Abstract Multiple studies have shown the importance of adequate nutrition for animals and humans and its effect on overall health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different nutritional regimes on the intestinal health of rats by evaluating different morphological and morphometric characteristics of small intestines, with the emphasis on the villus height:crypt depth ratio (V:C). For the experimental study, 24 clinically healthy adult Wistar rats were used. The rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: the control group (group A) was fed with conventional food, the second group (group B) with bakery products, and the third group (group C) with meat products. Samples of the duodenum and jejunum were collected for detailed morphological and morphometric analysis. A significant increase in the duodenal villi height was reported in group B (661.59 µm) and C (602.83 µm) compared to the control group (475.34 µm). The crypt depth values in the jejunum were significantly higher in group B (191.41µm) and C (246.23 µm) compared with the control (145.14 µm). The jejunal V:C ratio was significantly lower in groups B and C. The study showed significant morphological changes in the intestinal parameters in rats fed predominantly with meat and bakery products. These findings could be applicable in both veterinary and human medicine, underlining the significance of consumed food on gut health.

In this paper, we analyze examples of research institutes that stand out in scientific excellence and social impact. We define key practices for evaluating research results, economic conditions, and the selection of specific research topics. Special focus is placed on small countries and the field of artificial intelligence. The aim is to identify components that enable institutes to achieve a high level of innovation, self-sustainability, and social benefits.

Introduction. The coronavirus induced disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which was identified in patients in China in 2019, was pronounced a pandemic in March 2020. It resulted in more than 7 million deaths worldwide. As hypercoagulation emerged as its key pathological hallmark, the objective of this study was to investigate if a polymorphism within the VKORC1 gene, which plays a role in the vitamin K-dependent blood coagulation pathway, contributed to the survival from thrombosis in individuals who developed some form of it during their COVID-19. Methods. This was an observational, case-control study. Characterization of the VKORC1 -1639G>A (rs9923231) polymorphism-associated genotypes was carried out in cases (N=16), volunteers who developed some form of thromboembolism during COVID-19, but who survived from it, and controls (N=32), volunteers who did not develop any form of thromboembolism during COVID-19, by using polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism method, followed by Sanger sequencing of the VKORC1 gene promoter-specific, polymerase chain reaction-amplified products. Results. Our preliminary data indicate that the variant or A allele, which is associated with intermediate or low blood coagulability, is more frequently present within the VKORC1 gene of individuals who developed some form of thromboembolism during their COVID-19, but who survived from it, than the wild-type or G allele, which is associated with standard or high blood coagulability. Conclusion. These results warrant further studies into the role of the VKORC1 promoter-associated polymorphism in the COVID-19-associated coagulopathy, as the specific VKORC1 genotypes could become genetic biomarkers for prediction of a thrombotic state during COVID-19, and possibly, other thrombosis-associated diseases and disorders. Keywords: COVID-19, Hypercoagulability, Thrombosis, Venous thromboembolism, Vitamin K epoxide reductase

