Fine-grained structural steel of the S690QL designation is widely used due to its very good mechanical properties and good weldability and bending, resistance to abrasion and corrosion. It is most often made in the form of plates of different thicknesses. S690QL steel plate has excellent performance characteristics and is used when low temperature resistance and important strength components are required. It is used in addition to applications for construction machines and structures, mining machines and in the energy sector, highways, railway bridges, etc. Since this steel is used in very demanding conditions such as low temperature, it is very important to test the mechanical properties of the impact toughness at these temperatures. Toughness is an important property that can indicate a material's tendency towards brittle fracture. In this work, a large number of samples were tested for this property, i.e. impact toughness at a temperature of -40°C taken from plates of different thicknesses made of S690QL steel. In addition to this property, the grain size of this steel after heat treatment is also taken into account. These characteristics and their mutual dependence provide directions for correcting the production of semi-finished products or finished products.

Forgone healthcare is a hot topic in the United States. One reason is that many Americans cannot afford healthcare or health insurance. This article examines whether there are statistically significant differences in cancer mortality between US states with low, medium, and high levels of forgone healthcare. The analysis revealed statistically significant differences in cancer mortality rates between US states. Evidence shows that the percentage of adults unable to access healthcare when needed due to cost, and the percentage of adults reporting fair or poor health, are associated with differences in cancer mortality rates. These findings have important policy implications, highlighting the need for state-specific measures to improve the health and wellbeing of the population.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death, which emphasises the need for prevention, detection and treatment. This article aims to investigate whether there are statistically significant differences in gender-specific cancer incidence and mortality between countries with low, medium and high health expenditure (as a percentage of GDP). The results for the year 2022 indicate statistically significant differences in cancer incidence and mortality in men between countries with low and medium health expenditure and countries with low and high health expenditure; however, no such differences were found in women.

Artificial intelligence is rapidly transforming higher education, continually oscillating between its innovative potential and concerns over academic integrity. While universities are expected to develop policies addressing ethical and pedagogical challenges, many institutions have yet to implement clear guidelines. To extract the dimensions of students’ perceptions of generative AI, the authors primarily used exploratory factor analysis. By using the exploratory factor analysis three key dimensions were revealed, i.e. 1) awareness and familiarity with AI tools, shaped both by personal exposure and institutional practices 2) institutional engagement and guidance, emphasizing the degree to which professors integrate AI in teaching and the demand for clearer instructions on its use and 3) concerns ranging from perceived risks of misuse and violations of academic integrity to recognition of AI’s educational value. These findings imply the urgent need for universities to establish transparent AI policies and provide guidance, ensuring that students can engage with AI tools ethically and effectively.

Background: As for the development of pharmacy in medieval Bosnia it was largely conditioned by the specific position of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B & H) during the period when Bosnia was a part of Ottoman Empire from 1463 until 1878, and later was ocupied by Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1878 until 1918. Objective: The topic of this paper is the development of pharmacy in the Middle Ages, while the aim of this article is to introduce readers to the development and importance of pharmacy and health care activities in general in this century. Methods: For preparing this article authors used, as main source, published books, monographs and papers deposited in indexed databases: PubMed Central, Scopus, Hinari, EBSCO, etc., especially documents that speak and testify about health and hygiene data and conditions in B & H from the Middle Ages and the time of the independent Bosnian state. Because, very little was written down and knowledge was mainly transmitted orally. Results and Discussion: Bosnia, as an independent country, was first mentioned in the Charter of the Kulin Ban in the 12th century. The charter was addressed to the Dubrovnik Republic and it ensured safe passage for merchants through Bosnia and exemption from taxes. The Dubrovnik Republic also had a lot of influence on the development of all social conditions, including medicine and pharmacy. Doctors and pharmacists could come to Bosnia without hindrance and engage in treatment and the sale of medicines, without having to fear whether they would pay taxes to the state or be robbed. In the Medieval Bosnia there are used various ljekarusas (medicine books): Muslim, Jewish, Serbian, Croatian/Franciscan. Unfortunately, many of these manuscripts were destroyed or is lost track of them. Some perished in the wars in 1914, 1941 and 1992. The incineration of the Oriental Institute and the National and University Library, Gazi Husrev-bey Library, the Monastery Plehan, Petricevac, Jajce, Guca Gora, Fojnica, Kresevo, etc. Most of them are preserved in the Franciscan monasteries and, also, the previously transcribed of ljekarusa in oriental languages like was Dervis Nidaija (Bedrudin Muhammad bin Muhammad Ibn Derivis ‘Quasumi). There were about 30 copies of his works „Menafiun us Tibbi Nida“ - for the benefit of the people Nidaija book - which were transcribed from the 1557 to 1839. There are several copies of the works of Alauddin Ibn Nafis (Ali ibn Abi l-Hazm al-Qarshi Ibn al-Nafis), followed by Abdullah Ibn Sina - Avicenna (Abu Ali al-Husain Ibn Abd-Allah Ibn Sina), Rhazes (Abu Bakr Muhammad bin Zakariyya ar-Razi) and other Arab authors. Some of theme were translated by Hamdija Karamehmedovic and Sakir Sikiric, which kept at Library of Hygiene and Public Health Institution in Sarajevo. These manuscripts were accessible mainly to intellectuals and people from the wealthy ruling circles until Bosnia fellt under the influence of the Ottomans, medical treatment in Bosnia was quite primitive, the number of pharmacies and health institutions was minimal, and hygienic conditions were quite poor. Conclusion: In the Medieval Bosnia the most important was practicing of traditional medicine based of used of experiences from the arabic literature which dominated almost 6 century in medieval Bosnia and spells were mainly practiced, which were passed down from generation to generation, and also in the Medieval Bosnia there are used various ljekarusas: Muslim, Jewish, Serbian, Croatian/Franciscan, by word of mouth. It was only with the arrival of the Ottomans that Vakuf\'s hospitals (Hastahanas in Sarajevo, Tuzla, Mostar, Travnik and Banja Luka) and pharmacies began to open, and the health system was better organized.

