Lyme disease, caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, may lead to persistent complications, including autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Although postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome is frequently associated with orthostatic intolerance in Lyme disease, broader autonomic impairment remains insufficiently characterized. This cross-sectional study included 324 participants: 233 patients with late-stage Lyme disease and 91 healthy controls. All participants underwent cardiovascular autonomic reflex testing, beat-to-beat heart rate variability analysis, baroreflex assessment, 24-hour Holter electrocardiography, and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Compared with controls, patients with Lyme disease demonstrated significantly higher rates of sympathetic and parasympathetic dysfunction (p<0.05). Heart rate variability spectral parameters, including very low frequency, low frequency, and high frequency components, were significantly reduced, while baroreflex sensitivity and baroreflex effectiveness index were also impaired (p<0.05). Holter monitoring additionally revealed reduced time-domain heart rate variability parameters and an elevated low-frequency/high-frequency ratio, suggesting relative sympathetic predominance in patients with Lyme disease (p<0.05). These findings support the presence of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in patients with late-stage Lyme disease and highlight the importance of comprehensive autonomic evaluation in this population. Keywords: Autonomic Dysfunction; Lyme disease; Heart rate variability; Neurocardiology.

Autoregressive PDE foundation models enable fast full-field forecasting but accumulate errors as predicted states are recursively reused. We introduce Event-Triggered Context Healing (ETCH), which compares forecasts with measurements from 12 cylinder-surface pressure taps. When their discrepancy exceeds a threshold, pressure-conditioned hourglass diffusion transformers reconstruct the velocity--pressure context for subsequent predictions. On 43 RealPDEBench Cylinder trajectories, ETCH reduces velocity and pressure errors from 48.05 and 63.71% to 6.29 and 7.25% for DPOT, and from 74.97 and 76.91% to 5.16 and 6.84% for Poseidon-T, using the same reconstructors and threshold. For DPOT, correcting 14.56% of windows maintains errors close to reconstructing every window and supports average real-time forecasting and correction on an A100 GPU. These results show that sparse physical feedback stabilizes long autoregressive rollouts across PDE foundation models while reducing reconstruction cost.

Introduction. This study presents a rare case of a patient with simultaneously present papillary and medullary thyroid carcinomas. Case report. A 25-year-old female patient with a simultaneous occurrence of papillary and medullary thyroid carcinoma and a positive family history of benign thyroid illness was presented. Our patient presented with non-specific symptoms, which led her to consult her family physician. The patient had undergone a complete thyroidectomy only three weeks after her first doctor’s appointment since her family physician quickly and correctly presumed thyroid disease. The patient had two operations. During the first surgery, a total thyroidectomy was performed, and 19 regional lymph nodes were removed, two of which were positive for papillary and two for medullary carcinoma. Histopathological examination revealed papillary carcinoma in the left lobe and medullary carcinoma in the right lobe of the thyroid gland. Following the aforementioned surgery, the papillary carcinoma was treated with radioactive iodine, while the medullary carcinoma was treated surgically. Given the high calcitonin levels after thyroidectomy, a several months later new surgery was performed to remove the lymph nodes of the neck (four of nine lymph nodes were positive for medullary carcinoma). RET proto-oncogene test results were negative. The patient had no known risk factors for the development of a malignant disease. Conclusion. The patient is feeling well two years after diagnosis and complete thyroidectomy, while on her regular checkups, no metastases have been found. 

Privlačnost poslodavca predstavlja sve značajniji koncept u području menadžmenta ljudskih resursa, posebno u kontekstu ekonomija temeljenih na uslugama i rastuće borbe za privlačenje i zadržavanje talentiranih zaposlenika. Ovaj rad ima za cilj teorijski i empirijski ispitati ulogu percipirane privlačnosti poslodavca u oblikovanju ključnih organizacijskih ishoda: motivacije rada, zadovoljstva poslom, organizacijske posvećenosti i namjere zaposlenika da napuste organizaciju. Korištenjem validirane EmpAt skale, istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku poduzeća iz sektora usluga u Bosni i Hercegovini. Rezultati linearnih regresija potvrđuju statistički značajan i pozitivan utjecaj privlačnosti poslodavca na motivaciju radom, zadovoljstvo zaposlenika i posvećenost zaposlenih, te negativan utjecaj na njihovu namjeru odlaska iz organizacije. Posebno su visoko ocijenjene dimenzije primjenjivosti znanja i socijalne vrijednosti, dok su ekonomski aspekti dobili nešto niže ocjene. Ovi nalazi ističu važnost nematerijalnih faktora u oblikovanju pozitivne percepcije o poslodavcu. Rad nudi doprinos razumijevanju privlačnosti poslodavca kao strateškog instrumenta za unaprjeđenje stabilnosti radne snage i organizacijske konkurentnosti, uz identifikaciju potencijalnih smjerova za buduća istraživanja.