Introduction. The aim of this article is to evaluate the efficacy and outcomes of FOLFIRINOX as a first-line treatment for initial metastatic pancreatic cancer patients at the Clinical Center University of Sarajevo. Methods. The research presents a retrospective analysis was conducted on 33 patients treated with FOLFIRINOX, between January 2021 and January 2023. Baseline characteristics, tumor markers (CEA, CA 19-9, CA 125), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), neutrophil-to-platelet ratio (NPR) and initial metastatic site were evaluated using Cox regression analysis in order to identify predictive and prognostic factors for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Results. The median age of patients was 64 (range 38-76). There were 18 males and 15 females. The median OS was 21.7 months (95% CI, 10.5-32.9) and the median PFS was 10.0 months (95% CI, 8.2-11.8). A statistically significant negative correlation was found between NLR and OS (r=-0.464, p=0.045). Patients with initial liver metastasis had a numerically worse median OS (16.3 months, 95% CI, 5.1-27.5), compared to those with non-liver metastasis (OS not reached, p=0.058). Tumor markers, NLR, NPR, and initial metastatic site were not independent predictors of PFS and OS. Conclusion. FOLFIRINOX demonstrates significant efficacy in treating metastatic pancreatic cancer in a real-world setting. Personalized approaches, including genetic profiling and microbiome analysis, along with AI integration, offer promising avenues to enhance treatment outcomes and quality of life for patients. Keywords: metastatic pancreatic cancer, enhanced outcomes, overall survival, progression-free survival.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cancer globally and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths. It remains especially lethal among patients with cirrhosis and chronic liver diseases like hepatitis B and C, alcohol abuse and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. A retrospective, multicenter study was conducted across five oncology centers in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with the aim of gaining a better insight into the current state of healthcare for patients with HCC in this region. The study reveals several regional disparities in the etiology, treatment, and outcomes of HCC, but it also indicates that the diagnostic approach varies significantly from one city to another. One of the highlights of the study is the late-stage diagnosis of most patients, due to the limited healthcare access, diagnostic delays and, especially, lack of screening programs. Implementation of targeted screening methods, regular monitoring of high-risk patients and enhanced use of biomarkers could lead to a significant improvement in the diagnostic accuracy. The limited use of innovative treatments recommended by the global guidelines was also identified as an issue, which directly leads to limited surgical and other treatment options. This study signals the need for a standardized patient pathway in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, implementation of national registry and targeted HCC database, which could reduce mortality, improve overall care and patient outcomes. Keywords: hepatocellular carcinoma, healthcare, standardized patient pathway.

Introduction. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the preferred method for diagnosing the causes of lumboischialgia, as it offers the highest sensitivity and specificity compared to other imaging techniques. In clinical practice, there is often a notable discrepancy between patients’ clinical symptoms and the radiological findings. While there are various clinical tests for lumboischialgia, the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and the Visual Analogue Score (VAS) are the most commonly used and reliable. This article aims to explore the correlation between patients’ subjective pain experiences and their level of disability due to lumboischialgia and disc herniation as detected by MRI. Methods. In this prospective clinical study, a total of 100 patients of both genders, aged 18 to 65 years, were included. These patients were referred for magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine due to complaints of lumboischialgia. MRI of the lumbar spine was performed, and the extent of degenerative changes was evaluated. Participants completed a questionnaire regarding their subjective pain experience and functional status, and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Visual Analogue Score (VAS) were calculated. Results. The statistical analysis revealed a significant correlation between the severity of disc herniation (classification) and the intensity of spinal pain (p = 0.010), as well as with the disability index (p = 0.003). Conclusion. A statistically significant relationship was confirmed between the levels of pain and disability and the degree of intervertebral disc herniation observed on MRI images of the lumbar spine. Keywords: lumbal disk herniation, lumboischialgia, pain.

Medical professionals have a responsibility to inform the public about contemporary research on alcohol consumption. Earlier health recommendations focused primarily on the link between alcohol and cardiovascular diseases. Over time, these guidelines have expanded to consider the broader impact of alcohol on all-cause morbidity and mortality. Unlike the tobacco industry, which remains profitable but faces strict regulations on marketing and lobbying, the alcohol industry benefits from fewer regulations. This allows alcohol manufacturers to freely promote their products and influence both federal and state policies. Clear emphasis on the importance of ceasing alcohol consumption is crucial, particularly in primary and secondary prevention efforts. Keywords: cardiovascular diseases, alcoholics, prevention.

Introduction: Calciphylaxis (calcific uremic arteriolopathy), is a condition primarily observed in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Aim: To increase clinical awareness of calciphylaxis and to consider it a differential diagnosis in the presence of atypical skin nodules or ulcers occurring in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially in patients on hemodialysis and non-hemodialysis patients with the background of diabetes mellitus and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Case Report: We present the case of a 77-year-old woman with CKD and diabetes mellitus as well as severely painful, firm, indurated plaques on the lower extremities. The plaques progressed to involve larger areas with associated local ulceration and necrosis. Laboratory testing revealed hyperparathyroidism and incisional skin biopsy confirmed calciphylaxis. Conclusion: Each single CKD patient with diabetes mellitus and signs of secondary hyperparathyroidism with extremely painful ischemic cutaneous lesions or painful subcutaneous nodules without skin changes, although at times, pain may precede the development of the lesions, is a candidate for skin biopsy. Calciphylaxis is a rare but serious kidney complication. Keywords: calciphylaxis, chronic kidney disease, prognosis, treatment.

