This study examines the impact of media convergences on the evolution of role-playing games (RPGs) from the early 1970s to the present day. The analytical focus of this research is directed at the dynamics between player community participation and the process of commodification within this genre. In this context, specific phases in the development of RPGs are highlighted, including tabletop role-playing games (TRPGs), classic computer role-playing games (CRPGs), massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs), live-action role-playing (LARP), and actual play (AP). This study highlights the similarities and differences between these forms, their mutual convergence, and their convergence with other analog and digital media (such as books, comics, television, film, and podcasts). Special attention is given to the phenomenon of prosumerism within the RPG subculture; that is, the specific interaction between the content offered by the entertainment industry and the efforts of RPG communities to maintain the participative and creative aspects of the genre. This research is based on a diachronic comparison of specific phases in the development of the RPG genre, as well as a secondary analysis of the dominant media content on current trends in the RPG subculture.

The purpose of the paper is to show, through the selection of given criteria, which of them has the greatest impact on food losses in an agricultural-food company. For this purpose, an innovative expert method of multi-criteria decision-making, SiWeC (Simple Weight Calculation), and its fuzzy variant, was applied. The results show that the criteria “poor handling of products during transport” and “inadequate packaging and handling of products” have the greatest impact. Considering the already existing plan of the company to train this part of the work processes, the expert assessment confirms the results of the research. Also, the successful use of this method with the application of fuzzy logic was confirmed, and future research should be directed towards the development of new ways of researching the influence of individual factors on the entire process of supplying food to end consumers.

Abstract Bidirectional communication between pathogenic microbes and their plant hosts via small RNA (sRNA)-mediated cross-kingdom RNAi (ckRNAi) is a key element for successful host colonization. Whether mutualistic fungi of the Serendipitaceae family, known for their extremely broad host range, use sRNAs to colonize plant roots is still under debate. To address this question, we developed a pipeline to validate the accumulation, translocation, and activity of fungal sRNAs in post-transcriptional silencing of Arabidopsis thaliana genes. Using stem–loop quantitative reverse transcription–PCR, we detected the expression of a specific set of Serendipita indica (Si) sRNAs, targeting host genes involved in cell wall organization, hormonal signalling regulation, immunity, and gene regulation. To confirm the gene silencing activity of these sRNAs in plant cells, SisRNAs were transiently expressed in protoplasts. Stem–loop PCR confirmed sRNA expression and accumulation, while qPCR validated post-transcriptional gene silencing of their predicted target genes. Furthermore, Arabidopsis ARGONAUTE 1 immunoprecipitation revealed the loading of fungal SisRNAs into the plant RNAi machinery, suggesting the translocation of SisRNA from the fungus into root cells. In conclusion, this study provides a blueprint for rapid selection and analysis of sRNA effectors and further supports the model of cross-kingdom communication in the Sebacinoid symbiosis.

Although COVID-19 is not a pandemic anymore, the virus frequently mutates, resulting in new strains and presenting global public health challenges. The lack of oral antiviral drugs makes it difficult to treat him, which makes the creation of broadly acting antivirals necessary to fight current and next epidemics of viruses. Using the molecular docking approach, 118 compounds derived from marine organisms and 92 previously synthesized compounds were screened to assess their binding affinity for the main protease and papain-like protease enzymes of SARS-CoV-2. The best candidates from the xanthene, benzoxazole, and coumarin classes were identified. Marine-derived compounds showed slightly better potential as enzyme inhibitors, though the binding affinities of synthesized compounds were similar, with the best candidates displaying affinity values between 0.2 and 0.4 mM. Xanthenes, among both marine origin and synthesized compounds, emerged as the most promising scaffolds for further research as inhibitors. The papain-like protease was found to be more druggable than the main protease. Additionally, all top candidates met the criteria for various drug-likeness properties, indicating good oral bioavailability and low risk of adverse effects. This research provides valuable insights into the comparative affinities of marine origin and synthesized compounds from the xanthene, coumarin, and benzoxazole classes, highlighting promising candidates for further in vitro and in vivo studies.

