The John Cunningham virus (JCV) is a polyomavirus that usually infects people at a young age and does not cause any symptoms in immunocompetent individuals. However, in immunocompromised individuals, such as kidney transplant recipients, JCV can cause severe and potentially fatal disease. Unfortunately, JCV has not been researched as extensively as the BK virus and is not mentioned in relevant kidney transplant guidelines. This lack of attention to JCV can lead to less consideration in kidney transplant patients’ care. Surveillance using locally available diagnostic methods is of the utmost importance. The presence of JCV can be diagnosed with urine decoy cells, viruria, or viremia verified by the PCR method. A low threshold for considering JCV as a possible cause of any neurological or renal dysfunction in kidney transplant recipients must be maintained. In such cases, kidney and brain biopsy are indicated. Maintaining the appropriate immunosuppression while avoiding over-immunosuppression to prevent JCV disease is crucial, and the approach should be individual, according to overall immunological risk. We hypothesize that the presence of the JCV can indicate overt immunosuppression and identify kidney transplant recipients more prone to opportunistic infections and diseases, including some malignancies. To explore that, future observational studies are needed.

Limited edge server resources and uneven distribution of traffic density in vehicular networks result in problems such as unbalanced network load and high task processing latency. To address these issues, we proposed an efficient caching and offloading resource allocation (ECORA) strategy in vehicular social networks. First, to improve the utilization of vehicular idle resources, a collaborative computation and storage resource allocation mechanism was designed using mobile social similarity. Next, with the optimization objective of minimizing the average task processing delay, we studied the combined resource allocation optimization problem and decoupled it into two sub-problems. For the service caching subproblem, we designed a stable matching algorithm by mobile social connections to dynamically update the cache resource allocation scheme for improving the task unloading efficiency. For the task offloading subproblem, a discrete cuckoo search algorithm based on differential evolution was designed to adaptively select the best task offloading scheme, which minimized the average task processing delay. Simulation results revealed that the ECORA strategy outperformed the resource allocation strategy based on particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm, and reduced the average task processing delay by at least 7.59%. Meanwhile, the ECORA strategy can achieve superior network load balancing.

Nordic agriculture faces big challenges to reduce phosphorus (P) loss from land to water for improving surface water quality. While understanding the processes controlling P loss and seeking for P mitigation measures, Norwegian and Swedish researchers have substantially benefited from and been inspired by Dr. Andrew Sharpley's career-long, high-standard P research. Here, we demonstrate how Sharpley and his research have helped the Nordic researchers to understand the role of cover crops in cold environmental conditions, best manure P management practices, and ditch processes. His work on critical source area (CSA) identification and site assessment tool development have also greatly inspired our thinking on the targeting of mitigation measures and the contextualizing tools for Nordic climate, landscape, and soils. While reflecting on Sharpley's legacy, we identify several needs for Norwegian and Swedish P research and management. These include (1) tackling the challenges caused by local/regional unevenness in livestock density and related manure management and farm P surpluses, (2) identifying CSAs of P loss with high erosion risk and high P surplus, (3) obtaining more high-resolution mapping of soils with low P sorption capacity both in the topsoil and subsoil, (4) improving cross-scale understanding of processes and mitigation measures and proper follow-up of applied mitigation measures, and (5) increasing collaborations of researchers with farmers and farmers' advisory groups and watershed groups by developing high-quality educational courses and extension materials. The needs should be addressed in the context of the challenges and opportunities created by climate change.

