This paper aims to systematically present existing research on cognitive and executive functions, speech and auditory perception, language, literacy, and academic development, and cross-modal reorganization in children with CIs. The methodology included a systematic search of databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) using keywords related to cognition and CIs. After eliminating duplicates and applying inclusion criteria, an analysis was conducted of relevant references published from 2015 to the present, which were analyzed both in tables and narratively. Research confirms that the cognitive development of children with CIs depends on auditory input and the brain’s ability to integrate information from different sensory modalities. Multisensory and interactive approaches to rehabilitation have the potential to enhance cognitive development and should be further researched and applied in practice.

U ovom radu analizira se odnos socijalne politike prema civilnim žrtvama rata i njihova međusobna korelacija u Bosni i Hercegovini. Krajnji cilj je doći do odgovora na pitanja kako odgovoriti potrebama civilnih žrtava rata kroz kvalitetnu socijalnu politiku u Bosni i Hercegovini. U ostvarivanju socijalne pravde, socijalnih prava, smanjivanju društvene nejednakosti i općoj humanizaciji društva u Bosni i Hercegovini posebnu ulogu ima upravo socijalna politika. S tim u vezi primjenu socijalnih politika u području brige i zaštite civilnih žrtava rata sve više pažnje usmjeravaju na deinstitucionalizaciju i tako nastoje da trendovi u brizi o civilnim žrtvama rata idu prema zbrinjavanju ne na državnom nivou, nego na nivou lokalne zajednice. Ono što bi moglo biti jedno od rješenja ili državnih strateških pravaca jeste razvijanje različitih modela podrške, uz podršku njima najbližih osoba, odnosno podrška primarne socijalne mreže uz podršku države. Činjenica je da se naše društvo mora suočiti sa izazovom kreiranja sistema koji će biti prilagođen i u skladu s potrebama kategorije civilnih žrtava rata. Važan preduslov za poboljšanje statusa i brige o civilnim žrtvama rata jeste kroz primjenu kvalitetne i zakonom utvrđene socijalne politike. Odnos socijalne politike prema kategoriji civilnih žrtava rata je vrlo prisan, samom činjenicom jer se ona bavi raznim društvenim segmentima, a civilne žrtve rata su upravo jedna od najugroženijih društvenih kategorija čija ljudska, socijalna i druga prava, bi se trebala početi primjenjivati onako kako to nalažu i međunarodne konvencije koje su sastavni dio socijalne politike, a ne biti samo mrtvo slovo na papiru.

Introduction: Cognitive impairment is the most common neurological disorder associated with brain tumors, which leads to linguistic communication damage. Anxiety and depression are among the most prevalent psychiatric comorbidities in this population. Objectives: To determine the level of cognitive functioning, anxiety, and depression in patients with intracranial tumors with and without aphasia. Subjects and methods: A prospective study was conducted on 91 patients with verified brain tumors which were hospitalized at the Clinic for Neurosurgery for one year period. The patients were assessed with Mini Mental State Examination, Beck’s depression inventory, and Beck’s anxiety inventory. The type and severity of aphasia were determined by the Boston Aphasia Test. Results: The highest number of patients, a total of 31 (37.3%), had moderate anxiety disorder. 30 patients (36.1%) had shown symptoms of moderate depression, and 33 (39.7%) had shown mild and moderate cognitive dysfunction. Conclusion: Anxiety, depression, and cognitive dysfunction were significantly more pronounced in subjects with aphasia.

To evaluate clinical characteristics and outcomes of urgent bronchoscopies due to foreign body aspiration (FBA), we analyzed cases from January 1954 to December 2021. The study included children up to 14 years of age who underwent emergency bronchoscopy on suspicion of a foreign body in the lower respiratory tract. Each patient was assessed for age, sex, nature and location of the foreign body, bronchoscopy findings, complications, and airway involvement. A total of 889 children underwent urgent bronchoscopy over 67 years. Most cases (66.7%) occurred within the first three years of life, and 10.6% involved children under one year of age. Recently, a marked decrease in positive findings in infants has been observed. Boys represented 62.5% of cases. Organic foreign bodies, predominantly pumpkin seeds, were most common. The right bronchus was the predominant location (51%). In the most recent period, multiple-location foreign bodies became more frequent. Both the annual number of bronchoscopies and the proportion of positive findings have declined. During the COVID-19 pandemic, suspicion of FBA and the number of bronchoscopies significantly decreased.