Energy poverty remains a significant issue in Bosnia and Herzegovina, characterized by limited access to affordable and sustainable energy sources. This paper examines the prevalence of energy poverty among 1500 retiree households and evaluates the potential of photovoltaic (PV) systems as a solution. The research highlights the multidimensional nature of energy poverty, incorporating variables such as income, energy expenditures, and heating methods. Using statistical methods, including factor analysis and regression models, the research developed an energy poverty index (EPI) to categorize households and identify key drivers of energy poverty. The findings reveal that 96.5% of households experience moderate to high energy poverty when transport costs are included, dropping to 84.3% when these costs are excluded. Households using wood for heating, with a combined rooftop area of 26,104 m2, could generate 7,831,200 kWh of solar energy annually, reducing CO2 emissions by 1,389,825 kg. The aggregated payback period for PV investments is approximately 9.3 years, demonstrating financial viability. The paper underscores the potential of energy communities in pooling resources, facilitating rooftop leasing for PV installations, and promoting policy reforms to promote renewable energy adoption. This research contributes to the understanding of energy poverty dynamics and provides actionable recommendations for integrating PV power plants, fostering energy equity, and reducing environmental impacts.

An assessment of different materials for additive manufacturing (AM) of polymer gears is presented in this research. Experimental testing is carried out for three different materials. Two materials are selected as the most common materials used for gears made by additive manufacturing. These materials are nylon and polycarbonate (PC). The third material is IGUS i180, which is a tribological material specially developed for additive manufacturing of parts with demands for high resistance properties such as resistance to friction, wear, and high temperatures which are essential for the long service life of gears. Gears are experimentally tested to determine service life in the form of operating cycles until failure. In addition, the gear temperature is monitored during the experimental testing. Using the value of maximum temperature at the moment of total gear failure at a specific load level enables the categorization of failure type. Different types of gear failures are categorized and presented. Taking into consideration failure type and the service life in the form of operating cycles, the applicability of analyzed materials for specific applications concerning load, speed, and thermal conditions is presented and discussed at the end of the paper. The main goal of this research was to test IGUS i180 material and compare its mechanical and thermal properties with other commonly used materials for gears manufactured by AM, such as nylon (PA6/66) and polycarbonate (PC). IGUS i180 material showed inferior properties concerning gear design in the case of high loads. This research showed that PA6/66 material is still the best solution for polymer gears production using AM, but the applicability of this material, due to temperature constraints, is still quite limited.

The accessible literature sources do not give an integrated register of non-native tree species in Bosnia and Herzegovina and western Balkans floras. Therefore, the focus of this study was on an inventory of allochthonous dendroflora in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) by 2023. Numerous literature sources, the herbarium collection of the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina (SARA) and the authors' field investigations were used to create the allochthonous B&H dendroflora list. The inventory list comprises dendro species of trees, shrubs and lianas. The survey consists of 552 non-native dendro taxa, associated with family, geographic origin, residence time status, degree of naturalization, zone of resistance, and abundance of the investigated taxa. A total of 82 families, 208 genera, and 552 taxa, which included species level, subspecies, varieties, and hybrids were recorded. The B&H allochthonous dendroflora generally originate from Asia (260 taxa) and North America (128), with a significant share of hybrids (81). Only 19 archaeophytes were registered. According to the degree of naturalization, it was observed that as many as 451 taxa are casual and 13 invasive. The non-native dendro species in B&H mainly belong to the USDA Hardiness Zones 4-9, 5-9 and 6-9. The alien dendroflora of B&H includes 152 occasional, 142 rare, 198 abundant and only 60 taxa with massive abundance. The presented results give a detailed insight into the allochthonous dendroflora of B&H, which is also the first such presentation for the Western Balkans.