Change in cytoarchitecture and reconnection of neurons in rats' brain under direct two months high frequency electromagnetic field (HFEMF) exposure has been found, supported with data and discussed. HFEMF used in the experiment had the following characteristics: 2.0 GHz frequency, 0.015 A/m intensity, electric field strength of 5.64 V/m, and SAR value was 2.5 W/kg. Rats were exposed for 6 hours a day for 6 days a week, during period of 60 days with experimental HFEMF. Six months after the treatment, histological and unbiased stereological analyses show that there is a reconnection of neurons in rats' brain, demonstrated by slight increase in their number and production of new dendrites. Effects of HFEMF on neuronal disconnection were detected via caspase, while the SNXS25 protein indicated their reconnection and regeneration. Immunohistochemical analysis of nervous tissue in this paper shows that HFEMF disrupt the work of proteins found on cell membranes and endocytic function of neurons and thus interrupts interneuron communication. The advantage of HFEMF over other methods of treating brain damage is in their controlled and very precise use, with specifically defined characteristics of HFEMF, without ionizing and mutagenic effect on neurons.

Introduction. Primary rectal signet-ring cell adenocarcinoma represents one of the rarest subtypes (1.39% of cases) and is associated with poor prognosis. Case report. We report the case of a 31-year-old female patient with rectal signet-ring cell adenocarcinoma who developed cutaneous metastases. Conclusion. Despite early initiation of treatment, survival in patients with rectal signet-ring cell adenocarcinoma remains poor. Key words: Rectal Neoplasms, Adenocarcinomas, Signet-Ring Cell, Skin Neoplasms.

This paper presents the LANA Adaptive Labeling Framework (ALF) as an advanced framework for dynamic method labeling and selecting optimal data processing methods in multiple multicriteria intelligent software systems, focusing on business processes in higher education institutions (HEIs). Earlier approaches to method labeling relied on static hierarchical structures. In contrast, LANA ALF introduces adaptability through continuous learning from user feedback, automatic balancing of criteria based on historical data and current task requirements, and multidimensional labels for comprehensive method evaluation. Each query is represented with a set of labels, while neural networks evaluate the optimal method by balancing criteria such as performance, cost, reliability, and accuracy. User feedback is stored in dynamic tables (e.g., user satisfaction), automatically adapting their structure to new tasks and data types. The results demonstrate that LANA ALF enables intelligent agents to autonomously make decisions without the need for direct involvement of data science experts, thereby increasing accuracy, reliability, and user satisfaction. This framework provides a foundation for further application of ALF in various domains

Freedom of contract is a fundamental principle of obligation law, but in modern legal systems it functions as a relative and normatively oriented category. The paper examines the theoretical foundations of this institute, starting from the liberal conceptual core of the autonomy of the will and its historical development, to the modern, functional concept that views contractual freedom in the broader framework of public law restrictions, market discipline, and protection of the weaker party. The analysis includes domestic and comparative law, including standards of European contract law and modern economic indicators (EFW index), in order to indicate the connection between economic and contractual freedom. Special attention is paid to the position of business entities, where contracting has a specific dimension due to their professional status, the complexity of market transactions, and pronounced information asymmetry. Through the analysis of imperative norms, standard and adhesion contracts, regulated markets, and unequal bargaining power, the key practical and systemic limits of business autonomy are pointed out. The results of the work show that these restrictions do not represent a negation of the freedom of contract, but a mechanism for its functional realization - through the provision of legal certainty, fair market conditions, protection of competition, and stability of the economic order. The paper contributes to a better understanding of the modern conception of contractual autonomy in the economy, indicating that the balance between freedom of disposition and public law regulation is the key assumption of an efficient, fair, and sustainable contractual system.