Nowadays, bottled water has become part of the lifestyle, replacing tap water, and water from freestanding dispensers is increasingly being used. The main goal of this research was to determine the health suitability of bottled water in freestanding dispensers. The research included the microbiological analysis of a total of 100 samples of bottled water from freestanding dispensers. The samples were mostly taken in the wider area of the city of Doboj (doctor's offices, shops, public buildings), and one dispenser in the city of Tuzla. Water samples were taken twice, in the period from April to June 2022. Water samples from 6 different manufacturers (Vivia, Kristal, Nevra, Gora, Aqua doria, Aqua team) were analyzed. 9% of water samples (9/100) were microbiologically correct. Microbiologically defective samples contained a higher total number of bacteria at 22°C and 37°C, as well as a higher number of coliform bacteria than the maximum allowed values. No significant differences in microbiological quality were found between older and/or recently installed water dispensers, as well as in terms of environmental conditions, while visible differences were observed between dispensers that were regularly hygienically maintained.KEYWORDS:dispensers; bottled water; coliform bacteria; biofilms; total bacteria count

This paper presents a multi-criteria decision-making model based on the application of two methods, DIBR II and MABAC. The DIBR II method was used to define weight coefficients. The MABAC method was used to rank alternatives, and it was applied in a rough environment. Four experts were engaged in defining the criteria and alternatives as well as in the relation of criteria. The model was applied for ranking the methods and techniques of Lean organization systems management in the maintenance of technical systems of special purposes. At the end of the application was conducted a sensitivity analysis which proved the stability of the obtained results.

One of the main causes of the dismal prognosis in patients who survive the initial bleeding after aneurysmal subarachnoidal hemorrhage is the delayed cerebral ischaemia caused by vasospasm. Studies suggest that cerebral magnesium and pH may potentially play a role in the pathophysiology of this adverse event. Using phosphorous magnetic resonance spectrocopy (31P-MRS), we calculated the cerebral magnesium (Mg) and pH levels in 13 patients who suffered from aSAH. The values between the group that developed clinically significant vasospasm (n = 7) and the group that did not (n = 6) were compared. The results of this study show significantly lower cerebral Mg levels (p = 0.019) and higher pH levels (p < 0.001) in the cumulative group (all brain voxels together) in patients who developed clinically significant vasospasm. Further clinical studies on a larger group of carefully selected patients are needed in order to predict clinically significant vasospasm.

Bryophytes are a group of plants vital to many ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles and are well known bioindicators and biomonitoring tools. However, they have been deemed industrially less important than vascular plants and their potential for applications other than as biomonitoring tools has been overlooked. In recent years, however, bryophytes, and in particular mosses, are starting to gain attention as viable phytoremediation agents. Studies indicate that some moss species have the ability to uptake heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, As, and Cr from contaminated water. Tested mosses could both adsorb and absorb significant amounts of specific heavy metals without adverse effects on the plant. Results suggest that moss biomass, either dry or wet, could be used as a bio-sorbent in filtration of heavy metals. The review of available literature shows a promising prospect of moss to be used in phytofiltration of heavy metals. Existing knowledge on this topic could be the basis for further research which isneeded. KEYWORDS:moss; heavy metal; phytofiltration; bio-sorbent

Livestock production is a potential environmental pollutan because of the high concentartions of animals on the small area. Production of biogas with anaerobic degradation from organic waste is one of the pledge alternative energetic solutions, especially from organic manure made from animal farming and other residuals of agricultural production.The aim of this paper was to determine posibillity of using manure different origin from extensive animal breeding for production of biogas in labaratory conditions. The results obtained will be based on posibillity of use waste streams from extensive animal husbandry as basic substrate for anaerobic digestion.In this regard, cosubstrates were formed as mixture 1 chicken excrement; mixture 2 sheep manure; mixture 3 cow manure; all three basic substrates were in mixture with the sludge from the wastewater treatment plant. The results showed production of 71,5 ml CH4/gVS for mixture 1, 68,65 ml CH4/gVS for mixture 2 and 48,68 ml CH4/gVS for mixture 3. KEYWORDS:extensive breeding, manure, anaerobic digestion, biogas, biomethane potentional

Summary Background Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. Methods The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model—a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates—with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality—which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. Findings The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2–100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1–290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1–211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4–48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3–37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7–9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. Interpretation Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