Goal: The paper will present the library collection of the Babusaade Ahmed Agha based on one of the three existing waqfiyas of this benefactor, preserved in the Topkapi Palace Museum in Istanbul (TS.MA.d. 6927). The waqfiya describes the establishment of a madrasa and its accompanying library in Mostar in the mid-17th century. The work will also offer a comparison of this collection with the Gazi Husrev-beg Library collection in Sarajevo, as the majority of the preserved titles from the mentioned collection can be found in this central heritage institution. Approach/Methodology: Using the identification method, we determined the exact titles and authors of the endowed books and manuscripts, for which numerous lexicographical dictionaries and manuscript catalogs were consulted. The classification of works by subject areas was based on the Flügel and Ahlwardt models. Regarding the presence of works from the original collection established by the Babusaade Ahmed Agha, the main research base was the Gazi Husrev-beg Library collection in Sarajevo, which provided direct access to works from the mentioned collection, as well as published catalogs of manuscripts in Oriental languages from this institution. Results: The paper highlights data related to the titles and authors of works from the library collection that was part of this educational institution. Based on this information, insight was provided into the thematic and content diversity of the mentioned library. Particularly interesting is the fact that this waqfiya contains the oldest mention of a librarian (1653) in Mostar, along with his duties and responsibilities regarding the preservation of the manuscript collection. In addition to this, the paper discusses the current state of the collection, aiming to determine the extent of preservation of the manuscript holdings from this 17th-century Mostar library. Originality/Value: In scientific and expert circles, it was known that there was a waqf established by the Babusaade Ahmed Agha, but it was not widely known what he left behind as a legacy for his fellow citizens in Mostar. This paper specifically discusses his legacy in Mostar based on primary sources, as well as the provisions he established to specify how this waqf would function. The waqf of Ahmed Agha was very important for the cultural life of Mostar in the second half of the 17th century.

Starting from the metabolic profile of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), we hypothesized that the mechanisms of ¹³¹I-induced cardiotoxicity differ between patients diagnosed with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) with/without T2DM, with metformin potentially acting as a cardioprotective agent by mitigating inflammation in patients with T2DM. To address this hypothesis, we quantified, using ELISA, the serum concentration of several key biomarkers that reflect cardiac injury (NT-proBNP, NT-proANP, ST2/IL-33R, and cTn I) in 74 female patients with DTC/−T2DM and 25 with DTC/+T2DM treated with metformin. All patients received a cumulative oral dose of 131I exceeding 150 mCi (5.55 GBq) over approximately 53 months. Our results showed the following: (i) In DTC/−T2DM patients, high-cumulative 131I doses promote a pro-inflammatory state that accelerates the development of cardiotoxicity. Monitoring NT-proBNP, ST2/IL-33R, and cTn I in these patients may help identify those at risk of developing cardiac complications. (ii) In patients with DTC/+T2DM, high-cumulative 131I doses lead to the release of NT-proANP (r = 0.63), which signals that the atria are under significant stress. (iii) In patients with DTC/+T2DM, metformin suppresses inflammation, leading to a dose-dependent reduction in cTn I (r = −0.59). Monitoring cTn I and NT-proANP, and considering the use of metformin as part of the therapeutic strategy, could help manage cardiotoxicity in T2DM patients undergoing 131I therapy.

