In this study, we compared the effectiveness of AR-based homework, traditional homework, and mixed-approach homework in learning about circular motion. To that end, we conducted a pretest-posttest quasi-experiment involving 135 first-year students enrolled in an introductory physics course at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Croatia. The students in the experimental group completed augmented reality (AR)-based homework assignments. In these assignments, their learning about circular motion was supported by a meticulously designed worksheet that included four AR-supported activities. In the mixed-approach group, students were given a homework assignment that included three AR-supported activities and one quantitative textbook problem, whereas the traditional group’s homework consisted of four quantitative textbook problems covering the same content. Findings from our study suggest that the post-treatment scores for all groups were significantly higher than the pretreatment scores, with the largest pre-post gains observed in the mixed-approach group. We conclude that combining carefully selected quantitative problems with key AR activities is the most promising approach.

The aim of the study was to elucidate predictors associated with the initial choice of vascular access (VA) type. The secondary aim was to determine the initial VA's median utilization time and the factors governing it. This prospective cohort study included 387 hemodialysis (HD) patients admitted to the Clinic for Hemodialysis, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, in consecutive order between January 2006 and December 2016. We selected the primary predictors for the initial VA type using a random forest algorithm. We further quantified factors governing the initial choice of VA: temporary catheters (TC), compared to arteriovenous fistula (AVF), using multivariate logistic regression. Finally, we used log-rank and Cox regression models to estimate the median time on each initial VA and find predictors governing it. Of the 387 patients, 265 (68,5%) used TC at dialysis initiation and 122 (31,5 %) AVF. Predictors of the TC's vs. AVF's initial use were older age (OR=1.02, CI=1.0, 1.03, p=0.03) and primary cause of CKD, particularly diabetes, compared to all other causes of kidney disease (CKD). Median time on initial AVF was 57.0 months (95%CI =36.9, 64.1), and on initial TC 4.99 months (95%CI =2.69, 8.48). Younger age (HR=.98,95%CI=.97, .99, p=.01), male sex (HR=1.51, 95%CI=1.05, 2.19, p=.03), and hypertension (HR=1.63, 95%CI=1.13,2.36, p=.01) predicted median time on initial TC, while older age (HR for patients>70years = 1.86, 95%CI=1.09, 3.17, p=.02), and diabetes (HR=1.97, 95%CI=1.19, 3.24, p=.01), predicted median time on initial AVF. These results point to late VA referrals and delays in transitioning to permanent VA.

Background and Objectives: Burden of cervical cancer in Central and Eastern Europe is higher than in other parts of Europe. We analyzed cervical cancer epidemiology in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of Srpska) from January 2016 to December 2020, exploring the role of available sociodemographic factors and healthcare service parameters on incidence and mortality rates, using an ecological approach based on aggregated data. Materials and Methods: Incidence and mortality rates are standardized using the method of direct standardization with the World-ASR-W. Administrative units are grouped by tertiles of incidence and mortality to explore sociodemographic factors and healthcare parameters across these groups. Results: Average age-standardized incidence rates of cervical cancer per 100,000 females were 19.28 in Serbia, 12.48 in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and 22.44 in the Republic of Srpska. Mortality rates per 100,000 females were 6.67, 5.22, and 4.56 in Serbia, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Republic of Srpska, respectively. Several parameters of sociodemographics and health service usage differed significantly across units grouped by tertiles based on incidence level, i.e., female population ≥ 15 years old (p = 0.028), population density (p = 0.046), percent of gynecologists in the primary healthcare (p = 0.041), number of gynecologists per 10,000 females ≥ 15 years (p = 0.007), and the area-to-gynecologist ratio (p = 0.010). A moderate negative correlation was found between incidence and population density (rho = −0.465, p = 0.017), and a moderate positive correlation between incidence and area-to-gynecologist ratio (rho = 0.534, p = 0.005). Conclusions: Cervical cancer remains a leading cause of cancer among women in developing countries. Implementing tailored activities, such as educational programs, preventive services, and investments in healthcare infrastructure, particularly at the administrative units’ level, can help in reducing health disparities and improving health outcomes.