The aim of this paper is focused on reducing sodium chloride content by partial replacement with potassium chloride and magnesium chloride in cooked cheese samples. For the production of cheese, standardized cow's milk from a domestic market producer was used, and the cheese was produced by heating the milk to a temperature of 95°C and coagulation with acetic acid. The one salted only with NaCl was designated as the standard sample, and the other samples were salted with combinations of salts in which NaCl reduction was performed: sample A1 had a ratio of 15% KCl:85% NaCl, sample A2 30% KCl:70% NaCl, sample B1 15% MgCl2:85% NaCl and sample B2 30% MgCl2:70% NaCl. The cheese samples were stored at + 4°C and color parameters and sensory properties were analyzed on the 1st, 3rdand 5thdays of storage. Based on the performed analyses, it was concluded that it is completely acceptable to replace sodium chloride with potassium chloride in the ratio of 15% KCl:85% NaCl. It is acceptable to replace sodium chloride with potassium chloride inthe ratio of 30% KCl:70% NaCl, with the note that on the 5thday of storage there is a gradual deterioration of the sensory properties compared to the samples analyzed on the 1stday of storage. Replacement of sodium chloride with magnesium chloride in the ratios 15% MgCl2:85% NaCl and 30% MgCl2:70% NaCl is not acceptable.As such, it is not recommended in the production of cooked cheeses due to the appearance of a metallic and bitter taste that is present in cheese samples from the 1st to the 5th day of storage. KEYWORDS:cooked cheese, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the short-term consequences of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection on pulmonary diffusion in patients with severe (but not critical) and moderately severe COVID-19 pneumonia during three months after COVID-19 infection. Methods: A prospective study included 81 patients with an RT-PCR-test confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 infection treated in the COVID Department of Lung Diseases of University Clinical Hospital Mostar. Inclusion criteria were ≥18-year-old patients, COVID-19 infection confirmed using real-time RT-PCR, radiologically confirmed bilateral COVID-19 pneumonia, and diffusion capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) one and three months after COVID-19 infection. The pulmonary function was tested using the MasterScreen Body Jaeger (Jaeger Corporation, Omaha, USA) and MasterScreen PFT Jaeger (Jaeger Corporation, Omaha, USA) according to American Thoracic Society guidelines one and three months after COVID-19 infection. Results: Forced vital capacity significantly increased three months after COVID-19 infection compared to the first-month control (p<0.0005). Also, a statistically significant increase in the FEV1 value (p<0.0005), FEV1%FVC ratio (p<0.005), DLCO/SB (p<0.0005), DLCO/VA value (p<0.0005), and total lung capacity (TLC) (p<0.0005) was observed in all patients. Conclusion: Our study showed that recovery of DLCO/VA and spirometry parameters was complete after three months, while DLCO/SB was below normal values even after three months. Therefore, one month after the COVID-19 infection patients had partial recovery of lung function, while a significant recovery of lung function was observed three months after the COVID-19 infection.

In addition to their undeniable importance for industry, natural plant products are widely used in the production of functional food, which, in addition to satisfying nutritional properties, also exhibits certain pharmacological and physiological effects on human health. Chokeberryfruit and products are considered to be excellent sources of polyphenoliccompounds. A large part of polyphenolic compounds from aronia berriesis found in the juice, but the flesh of the berry that remains behind in the juice production process is also richin these bioactive compounds. The aim of the conducted research was to examine the antioxidant potentialof thechokeberry juices from Bosnia and Herzegovina.The antioxidant potentialof chokeberryjuicesin this study wastestedbythe ferric reducing antioxidant power(FRAP)andtotal phenol content (FC). Tests were carried out in other juices for the same parameters in order to compare the obtained values.The research results show that the values of FRAP and total phenols in chokeberry juices vary (20-63 mmol Fe II/L; 850-4930 mgGAE/L), but are significantly higher than in other analyzed juices (7-25 mmol FeII/L; 220–1265 mgGAE/L). By comparing the content of total phenols and FRAP values in pasteurized and unpasteurized chokeberry juice samples, it can be concluded that they are higher in the sample prepared by the pasteurization process. Statistical parameters showthat thelinearcorrelation between thetotal phenols and the FRAP valuesof chokeberry juices (r=0,964; p ˂0,001) and other analysedjuices (r=0,960;p ˂0,001 ) isstatisticallysignificant. KEYWORDS:chokeberry(Aronia melanocarpaL.)juice,antioxidant potential, FC, FRAP

This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxic activity of decidual lymphocytes and the mRNA/protein expression of cytotoxic proteins in various cell types in the context of preeclampsia (PE) compared to those of healthy pregnancies. We analyzed fresh decidua basalis tissue and tissue embedded in paraffin (FFPE) from PE pregnancies (n = 15) and compared them with those of healthy pregnancies (n = 15) of the corresponding gestational age. Using double immunofluorescence staining, we observed differences in the intensity and distribution of staining for granzyme K (GZMK) and FasL in extravillous trophoblasts. RT-qPCR analysis of FFPE placental tissue showed that GZMK mRNA expression was statistically higher (p < 0.0001) in PE compared to that of healthy controls. On the contrary, there was a low expression (p < 0.001) of FasL mRNA in PE compared to controls, while there was no statistically significant difference for IFN-γ mRNA between PE and controls. Although the level of cytotoxic activity changed depending on the ratio of effector and target cells, there was no significant difference observed between PE and controls in this in vitro study. In conclusion, in PE, extravillous trophoblasts exhibited increased expression of GZMK and decreased expression of FasL. These changes may contribute to impaired trophoblast invasion. However, these alterations did not appear to affect the cytotoxic properties of decidual lymphocytes. Additionally, the possibility of cell sorter separation of decidual lymphocytes would greatly contribute to a better understanding of single cells’ genetic profiles.