Goal: Legal deposit is a complex system of multiple benefits, and by mapping adapted legal deposit regulations from 1945 to 1995 in Yugoslavia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, the aim of this research is to look at the development of the legal deposit in the context of redefining its coverage and the legislatively defined goals of the legal deposit. Approach/methodology/design: By researching the previous literature and reviewing official publications, that is examining the titles and full texts of published regulations in the printed editions of official publications, the relevant regulations related to the legal deposit in Yugoslavia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, federal and republican decrees, decisions, orders, laws for legal deposit were mapped. Results: The analysis of the mapped sixteen regulations, indicates the expansion of legal deposit coverage on a continuous basis, and reveals changes in the perception of the legal deposit values. Legal deposit was initially reduced in the regulations to its function of building library collections, which, however, must be viewed critically in the context of censorship background, while newer regulations respect its values in terms of building of national bibliographies, preservation and protection of cultural heritage, and more important, use of materials that have the designation of public good. Originality/value: This research thematizes the development of the legal deposit system in Bosnia and Herzegovina, from 1945 to 1995, by gathering selected regulations related to legal deposit, adopted in this time period, for the first time in one place, as a basis for further research of this institution in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Goal: The goal of this research is to explore the patterns related to authorship and collaboration of authors of the papers published in the journal Bosniaca: Journal of National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the period from 1996 to 2023. Approach/Methodology: During the selection and preparation of the corpus for analysis, bibliographic identifiers of published papers were analysed, and Subramanyam K. formula was used for calculation of the degree of collaboration. A total of 328 papers and 392 authors by occurrence were analyzed (227 unique authors). Results: Identification data of published papers in the period from 1996 to 2023 are gradually stabilizing, and standardization of bibliographic data is accompanied by the strengthening of the international network of authors, and the indexing of the Journal in bibliographic and citation databases. The number of single-authored papers published in the Journal is 85.98%, while the degree of collaboration in Bosniaca from 1996 to 2023 is 0.14, with the number of co-authored papers increasing from 2019. Of those analyzed, the largest number of unique authors comes from Bosnia and Herzegovina (132), followed by the countries of the region (69), and when it comes to the gender structure of unique authors, women are far more represented (159 authors, 70.04%), of which the majority, 88 female authors, also come from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Limitations: This research does not have firm criteria for selecting papers for analysis, also, nonstandardized listing of identification data of paper published in the first issues of the Journal, and manual entry of collected data can affect the research results and possible errors. Originality/value: So far in Bosnia and Herzegovina no bibliometric analysis of Bosnian and Herzegovinian journals in the field of library and information sciences have been conducted. As a contribution to such analysis, this paper presents the first bibliometric analysis of journal Bosniaca: Journal of the National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Abstract Study Objectives To examine (1) multidimensional sleep profiles in preschoolers (3–6 years) across geocultural regions and (2) differences in sleep characteristics and family practices between Majority World regions (Pacific Islands, Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe, Northeast Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, and Latin America) and the Minority World (the Western world). Methods Participants were 3507 preschoolers from 37 countries. Nighttime sleep characteristics and nap duration (accelerometer: n = 1950) and family practices (parental questionnaire) were measured. Mixed models were used to estimate the marginal means of sleep characteristics by region and examine the differences. Results Geocultural region explained up to 30% of variance in sleep characteristics. A pattern of short nighttime sleep duration, low sleep efficiency, and long nap duration was observed in Eastern Europe, Northeast Asia, and Southeast Asia. The second pattern, with later sleep midpoints and greater night-to-night sleep variability, was observed in South Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, and Latin America. Compared to the Minority World, less optimal sleep characteristics were observed in several Majority World regions, with medium-to-large effect sizes (∣d∣=0.48–2.35). Several Majority World regions reported more frequent parental smartphone use during bedtime routines (Northeast Asia, Southeast Asia: 0.77–0.99 units) and were more likely to have electronic devices in children’s bedroom (Eastern Europe, Latin America, South Asia: OR = 5.97–16.57) and co-sleeping arrangement (Asia, Latin America: OR = 7.05–49.86), compared to the Minority World. Conclusions Preschoolers’ sleep profiles and related family practices vary across geocultural regions, which should be considered in sleep health promotion initiatives and policies.

AIMS Clustering algorithms have been widely applied to tumor DNA methylation datasets to define methylation-based cancer subtypes. This study aimed to evaluate the agreement between subtypes obtained from common clustering strategies. MATERIALS & METHODS We used tumor DNA methylation data from 409 women with breast cancer from the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (MCCS) and 781 breast tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Agreement was assessed using the adjusted Rand index for various combinations of number of CpGs, number of clusters and clustering algorithms (hierarchical, K-means, partitioning around medoids, and recursively partitioned mixture models). RESULTS Inconsistent agreement patterns were observed for between-algorithm and within-algorithm comparisons, with generally poor to moderate agreement (ARI <0.7). Results were qualitatively similar in the MCCS and TCGA, showing better agreement for moderate number of CpGs and fewer clusters (K = 2). Restricting the analysis to CpGs that were differentially-methylated between tumor and normal tissue did not result in higher agreement. CONCLUSION Our study highlights that common clustering strategies involving an arbitrary choice of algorithm, number of clusters and number of methylation sites are likely to identify different DNA methylation-based breast tumor subtypes.