This qualitative study explores the evolution and implications of limiting contractual liability in Saudi Arabia, focusing on the interplay between Sharia principles, international conventions, and domestic legal reforms. Through a comprehensive analysis of primary and secondary sources, including the new Civil Transactions Law 2023 and relevant legal documents, the research aims to thoroughly understand the historical roots and contemporary dynamics shaping contractual practices in Saudi Arabia. The study uncovers the challenges and opportunities inherent in harmonizing Sharia principles with global legal norms within the Saudi legal framework. Examining the new legislation reveals notable changes in the treatment of liability in commercial contracts, signaling a shift towards modernization and alignment with international standards. Its findings highlight the complexities of balancing contractual autonomy with legal constraints in the Saudi context, emphasizing the need for ongoing dialogue and research to address emerging issues and enhance the clarity and enforceability of contractual agreements. The study underscores the importance of a collaborative approach that integrates legal, cultural, and international perspectives to strengthen the legal framework and foster a conducive environment for commercial transactions in Saudi Arabia. In doing so, it offers a nuanced analysis of the legal landscape, shedding light on stakeholders' challenges and opportunities in navigating contractual practices within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Canine pyometra is a common reproductive disorder of intact diestrual bitches. The disease is associated with inflammation and infection of the uterus leading to generalized illness. The varied reactions of the host to infection, inflammation, or trauma are collectively known as the acute-phase response (APR) and encompass a wide range of pathophysiological responses. One of these systemic responses to disease is an increase in the production by the liver of a number of serum proteins, which are known collectively as the acute-phase proteins (APP). The most important APPs in dogs are C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA). When diagnosed with pyometra, the preferred and most effective treatment is ovariohysterectomy, a procedure that in itself causes systemic inflammation due to the tissue trauma caused by surgery. The purpose of this study was to identify the effect pyometra and ovariohysterectomy have on acute phase proteins and routinely measured biochemistry variables in serum of affected bitches. We achieved this by evaluating concentrations of CRP and SAA, as well as of some biochemistry parameters in serum before and after ovariohysterectomy in bitches with pyometra. Blood samples were collected from the cephalic vein immediately prior to and 24h, 72h and 168 hours after initiation of surgery. The levels of CRP, SAA and some biochemistry parameters - total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLOB), as well as activity of some enzymes: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (AKLP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of pyometra and its surgical treatment, ovariohysterectomy, on acute phase proteins, specifically C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA), as well as on routine serum biochemistry variables in affected bitches. By evaluating the concentrations of CRP and SAA, alongside key biochemistry parameters before and after surgery, this research seeks to elucidate the physiological and biochemical responses to both the disease and its treatment, providing insight into the systemic effects of pyometra and the surgical stress response in dogs. Study Design:  The study design involved a cohort of twenty-seven female dogs, divided into two groups: seventeen clinically healthy intact female dogs serving as the control group, which were examined for routine health care or vaccinations, and ten female dogs diagnosed with pyometra at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sarajevo. The diagnosis of pyometra was made based on case history, clinical signs, ultrasonography, and confirmed by gross examination of the pus-filled uterus during and after ovariohysterectomy. The surgical procedure was performed using a standard mid-line approach under general inhalation anesthesia, with no post-operative complications reported. Place and Duration of Study: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sarajevo, between June 2012 and September 2012. Methodology: Blood samples were collected from the distal cephalic vein into serum separating tubes (Vacutainer SST; Becton Dickinson, USA) for CRP and SAA measurement and serum biochemical evaluation just before the ovariohysterectomy (base values) as well as after 24 hours (day one), 72 hours (day three) and 168 hours (day seven). Blood samples from control dogs were collected only once. Serum samples were prepared by centrifugation (1.500 × g for 10 min) and stored in plain micro tubes (Eppendorf, Germany) at −20°C prior to analysis. Serum CRP concentrations in the dogs were measured with ELISA microplate reader (Anthos 2001 ELISA-reader, Anthos Mikrosysteme, Krefeld, Germany) using a commercial canine CRP enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (Tridelta PhaseTM Range CRP Assay, Tridelta Development Limited, County Kildare, Ireland). For SAA, the analyses were performed using also a commercially available ELISA kit (Tridelta PhaseTM Range SAA Assay, Tridelta Development Limited, County Kildare, Ireland). Total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLOB) concentrations and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALKP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were determined by using standard procedures and slides by Catalyst Dx Chemistry Analyzer, Idexx. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software package (for Windows, Version 11.5, SPSS Inc, USA). All data were shown as mean ± standard deviation. The results were analyzed using the independent t-test. A P-value less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Our results indicated significantly higher concentrations of CRP and SAA in dogs with pyometra throughout the study period compared to the control group, with CRP concentrations rising up to 15-fold and SAA up to 10-fold. Notably, these increases in CRP and SAA concentrations were mostly observed before surgery, with only limited additional increases post-surgery. This suggests that while ovariohysterectomy induces a proinflammatory response, it does not significantly escalate the levels of these proteins beyond the initial disease impact. The variability observed in CRP and SAA levels points to potential interindividual differences, impacting their diagnostic value. However, on the last postoperative day, the significantly elevated levels of both proteins in dogs with pyometra suggest a persistent, though less severe, inflammatory process, with a subsequent decline as homeostasis was gradually restored. Conclusion: The role of the acute phase response is to limit inflammation, remove the damaging factor and restore homeostasis. The systemic effects of pyometra are reflected by acute phase proteins and several biochemistry parameters.

Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to assess neck-to-height ratio (NtHR) and its possible association with other anthropometric measures of obesity and blood pressure (BP) values in Bosnian university students stratified by new 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force hypertension (HT) guidelines.Methods: The present study included 417 subjects with median age 20 (19-21) years that were divided into normal BP, elevated BP, stage 1 HT, and stage 2 HT groups based on BP measurements using auscultatory methods. Standard anthropometric indices including neck circumference (NC) were measured. NtHR (cm/m) was calculated in each participant based on the NC and height. Differences between groups were assessed by Kruskal-Wallis followed by Man-Whitney test and correlations were determined by Spearman test.Results: The prevalence of elevated BP was 19.2%, stage 1 HT 21.6%, and stage 2 HT 11.0 %. NtHR was highest in the stage 2 HT group. NtHR correlated significantly with all anthropometric measures in all groups. No correlation between NtHR, systolic BP, and diastolic BP was found, except in the stage 1 HT group, where a significant correlation between NtHR and systolic BP was uncovered.Conclusions: Based on the observed correlations between NtHR and standard measures of obesity, NtHR could be included in clinical practice, since it is simple and does not induce discomfort. The high prevalence of elevated BP found in the present study suggests HT prevention requires the implementation of programs aimed at promoting healthy dietary habits, physical activity, as well as effective stress management and coping mechanisms.