The integration of technology in correctional facilities represents a paradigm shift in modern prison rehabilitation approaches globally, offering unprecedented opportunities to enhance inmate reintegration while addressing systemic challenges. This research examines the global phenomenon of digital rehabilitation, using the current state and prospects of technology adoption in Albanian prisons as an illustrative case study. By analysing both opportunities for rehabilitation enhancement and implementation challenges, this study highlights the broader implications of digital tools in correctional settings. Through a comprehensive analysis of recent developments from 2020 to 2025, including international cooperation initiatives, this study reveals significant potential for digital transformation in correctional systems. Key findings indicate that technology-enhanced rehabilitation programs can reduce recidivism rates by up to 23% compared to traditional methods, while digital education platforms show 68% success rates versus 35% for conventional approaches. However, implementation faces substantial barriers globally, including high costs (85% impact), ageing infrastructure (78% impact), and staff training requirements (72% impact). The research demonstrates that strategic   technology adoption, supported by international partnerships and phased implementation approaches, can transform prisons into modern rehabilitation-focused institutions. This study contributes to the growing body of international knowledge on correctional technology, providing insights that are transferable to other transitional contexts and informing global policy decisions.

Wars erode human dignity and global solidarity. Take famine—the worst form of death by starvation en masse—for example. Famine is particularly telling and chilling, as in the modern era, the (almost) famine in Gaza and Sudan is predominantly human-made. In addition to acute consequences like deaths, famine also causes long-term damage to people’s physical health and psychological well-being, from their susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases, trauma, and suicidality. A growing body of research also indicates that, largely due to high-definition and high-fidelity media coverage of wars with high definition and fidelity, people living in non-war zones can also face prolonged, yet often overlooked, mental health challenges. While the global health community shoulders the majority of the short- and long-term burden of care and cure in armed conflicts, we often have little power to hold warring parties responsible, not least because politicians’ careers are often term-based if not short-lived. Using the famine in Gaza and Sudan as examples, this paper sheds light on the imperative of holding warring parties accountable—in care and cash—for the damage they exert on lives and livelihoods worldwide. Wars might be inevitable (almost), famine, and disregard for human dignity and despair are not. Key messages What is already known on this topic? War drives famine, disease outbreaks, psychological trauma, and health system collapse, disproportionately affecting women and children. Starvation has been used as a weapon of war, despite its prohibition under international humanitarian law. What this study adds Emphasizes the need to quantify the full health and economic costs of war, particularly in settings such as Gaza and Sudan experiencing famine and health system collapse. Proposes a Global Conflict Accountability Mechanism to hold warring parties financially responsible for health impacts. Advocates for the formal inclusion of global health professionals in diplomacy and peacebuilding. How this study might affect research, practice, or policy Encourages research on the long-term health and economic consequences of war, including mental health and chronic disease. Supports integrating global health actors into conflict-sensitive humanitarian planning and peace processes to improve equitable access to care.