Sanguisorba minor Scop. ssp. muricata is a wild edible plant with recognized nutritional and ethnomedicinal value. The present study aimed to characterize the phytochemical composition and biological properties of its essential oil, hydrolate, and extracts obtained from plant material collected in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The chemical composition of the essential oil and hydrolate was determined by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (GC-MS), while the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as the mineral element composition, were evaluated using spectrophotometric methods and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH radical scavenging and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, whereas the antidiabetic potential was investigated through α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assays. The essential oil was characterized by high levels of salicylaldehyde and lavandulol, while the hydrolate was dominated by lavandulol, salicylaldehyde, linalool, and methyl salicylate. All tested samples exhibited noticeable α-amylase inhibitory activity and pronounced α-glucosidase inhibition. The extracts also exhibited notable antioxidant activity and contained appreciable levels of biogenic elements, including Ca, K, Mg, Na, Fe, and Zn. These findings highlight this plant as a promising source of volatile and non-volatile bioactive constituents and biogenic elements, providing a basis for further investigation of its nutraceutical and phytopharmaceutical potential.

Background/Objectives: Establishing drowning as the cause of death remains one of the most challenging tasks in forensic pathology, particularly when classical autopsy findings are absent, nonspecific, or compromised by decomposition. Molecular biomarkers may provide objective adjunctive evidence in such cases. This study investigated the diagnostic utility of Aquaporin-5 (AQP5) and Surfactant Protein A2 (SP-A2) measured in renal tissue as potential biomarkers of freshwater drowning and evaluated the influence of different freshwater environments on their expression. Methods: A controlled experimental study was performed using 29 adult Wistar rats allocated to freshwater drowning groups (Boračko Lake, n = 11; Jablaničko Lake, n = 11) and non-drowning control groups subjected to mechanical asphyxia followed by one hour of postmortem immersion (n = 7). Kidney tissues were collected within a maximum of 5 min after death and analyzed for AQP5 and SP-A2 concentrations using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Group differences were evaluated using Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn’s post hoc tests, while effect sizes were estimated using Cliff’s delta. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to assess the diagnostic performance of each biomarker in distinguishing drowning from non-drowning deaths. Results: AQP5 concentrations differed significantly among groups (χ2 = 16.05, p = 0.00033), with large effect sizes observed in all pairwise comparisons. However, diagnostic performance was poor, as ROC analysis demonstrated no significant discrimination between drowning and non-drowning cases (AUC = 0.534, 95% CI: 0.314–0.754; p = 0.762). In contrast, SP-A2 showed significant intergroup differences (χ2 = 6.69, p = 0.035) and moderate diagnostic accuracy for drowning identification (AUC = 0.752, 95% CI: 0.567–0.937; p = 0.008), with a sensitivity of 77.2% and specificity of 81.8% at the optimal threshold. Notably, AQP5 expression appeared suggestive of environmental modulation, whereas SP-A2 demonstrated greater relevance to the drowning process itself. Conclusions: Renal SP-A2 showed moderate diagnostic utility as a supportive biomarker for drowning, whereas AQP5 lacked sufficient discriminatory power for cause-of-death determination. The marked variability of AQP5 across freshwater environments suggests that it reflects environmental modulation rather than drowning-specific biological responses. Although neither marker is suitable as a standalone diagnostic tool, renal SP-A2 may represent a useful adjunct in forensic drowning investigations, particularly when pulmonary tissue is unavailable or unsuitable for analysis. These findings should be considered preliminary and applicable only to freshwater drowning conditions, as saltwater drowning was not investigated in the present study. Further validation in human forensic casework and larger experimental cohorts is warranted.