Introduction. Morning stiffness (MS) is the hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and it has important implications on daily life of the patients. There are conflicting reports of its association with disease activity. Methods. This observational study included 125 patients with seropositive RA from Health Care Center, Visoko. We obtained data on patient’s gender and age, duration of RA, pain in hands and feet, MS and its duration, hospital admission, blood pressure, laboratory values and treatment modalities. Results. MS lasted up to 30 minutes in 71 (56.8%) patients, 30 to 60 minutes in 40 (32%) patients, and more than 60 minutes in 14 (11.2%) patients. There was no difference in the duration of MS between genders. Patients with longer MS were younger and had a longer duration of illness. Patients with MS longer than 30 minutes had higher blood pressure and cholesterol levels. ESR in the second hour and CRP correlated with a duration of MS. Patients on methotrexate had a longer duration of MS. No significant differences in the duration of MS were observed for leflunomide, corticosteroids and supportive treatment modalities. Conclusion. Duration of MS correlates with RA disease activity and remains an important burden for patients. Usage of newer treatment options, such as biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), may be required. Keywords: biomarkers, disease activity, rheumatoid arthritis.

Introduction. Colon cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer, affecting both sexes equally. The objective tumor response rate (ORR) is an important parameter that proves the effectiveness of treatment in oncology; one of the ways to evaluate ORR is the response evaluation criteria in solid tumors Response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST). The aim of the research is to determine and compare the impact of the objective response rate in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer and the impact on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Methods. The work is based on a retrospective (2014-2020) clinical study, with follow-up of patients over a period of 5 years. The research included a total of n=101 patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer (stages II and III according to the American Joint Committee of Cancer -AJCC). Research included n=101 patients, 52% male, 48% female. The youngest patient is 18 years old, and the oldest patient is 80 years old. Results. The average age is 59.69 years. The obtained data show that the largest percentage of Colorectal Cancer-CRC patients are in the third age. Adenocarcinoma is the most common pathohistological verification of colon cancer (77.23%). Overall survival and progression-free time in relation to objective response to therapy (ORR) according to RECIST criteria did not show statistical significance. One patient had a complete response (CR) to therapy, six patients (5.94%) had a partial response (PR) to therapy. Stable disease (SD) was verified in 32.67%, and disease progression (PD) was confirmed in 60.39% of subjects. Conclusion. The extent of objective response to therapy has no influence on overall survival and survival without disease progression in patients with metastatic colorectal disease. Key words: colorectal, cancer, response evaluation criteria in solid tumors.

Acetylsalicylic acid is the most common antithrombotic drug, which started its pharmacological journey as a non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drug. When used as a low-dose drug (of 75-100mg) once per day, it irreversibly inhibits prostaglandin H synthase, commonly termed cyclooxygenase 1 or COX-1 enzyme, which is acetylsalicylic acid's molecular drug target in human platelets. This mechanism of action ensures that the inhibition of the pro-aggregatory prostanoid - thromboxane A2 synthesis is achieved permanently in platelets throughout their lifespan, which is responsible for acetylsalicylic acid's antithrombotic effect. In this literature review, we provide an overview of acetylsalicylic acid's development through history, the current understanding of the molecular mechanism of its action, as well as the resulting side effects impacting different tissues due to its control of the arachidonic acid metabolism and prostanoid synthesis in them. In an effort to begin a dialogue regarding the evidence in favor of unresponsiveness to acetylsalicylic acid's therapeutic effect in specific patients, we describe already identified molecular mechanisms of resistance to acetylsalicylic acid and list the existing biomarkers which are able to quantifiably measure the achieved degree of acetylsalicylic acid's clinical efficacy. Furthermore, we look to the future by encouraging a personalized approach to acetylsalicylic acid's use in order to maximize its therapeutic effect and its safety. Moreover, we mention the ongoing clinical trials evaluating the role of acetylsalicylic acid in prevention of colorectal and other cancers. Keywords: Acetylsalicylic Acid, Aspirin, Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors, Prostaglandin Endoperoxide Synthase Inhibitors, Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors, Antithrombotic Agents