Obesity and hypertension are interrelated global health challenges sharing common pathophysiological mechanisms, including insulin resistance, chronic inflammation and neurohormonal dysregulation. Emerging evidence highlights the gut microbiome as a crucial mediator in this interplay, influencing intestinal barrier integrity, systemic inflammation and metabolic homeostasis. In this narrative review, we critically examine the interplay between obesity‐induced hypertension and the gut microbiome, evaluating current evidence, therapeutic implications and future research priorities. Obesity‐associated gut dysbiosis disrupts the intestinal epithelial barrier, increasing translocation of bacterial products like lipopolysaccharides into circulation, promoting systemic inflammation that exacerbates insulin resistance, adipose dysfunction and hypertension. Current treatments targeting obesity, from lifestyle modification to bariatric surgery, show beneficial effects on blood pressure, but microbiome‐targeted interventions are an evolving therapeutic frontier. Prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and faecal microbiota transplantation have demonstrated potential antihypertensive effects in preclinical and clinical studies, although findings are heterogeneous and require confirmation in larger randomised trials. Methodological challenges remain, including the need for advanced microbial sampling techniques beyond faecal analysis to fully capture disease‐relevant microbiota alterations. This review synthesises current knowledge on gut microbiome involvement in obesity‐induced hypertension, evaluates microbiome‐based therapeutic strategies and identifies critical research gaps to guide future investigations aimed at mitigating the dual pandemics of obesity and hypertension.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with increased psychological distress globally. However, the independent psychological impact of prior COVID-19 infection remains heterogeneous, particularly in primary healthcare populations. This study aimed to examine differences in anxiety and depressive symptoms between individuals with and without a history of COVID-19 infection in a primary healthcare setting. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in April 2022 in five family medicine practices in the primary health care facility of Sarajevo Canton. A total of 279 participants without previously diagnosed mental disorders completed an online questionnaire. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were assessed using the GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scales. Multivariable regression models were performed, and propensity score matching (1:1 nearest-neighbor matching, caliper = 0.2) was conducted to address baseline imbalance. Results: No statistically significant independent association was detected between prior COVID-19 infection and anxiety or depressive symptoms in multivariable models. Propensity score matching yielded 84 well-balanced pairs. In the matched sample, no significant differences were observed in GAD-7 (p = 0.229) or PHQ-9 scores (p = 0.139), nor in clinically relevant cut-offs. Female sex and chronic disease were independently associated with higher anxiety levels. Conclusions: In this primary healthcare population, we did not observe an independent association between prior COVID-19 infection and anxiety or depressive symptoms after covariate adjustment and propensity score matching. These findings should be interpreted cautiously given the cross-sectional design, possible exposure misclassification, and residual confounding.

Political discourse attributes the pressure on European welfare systems to foreign nationals. Yet projections of service demand rarely disaggregate service demand by citizenship status. We develop a structural demographic model and project healthcare, education, and housing demand in Austria through 2050, disaggregated by citizenship status and regions across migration scenarios. We find that migration, ageing, and fertility shape each sector differently. In healthcare, the ageing of Austrian nationals contributes 4.7 times more to demand growth than immigration, with the most acute pressures in rural, low-migration regions. In housing, migration accounts for the entire net growth in demand, concentrated in metropolitan hubs. In education, aggregate demand contracts regardless of migration assumptions, whereas future needs are driven more by the births of foreigners in Austria than by new arrivals. Foreign nationals consume services in proportion to their demographic weight, with deviations explained by age structure rather than over-utilisation. These results show that the drivers of service demand are sector-specific: migration restrictions could ease housing pressure, but would not address ageing-driven healthcare demand and may accelerate contraction in the education system.

Acute intracranial stenting is increasingly used as a rescue strategy during endovascular treatment for large vessel occlusion strokes. Limited data exist regarding the risk, clinical relevance, and optimal management of hemorrhagic transformation (HT) in this context. We aimed to evaluate the incidence, predictors, outcomes, and post-interventional antiplatelet management of HT in an international multicentric registry. We analyzed data from the RESISTANT registry, including patients who underwent emergent intracranial stenting for acute stroke between 2016 and 2023. Two complementary analyses were performed: (1) characterization of HT subtypes and associated outcomes (NIHSS at discharge, mortality and mRS at discharge and 90-days); and (2) evaluation of antiplatelet management after Heidelberg class-1 HT detection and its impact on stent occlusion, hemorrhage progression, in-hospital mortality, and 90-day mRS. Among 809 patients included, 177 (22%) experienced HT, of which 63 (8%) were symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage). Parenchymal hematomas (PH-1 and PH-2) and HI-2 were associated with worse functional outcomes and higher mortality. In the post-HT management cohort (n=117), use of a high-intensity antiplatelet regimen (dual oral antiplatelet or any intravenous agent) was associated with lower risk of stent occlusion (aOR 0.21[0.05–0.86]) and in-hospital mortality (aOR 0.08[0.01-0.50]) without increased hemorrhagic progression (0.52[0.09-3.07]). HT remains a relevant complication after emergent intracranial stenting, particularly in patients with parenchymal hematoma. High-intensity antiplatelet therapy appears safe in select HT subtypes and was linked to reduced occlusion and mortality.