Real-world evidence on concomitant chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in Bosnia and Herzegovina remains limited. We aimed to characterize treatment delivery, toxicity, and survival and identify modifiable barriers to optimal care. This retrospective single-institution cohort study included 116 consecutive patients with HNSCC receiving curative-intent definitive or adjuvant CCRT at University Hospital Mostar during 2012-2022, with follow-up through May 2025. Overall survival (OS) from diagnosis and event-free survival (EFS) from radiotherapy initiation were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier estimates and univariable Cox regression. Most patients (88.8%) presented with stage IVA-IVB disease. Radiotherapy interruptions of ≥4 days occurred in 50.9%, and 51.7% discontinued concomitant chemotherapy. Among 107 cisplatin-exposed patients, 29.0% received a cumulative dose ≥200 mg/m². Median follow-up was 85 months for OS and 78 months for EFS. Estimated 2- and 5-year OS rates were 50.9% and 32.9%, respectively; corresponding EFS rates were 45.7% and 31.0%. Both outcomes differed across stage groups (p < 0.001 for both), with exploratory univariable analyses indicating poorer outcomes in stage IVB than stage III. Acute grade ≥3 toxicity occurred in 74.1%, including one treatment-related death; late toxicity of any grade was documented in 47.4%. This cohort highlights substantial toxicity and frequent treatment-delivery modifications in routine practice. The findings identify priorities for improving treatment continuity, cisplatin delivery, proactive supportive care, renal monitoring, and multidisciplinary coordination, while survival associations remain exploratory.

<p>Stari grad Bjelaj (Bilaj), smje&scaron;ten u blizini Bosanskog Petrovca, predstavlja kompleksan fortifikacijski sklop sa slojevima prahistorijskog, srednjovjekovnog i osmanskog graditeljskog nasljeđa. Prema postojećim podacima, bedemi su građeni od lomljenog kamena zidanog u krečnom malteru, pri čemu su danas vidljiva značajna o&scaron;tećenja nastala djelovanjem erozije i biolo&scaron;kih naslaga. Rad se bavi analizom postojećeg stanja te prijedlogom mjera sanacije bedema i kule srednjovjekovnog dijela. Planirane intervencije obuhvataju djelimičnu rekonstrukciju istočnog bedema, obnovu nedostajućih kamenih elemenata, sanaciju kruna bedema te sistematsko uklanjanje invazivne vegetacije. Predviđena je primjena tradicionalnih materijala, hidrauličnog i hidratisanog kreča te lokalnog kamena, uz privremene mjere stabilizacije. Zavr&scaron;na faza uključuje prepoznatljive dodatke u cilju osiguranja kontrolisanog pristupa i očuvanja autentičnih historijskih vrijednosti lokaliteta.</p>

The changing geopolitical landscape in Europe has numerous implications for the Western Balkan countries. The inability of Western Balkan countries to attract foreign direct investment from the European Union (EU), their primary economic partners, drives political leaders to seek alternatives, such as Russia and China. On the other hand, Russia and China are looking for ways to increase their influence in the region and challenge the dominance of Western countries, with investments serving as a key tool to that end. However, investments entail unavoidable legal consequences, such as a lack of transparency, allegations of corruption, and avoidance of local courts. Many investments either fail or are marred with doubts about their legality, and some are entangled in legal disputes. The most significant implication is the influence of these investments on countries with foreign policy affiliations and on their progress toward EU integration. The article employs legal and contextual content analysis, as well as case studies, to investigate the legal and political implications of investment contracts originating from Russia and China in countries of the Western Balkans, primarily Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). BiH, as a country with a complex legal and constitutional system and fragile peace, is in dire need of reforms, primarily those required for EU accession. Therefore, policies that reduce focus on EU integration may generate unintended consequences for reforming trajectories in the Western Balkans.

Radiological imaging modalities, particularly computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), play a pivotal role in the diagnosis of orbital diseases. CT remains the gold standard for the evaluation of orbital trauma, including fractures, calcifications, and metallic foreign bodies, whereas MRI is superior for assessing soft tissues and the optic nerve. Characteristic radiological signs include the “I’M SLOW” pattern in Graves’ ophthalmopathy, the “tram-track” sign in optic nerve sheath meningioma, the “teardrop” sign in blowout fractures, and the “empty delta” sign in cavernous sinus thrombosis. An apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) threshold value of 0.84 × 10⁻³ mm²/s has been shown to differentiate malignant from benign orbital lesions. The presence of a metallic intraocular foreign body represents an absolute contraindication to MRI examination. Artificial intelligence is increasingly contributing to orbital imaging through automated muscle segmentation, fracture detection, and prediction of tumor histology. Appropriate selection of imaging modality and recognition of these characteristic findings significantly improve diagnostic accuracy.