Public administration is a dynamic discipline that has evolved throughout history under the influence of various scientific fields, primarily social sciences. Its roots trace back to ancient civilizations, and it has significantly developed over centuries. As a scientific discipline and a complex social phenomenon, public administration encompasses sociological, political, legal, organizational, and other characteristics. The emergence and functioning of public administration as a crucial state instrument for law enforcement and ensuring social stability have been significantly influenced by numerous scientific disciplines, particularly political science, law, sociology, economics, and psychology. These disciplines provided the initial impetus and later momentum for the development of specific public administration concepts. Key theoretical approaches to studying public administration emphasize the importance of organizational structures and functionality within social systems. Understanding the historical and theoretical foundations of administration is essential for addressing contemporary challenges and opportunities in public administration. The aim of this paper is to highlight the influences of some key social and technological disciplines on the development of public administration, focusing on understanding how historical changes have shaped modern practices.

By intensively investing in innovation, development and construction, Photovoltaic power plants become the first choice for electricity production due to a number of reasons related to environmental parameters, sustainable development, but also the wide availability of the primary source. However, a significantly larger number of such power plants compared to fossil fuel power plants with a larger capacity creates new risks, related to the conditions of network infrastructure availability, management of such complex systems, where telemetry management, especially with the introduction of new standards, ICT and advanced technologies, has an increasing significance and brings a number of benefits, eliminates a number of obstacles, but also reduces the perceived risks to an acceptable level. The aim of this article is to show the potential of improving telemetry control at PV power plants, but also to show the results of adequate use of this type of control. With the intensive development of new technologies for remote management and control, there will be an increasing potential and need for their application in Electric Power Systems, which due to the need for sustainable development are becoming more and more complex and demanding, but also more necessary if one wants to ensure safe, reliable and effective exploitation.

Introduction: Physiotherapy, a non-invasive method of conservative treatment, that includes manual therapy, exercises and physical procedures, is used in the treatment of temporomandibular dysfunction and polyarticular laxity. It has been proven that physiotherapy focused on temporomandibular dysfunction is an essential element of treatment that leads to a reduction in pain, an improvement in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) function, and an improvement in quality of life. Physiotherapy treatment aims to alleviate the symptoms and try to restore the normal function of the masticatory system, for which various techniques can be used. The aim of the study was to determine the type, intensity, and frequency of TMJ dysfunction pain before and after physiotherapy. Methods: The study was conducted in a private practice in Munich, Germany. All subjects who met the criteria for inclusion in the study completed a standardized questionnaire on TMJ dysfunction (TMJ disorder [TMJ/TMD] Questionnaire). The questionnaire was used to obtain data on the type and location of pain, duration of pain, and other symptoms related to the TMJ. The anamnestic data of the respondents who came to the doctor’s office with the symptoms mentioned were examined, and the orthodontic or dental findings were analyzed.Results: The analysis showed that before treatment some of the joints were affected in 28 subjects, while after treatment the joints were affected in 19 subjects. After treatment a significant decrease in affected TMJ was observed (χ2 = 9.516, p = 0.008). Ear pain occurred in 17 (54.84%) subjects before treatment, and in 5 (16.13%) after treatment. A significant reduction was observed at the p = 0.003 level. Pain around the eyes occurred in 9 (29.03%) of the respondents before treatment, and after treatment in 2 (6.45%) of the respondents. Facial pain was reported in 16.13% of the anamnestic data before the treatment, and it was not reported in any of the respondents after treatment. There was also a significant reduction in the occurrence of tinnitus (p = 0.004). The occurrence of headaches also decreased after treatment (p < 0.001). Ear pressure was present before treatment in 45.16% of cases, and after treatment in 22.58% of cases, so there was no significant decrease. Conclusion: Physiotherapy for people with TMJ dysfunction contributed significantly in reducing pain and alleviating other TMD symptoms.