Introduction Multi-shell diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging (dMRI) data has been widely used to characterise white matter microstructure in several neurodegenerative diseases. The lack of standardised dMRI protocols often implies the acquisition of redundant measurements, resulting in prolonged acquisition times. In this study, we investigate the impact of the number of gradient directions on Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) and on Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging (NODDI) metrics. Methods Data from 124 healthy controls collected in three different longitudinal studies were included. Using an in-house algorithm, we reduced the number of gradient directions in each data shell. We estimated DTI and NODDI measures on six white matter bundles clinically relevant for neurodegenerative diseases. Results Fractional Anisotropy (FA) measures on bundles where data were sampled at the 30% rate, showed a median L1 distance of up to 3.92% and a 95% CI of (1.74, 8.97)% when compared to those obtained at reference sampling. Mean Diffusivity (MD) reached up to 4.31% and a 95% CI of (1.60, 16.98)% on the same premises. At a sampling rate of 50%, we obtained a median of 3.90% and a 95% CI of (1.99, 16.65)% in FA, and 5.49% with a 95% CI of (2.14, 21.68)% in MD. The Intra-Cellular volume fraction (ICvf) median L1 distance was up to 2.83% with a 95% CI of (1.98, 4.82)% at a 30% sampling rate and 3.95% with a 95% CI of (2.39, 7.81)% at a 50% sampling rate. The volume difference of the reconstructed white matter at reference and 50% sampling reached a maximum of (2.09 ± 0.81)%. Discussion In conclusion, DTI and NODDI measures reported at reference sampling were comparable to those obtained when the number of dMRI volumes was reduced by up to 30%. Close to reference DTI and NODDI metrics were estimated with a significant reduction in acquisition time using three shells, respectively with: 4 directions at a b value of 700 s/mm2, 14 at 1000 s/mm2, and 32 at 2000 s/mm2. The study revealed aspects that can be important for large-scale clinical studies on bundle-specific diffusion MRI.

Each year, millions of birds migrate nocturnally over the North Sea basin, an area designated for significant offshore wind energy development. Wind turbines can harm aerial wildlife through collisions and barrier effects, especially when birds fly at low altitudes below the wind turbine rotor tip. We aim to quantify seasonal and nightly differences in flight altitudes of nocturnal bird migration over the North Sea and identify how weather influences low‐altitude flight to inform wind turbine curtailment procedures for reducing bird fatalities. We used bird tracking radars at Borssele and Luchterduinen offshore wind parks, 22 and 23 km from the western Dutch coast, to monitor altitude distributions during migration. We show that median flight altitude was higher in spring compared to autumn at Borssele (spring: 285.5 m, autumn: 169.2 m; p < .001, effect size [ES] = 0.0001) and Luchterduinen (spring: 133.8 m, autumn: 126.0 m; p < .001, ES = 0.002) and below wind turbine rotor tip in both seasons. On most nights in both seasons, the majority of migrants flew predominantly at low altitudes, except for intense migration nights in spring in Borssele where, on 87% of these nights, migration mainly occurred at high altitudes. The most important predictors of low‐altitude migration in both seasons were day of year and wind assistance. Birds chose altitudes with the most favorable wind conditions for migration in both seasons. The relationship between day of year and low‐altitude migration fraction suggests that different species migrate at different altitudes. In spring, birds were flying lower at the beginning and the end of the night, reflecting departures and arrivals of birds, while radar location in autumn was a good predictor of low‐altitude flights, indicating that different local migratory axes have distinct altitude distributions. Our findings suggest that mitigation measures offshore may be more effective during autumn than spring, especially on nights with more supportive wind conditions at altitudes below 300 m.

The Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) collects data from representative samples of teachers and principals across the world about their practices and work conditions, school and classroom contexts, and attitudes, motivation, and satisfaction with their profession and jobs. Given the growth of participating countries, the number of constructs assessed, and the volume of publications based on secondary analyses of the freely available data, it is reasonable to claim that TALIS represents one of the major data sources in the field of international educational research. This study provides a systematic literature review of secondary analyses of TALIS data, summarising the past 15 years of TALIS research. The review includes a synthesis of 238 peer‐reviewed journal articles, providing bibliographical information about articles as well as the scope and impact of analysis of TALIS data across time, countries, and populations. Moreover, the article summarises information about the most prevalent research themes that have been investigated. The findings highlight the importance of TALIS data in the broader educational research scope, emphasising themes such as teacher characteristics, and teacher professional practices. Lastly, the review provides insights into methodological approaches to study and analyse TALIS data and calls for more caution in analysing complex survey data with respect to how clustering and multigroup design are handled.