Introduction. Knowledge of orbital anthropometry is essential for reconstructive surgery, ophthalmology and forensic identification, yet normative multislice computed tomography (MSCT) data for this region are scarce. The aim was to determine the principal orbital parameters in adults without orbital pathology and to examine sex, age and side differences. Method. In this retrospective study, 154 orbits in 77 adults (51 men, 26 women; aged 24-86 years) were measured on three-dimensional reconstructions from a 64-slice MSCT scanner. Orbital height, width, volume, orbital index and the interorbital and biorbital distances were recorded and compared by sex, age group and side. Results. Men had significantly greater orbital width, volume and biorbital and interorbital distances than women bilaterally (p ≤ 0.009), whereas orbital height did not differ by sex. The right orbital index was higher in women (90.02 ± 6.45 versus 86.36 ± 7.26; p = 0.034). In the older group the right orbit showed greater height, volume and orbital index (p ≤ 0.031), with no significant age effect on the left. The right orbit was significantly wider and had a higher orbital index than the left (p ≤ 0.011), while orbital volume was symmetrical (p = 0.099). Conclusion. Orbital morphometry is sex-, age- and side-dependent, and the MSCT-derived values reported here provide population-specific reference data for clinical and forensic use.

This study investigated the distribution of 40K, 137Cs and 90Sr during the processing of cow milk into cottage cheese from central Bosnia and Herzegovina and Livno cheese from the southwestern production area, with particular emphasis on physicochemical composition and regional differences. Raw milk (n = 15 per group), corresponding cheeses (n = 15 per group), and composite whey samples (one per cheese type) were analyzed for protein, fat, dry matter, water content, 40K, and 137Cs, as well as titratable acidity in milk samples. In a random second-stage subset, because of the cost and complexity of the radiochemical method, 90Sr was determined. Mean activity concentrations in milk used for cottage and Livno cheese production were 42.31 and 40.77 Bq/L for 40K, 0.030 and 0.057 Bq/L for 137Cs, and 0.015 and 0.030 Bq/L for 90Sr, respectively. Corresponding cheese means were 26.45 and 28.23 Bq/kg for 40K, 0.038 and 0.087 Bq/kg for 137Cs, and 0.073 and 0.369 Bq/kg for 90Sr. Processing retention factors showed limited transfer of 40K and 137Cs into cheese, whereas 90Sr was retained mostly in the curd. Significant regional differences were observed for 137Cs in both milk and cheese, whereas 40K did not differ significantly between regions. Differences between regions for 90Sr were also indicated, but these results should be interpreted cautiously because it was analyzed only in a limited second-stage subset. These findings show that radionuclide behavior in artisanal dairy systems is jointly shaped by radionuclide chemistry, cheese technology, and local environment, highlighting the need for site-specific food-chain assessment.

This paper examines the origins and current frontiers of behavioural macroeconomics, using expectation formation as a conceptual framework linking early psychological insights to modern formal models. The review traces developments from animal spirits, bounded rationality and adaptive expectations to heterogeneous heuristics, sticky information, rational inattention and behavioural New Keynesian models. Its main contribution is a comparative assessment of these approaches in terms of their underlying mechanisms, empirical predictions, identification challenges and implications for monetary and fiscal policy. Particular attention is given to heterogeneity stemming from different economic circumstances and to behavioural departures from rational expectations. The analysis shows that competing approaches can explain similar macroeconomic patterns yet imply different causal mechanisms and policy responses. Future progress depends on direct model comparisons, causal identification, out-of-sample validation and the integration of survey, experimental, administrative and high-frequency data into theoretically disciplined models.

Speculative decoding losslessly accelerates large language model inference by having a lightweight draft model predict future tokens for verification by the target model. Recent block diffusion drafters further reduce drafting latency by predicting multiple tokens in parallel. However, existing block drafters project target hidden states at every input position into a separate drafter-side KV cache, incurring per-request memory and KV-write overhead that grow with concurrency; directly reusing target KVs in place removes this cache but fails to sustain draft quality throughout the block. We propose a hybrid target-context injection method that complements direct target KV reuse with target hidden states only at the last input position, requiring no separate drafter-side KV cache. Building on this design, we propose H-Spec, a hybrid Mamba-attention parallel drafter that consumes the two target-context sources through complementary modules. Mamba modules are initialized with projected last-token target hidden states, while attention modules reuse target KVs in place. Despite its recurrent formulation, Mamba's parallel scan allows H-Spec to preserve block-parallel drafting. Across three target models and diverse tasks, H-Spec improves over the best baseline by 5.0--13.3% in mean accepted length and 5.3--12.6% in batch-size-1 inter-token latency speedup. Under concurrent serving, H-Spec consistently achieves higher throughput while maintaining lower KV cache utilization than baselines across evaluated concurrency levels.