sized enterprises, especially in small enterprises, while the positive values of indicators of large enterprises lose significantly because of the small share of these companies in the overall sector. Therefore, the significant weaknesses in terms of indicators of liquidity, indebtedness, profitability and effectiveness of medium-sized enterprises and especially small enterprises are evident.

In the conditions of climate change that are present in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, extreme precipitation usually with high intensity is present, which resulted in soil degradation, erosion, landslides and even floods. Major floods in Bosnia and Herzegovina occurred in 2004, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2014, 2020 and 2021, with largest one in 2014. Currently, the most venerable municipalities to climate change are in the north of BiH, while the sensitivity is gradually declining towards the central, southern and eastern parts of the country.The aim of this study is to estimate the average annual production of erosion sediment (Wgod) and the total annual amount of transported sediment (Ggod) in the Brka River Basin in Bosnia and Herzegovina, using Gavrilovic's method supported by GIS techniques. Based on the projected current situation and soil intensity, an analysis of the possibility to reduce Wgod and Ggod with application of certain soil conservation measures.The average annual production of sediment in the Brka River Basin is 6,021.95 m³. Observed by sub-basins, the average annual sediment production (Wgod) ranged between 704 m³ in the Rahićka river sub-basin and 1,762 m³ in the Zovičica basin. The total annual sediment yield is highest in the Zovicica river basin (815.09 m3), and the total from the entire Brka river basin is 3,002.16 m³/year. In the case of replacing arable land with a combination of fruit and field production, the production of erosion sediments would decrease by 12.23%.

Invasive species represent a serious ecological problem of today, and due to the modest needs for environmental conditions and the abundant production of nectar and pollen, they are an important factor endangering the indigenous honey flora. Given that there are 100 honey plants in Europe that are the basis for the production of monofloral species of honey, it is of special interest to preserve the diversity of the indigenous apiflora of Bosnia and Herzegovina.For the purposes of this research, 100 melissopalynological profiles of honey from different botanical and ecological regions were analyzed. The analysis of palynological profiles of the collected samples determined the presence and based on micromorphological elements, invasive species were identified in the honey we consume.

During the 21st century, lepidopterological research on the Prenj mountain was performed on several occasions. The first such research by S. Lelo and M. Kašić-Lelo in 2007 resulted in the discovery of a small number of species (33), so the graduates of the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, J. Karačić and S. Sućeska, did more thorough research (graduate thesis) at several sites during the vegetation season in 2011, which resulted in significantly better results (85 identified species). At the same time, it was agreed that A. Abaza and D. Žujo Zekić would conduct even more detailed research only at the Rujište site (during which 73 species were noticed). Based on earlier data from the 20th century, 89 species were noticed and described on Mount Prenj, while 113 species were noticed in research in the 21st century. According to recent data, the total number of species found so far on the Prenj mountain is 127. A significantly higher number of noticed species in the 21st century is the result of targeted and systematic research, during which a very small number of expected species were absent.

In populations of wild pigeons (Columba domestica Linnaeus, 1758), the cause of various phenotypic variations is the eumelanin pigmentation of feathers. Analysis of photographs taken in 2023 and 2024 at several locations (11) revealed (according to K. Seung-Gu et al. who defined four phenotypic variants) the presence of three phenotypic variants: darkly pigmented feathers on the entire surface of the body; intensely light wings, (so-called pigeon grey), with two always present dark stripes on the back (phenotype 2), other, darkly pigmented feathers on the whole body; light wings covered with dark spots or spots, with two dark stripes present, almost invisible (phenotype 3) and a third variant, with extremely dark feathers on the body and wings so that the wing patterns are not visible (phenotype 4). The variant with dark pigment of feathers on the body, very light wings (pigeon gray) without stripes (or possibly once) was not noted (phenotype 1). By applying basic statistical patterns according to: Petz, 1964, i.e. Lelo & Lukić-Bilela, 2012, average values (2.2-3.4) and standard error values (0.11-0.19) and coefficient variability (21-32). Based on the results of recalculated relative values, variant phenotype 2 is the most represented (57.78%), followed by variant phenotype 3 (22.22%) and variant phenotype 4 (20.00%).

During field research in the period from 2017-2022. in the broader area of Bosnia and Herzegovina, new data on the distribution of alien (non-native, neophyte) plant species were established. This work, concerns new findings on the distribution of following alien plant species: Datura wrightii Regel, Mirabilis jalapa L., i Potentilla indica (Jacks.) Th. Wolf. i Rudbeckia triloba L.. 

Traditional dishes of Bosnia and Herzegovina represent a wealth of flavors and culture shaped over centuries by the historical and social influences of various conquerors. These dishes reflect a blend of Ottoman, Mediterranean, Austro-Hungarian and Balkan cuisines, where locally sourced ingredients have been transformed into diverse and recognizable dishes. Each region in Bosnia and Herzegovina boasts its specific culinary traditions. In eastern Herzegovina, cuisine is known for dishes like japrak and cicvara, while Prijedor and Banja Luka are famous for banjalučki ćevap and pita. Sarajevo offers iconic dishes such as sarajevski ćevap and begova čorba. The Krajina region is renowned for kljukuša and other varieties of pita, Zenica and Žepče areas preserve authentic recipes that combine simplicity with rich flavors. Materials for the study include books, journals, academic theses, video materials, websites and live communication (interviews and conversations). Descriptive and analytical methods were used to document and analyze culinary customs. The descriptive method explains traditional dishes' ingredients, preparation methods, and cultural significance. The analytical method focused on comparing and contrasting these customs across different regions. The research revealed significant dish differences regarding preparation methods, names and habits across the country. Preserving these customs is essential for maintaining cultural identity and heritage. Efforts to document and promote these culinary traditions can help and maintain the cultural heritage of Bosnia and Herzegovina for future generations. The research has been conducted in the frame of the subject „Culture of eating in Bosnia and Herzegovina“.  The aim was to collect and preserve traditional dishes of Bosnia and Herzegovina highlighting regional differences between Mediterranean-influenced Herzegovina and Central European-inspired northern and central Bosnia.  