U ovom se radu analizira sintaksički status akuzativnih klitika u bosanskom jeziku i njihovo pomjeranje u tzv. drugu poziciju (engl. second position clitics / Wackernagel clitics) s teorijskog polazišta tzv. minimalističkog programa (engl. Minimalist Program, Chomsky 1995; 2000; 2001). Derivacija sintaksičkih struktura posmatra se kroz djelovanje sintaksičke operacije spajanja (engl. Merge) i sintaksičke operacije slaganja (engl. Agree). Pri tome, u radu se slijedi tzv. teorija faza (engl. Phase Theory, Chomsky 2001), koja postulira da se derivacija sintaksičke strukture odvija u fazama koje omogućavaju da se minimalni dijelovi strukture sukcesivno šalju u tzv. Spell-out, odnosno u interfejs u kojem dolazi do razdvajanja informacija relevantnih za nivo fonetskog (engl. Phonetic form, PF) i logičkog predstavljanja (engl. Logical form, LF). U radu se zastupa hipoteza da se akuzativne klitike izvorno generiraju u poziciji komplementa glagola za koji su tematski vezane te da, budući da nemaju status fraznih afiksa, ne mogu biti sintaksički spojene s tim glagolom. U tom se smislu transfer akuzativnih klitika u PF komponentu dešava već u vP fazi, dok glagol za koji je klitika tematski vezana nije obuhvaćen ovim transferom jer se pomjera u tzv. rubnu poziciju (engl. edge position) vP faze. Cilj je ovoga rada pokazati da je tzv. druga pozicija akuzativnih klitika rezultat njihovog postsintaksičkog pomjeranja koje slijedi nakon prozodijskog organiziranja strukturnih elemenata na PF nivou. Akuzativne klitike pomjeraju se u tzv. drugu poziciju u svojoj intonacijskoj frazi (engl. Intonation phrase, IP), pri čemu intonacijska fraza korespondira s granicama CP domene klauze koja sadrži akuzativne klitike. Pozicija akuzativnih klitika iza prve naglašene riješi (engl. first word position, 1W) ili iza prvog sintaksičkog konstituenta (engl. first constituent position, 1C) u vezi je s (ne)postojanjem prozodijskih barijera.

Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country rich in natural resources and geo-strategically positioned in the heartland of the Balkans, which through its turbulent and inspiring history was the desired goal of various conquering empires. From the ancient Romans, through the Ottomans, Austro-Hungarians, Germans and all the way to the closest neighbours. On that difficult path of building a thousand-year statehood, it was affected by various socio-political crises that left a mark and, as a rule, slowed down its economic growth and self-sustainability of both the socio-political system and the general state of security of its critical subjects and infrastructures. In its different stages of statehood and statehood, Bosnia and Herzegovina faced different types of threats, from passive to active resistance, from frequent riots to open wars and opposition to invaders and usurpers of its territory and its wealth. Looking at our history, we learn from our ancestors, preparing based on their experience for the modern challenges of today. It is of great importance for scientists, researchers and practitioners to apply analytical - synthetic and general - social methods of data collection, in order to properly set themselves according to the definition of research problems and objectives, and to determine the methodology that will lead to effective and applicable solutions satisfying social and scientific objectives. Analysing the problem of determining and organizing the area of protection of critical subjects and infrastructures, we cannot help but notice one of the biggest threats to the vital lifeblood of the Bosnian society, namely its complex socio-political organization and the influence it generates as such on all segments of sustainability and security. This work contributes to the development and strengthening of the preventive security awareness of all those who in the future will deal with strengthening the capacity to protect critical entities in Bosnia and Herzegovina.