The nutrition of children and youth is an issue that is being studied around the world and needs to be addressed at all levels, from the family, through kindergartens, schools, health centers, ministries and departments that operate at the very top of government. Today, socio - economic circumstances affect the purchasing power of the family and the availability of food, thus contributing to the poor eating habits of primary school children. Foods full of sugar are also used, forgetting to use a natural sweetener - honey. Today, honey is one of the last unprocessed natural foods. Honey consumption varies from country to country. There is still no data on the consumption of honey by school age children. The results of many studies show that honey is not just a food sweetener, but that children who consume honey develop a better memory over time.  Therefore, the aim of this work is to examine the eating habits of primary school children and the level of consumption of honey and bee products. The results of the research showed the frequency of honey consumption, the type and quantity of consumed honey and other bee products, and the correlation between the degree of nutrition with the eating habits of students. 

The aim of the research was to determine the effect of adding flax seeds (Linum usitatissimum) in fattening feed mixtures on fattening and slaughter parameters of pasture raised lambs fed with grass, breast milk and feed mixtures. For this purpose, commercial fodder mixture and fodder mixture enriched with extruded flax seeds were produced in the fodder factory Jata Emona, Ltd in Ljubljana. Additionally, a hypothesis was set to examine the influence of sex on the examined parameters. A total of 96 lambs of the pramenka breed and its hybrids were selected for this study. Three groups were formed: the control group (KON; n = 32) was organized with animals whose diet was based on grazing in combination with breast milk ad libitum; experimental KKS group of lambs (n = 32) which diet consisted of pasture and ad libitum breast milk with additional 300g of commercial fattening feed mixture on a daily basis; and KSL5% experimental group (n = 32) feeding pasture and ad libitum breast milk in addition to 300g of feed mixture enriched with 5% extruded flax seeds.

Obesity is emerging as a serious problem worldwide. One of the factors contributing to obesity is stress. It appears to be particularly important, as it leads to poor diet, lack of physical activity, lack of sleep. The transition from high school to a university can increase perceived stress levels, which affect eating behavior and metabolism. This change alone leads to a difference in eating habits compared to the general population, which tends to rely on meals that are quick and easy to access.There are two main components of the stress response: the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and the HPA axis. The goal of research was to assess the impact of stress on eating habits and body composition of the student population. The respondents were 50 students from the Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences UNSA. The devices used for body composition measurements are BIA-ACC and PPG Stress Flow (BioTekna S.r.l., Marcon-Venice, Italy). Statistical analyses included student's T-test to determine differences between the observed parameters regarding the gender. The biggest differences with respect to gender can be observed in the parameters of the HPA axis index (p < 0,000), which is one of the indicators of stress proving higher stress among women (M = 3.8±0.4 vs. F= 2.4±0.7) and between BMI in men and women (p=0.2). Men had a higher BMI than women (M=24.4±3.2 vs. F=21.6±3.7) but both were in the normal weight category. 

A genome-wide association study on resistance to the phytopathogenic fungus V. inaequalis was conducted on traditional Bosnian-Herzegovinian apple cultivars. Since the software for conducting GWAS, PLINK ver. 1.9, is adapted to work with diploids, it was necessary to identify and remove triploid varieties beforehand. Triploid identification was performed using axiomFP.py ver. 1.2 software, revealing that 20% of the examined collection were triploids. Based on the ploidy analysis, leaf samples from 35 diploid varieties were collected from the ex situ collection in Goražde (Bosnia and Herzegovina) for further research. The disease intensity was then determined by classifying the leaves into six categories (1-6) using the SAD. By calculating McKinney's disease index, a variation was observed, ranging from 27.2% ('Senabija') to 61.1% ('Crvenka'), indicating differences in variety resistance. After isolating and reisolating the pathogen and examining its morphological characteristics, V. inaequalis was identified, and its presence in the mentioned orchard was confirmed. GWAS revealed strong signals on chromosomes 04, 05, and 16 for resistance to this pathogen, using high- resolution SNP markers. This study offers insights into the genetic basis of resistance in traditional apple germplasm from Bosnia and Herzegovina to the phytopathogenic fungus V. inaequalis, the causal agent of apple scab, highlighting the need for further research to develop varieties that are more resistant to this pathogen.

The paper presents a check list and distribution of species belonging to the genus Ceratina in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the period 2018-2023. Data on the diversity and distribution of Ceratina species have not been previously published. In addition to the field-collected material, specimens of Ceratina species stored in the collection of the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina were included in the species overview. A total of six species belonging to the genus Ceratina were recorded, representing 23% of the European fauna and 55% of the Ceratina species fauna in the Western Balkan Peninsula region. The distribution of species was analyzed based on their occurrence in relation to the biogeographical regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with most findings in the Mediterranean region, 50% of occurrences. All six identified species from Bosnia and Herzegovina are represented in the Mediterranean region.