BACKGROUND The childhood immunization coverage in Serbian communities in Kosovo after the 1999 armed conflict has not been investigated. The study purpose was to evaluate the trend of immunization coverage with vaccines from the national childhood immunization program in Serbian communities in Kosovo and Metohija from 2003 to 2022. METHODS Data were retrieved from the annual reports of the Public Health Institute of Kosovska Mitrovica received through notifications from the primary health centers where vaccines are being administered. Data were analyzed using the linear regression and join-point regression models. RESULTS In the examined period, a significant decrease in vaccination coverage was observed for the following diseases: diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTP), polio, as well as measles, mumps and rubella vaccines (MMR), then, the first revaccination for DTP and polio, the second revaccination against diphtheria and tetanus for children (DT) and polio, and the third revaccination against diphtheria and tetanus for adults (dT), as well as the second dose of the MMR vaccine. During the COVID-19 pandemic, a significant decrease in coverage was observed for primary vaccination against: DTP, polio and hepatitis B, first and second doses of the MMR vaccine, as well as the first and second revaccination for DTP and polio, and the third revaccination for dT. CONCLUSION A decline in coverage with DTP, MMR, polio and hepatitis B vaccines was observed between 2003 and 2022. This was even more pronounced during the COVID-19 pandemic. Further research on individual-level factors contributing to lower vaccination coverage is warranted.

Objectives. The main objective was to assess the relationship between sociodemographic and occupational factors and stress levels among healthcare workers in family medicine in Bosnia and Herzegovina, using the PSS-10-BH scale. Materials and Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted using the PSS-10-BH questionnaire distributed via Google Forms to primary care nurses and physicians between July and August 2022. Results. The study included 272 participants, with a mean age of 44.7 (±10.55), predominantly women (86.8%) and physicians (58.8%). The mean PSS-10-BH total score for the sample was 21.26 (±6.77) ranging from 3 to 36. The linear regression model indicated male gender and older age showed an association with slightly lower stress levels. Marital status and the number of children showed a slight positive association with stress levels. Occupation (B=-3.068, 95% CI: -5.442 to -0.694, P=0.012) was associated with stress, with physicians tending to report lower stress levels compared to nurses. Years of work experience (B=0.060, 95% CI: -0.190 to 0.309, P=0.636), and patient load (B=0.082, 95% CI: 0.027 to 0.137, P=0.004) were associated with higher stress levels. The results suggest that work-related variables are significant predictors of stress levels as measured by the PSS-10-BH scale in this sample of healthcare workers. The included predictors explain 10% of the variability in the outcome, indicating additional unidentified contributing factors. Conclusion. Occupational factors, particularly profession, work experience, and daily patient load, significantly influence stress levels in healthcare workers. Further research is needed to explore other potential influences and refine interventions aimed at managing stress in this population.

Leisure time in contemporary society is increasingly becoming a crucial factor in shaping the personalities of children and youth. Alongside family, schools play a central role in organizing and shaping students' leisure time. The aim of this paper is to examine the role of schools in the pedagogical structuring of students’ leisure time and to explore differences in the perception of leisure time between students in urban and rural schools. The research was conducted on a sample of 140 seventh-grade students from elementary schools in the Tuzla Canton. The study analyzed students' ways of spending leisure time, the involvement and support of schools in organizing leisure time, and the perception of societal support for students' leisure activities. The results of the research indicate that students most frequently spend their leisure time in activities without significant pedagogical influence. Most students occasionally participate in school clubs, with significant differences observed between urban and rural schools in the type and number of activities available. Teachers and parents are the primary sources of support in organizing leisure time, while the broader community offers limited support. The findings suggest that schools play an important role in the organization of leisure time but that there are significant disparities in the activities available to students in different environments. Although activities such as sports and cultural clubs remain popular, students are increasingly gravitating towarddigital content, which may reduce the pedagogical value of leisure time. Schools should continue to develop and adapt leisure activities to meet students’ needs, with greater involvement from the broader community and support in fostering healthy and constructive patterns of leisure time usage. Keywords:school, children, education, leisure time.

The aim of the research was to determine the psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support in individuals with disabilities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The research included a total sample of 232 participants, with an average chronological age of 44.21±19.31 years, of which 121 (52.2%) were male and 111 (47.8%) were female. The study was conducted among individuals with motor impairments, visual and hearing impairments, speech and language disorders, and combined disabilities. To achieve the research objective, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support was applied, consisting of 12 assessment variables scaled from 1 to 7. The research data were processed using parametric and non-parametric statistical methods. A multivariate method of exploratory factor analysis was applied to identify factors in a given domain when the number and structure of factors are not previously known, along with confirmatory factor analysis using the maximum likelihood algorithm. Following factorization, the internal consistency coefficient (Cronbach's alpha) was calculated, and the reliability of the variables was assessed through inter-item statistics. Based on the obtained research results, it can be concluded that the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support has satisfactory reliability and internal consistency for use among individuals with disabilities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The results of both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis indicate a suitable three-dimensional model and confirm the original structure of the scale, which can be applied to individuals with disabilities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Keywords: Social support, disability, validity, reliability, factor analysis.

This paper deals with the problem of the relationship between young people's life satisfaction and their material condition, locus of control, attitude towards studying, attitude towards work and life orientation. The concept of life satisfaction and other correlates mentioned in the paper are certainly current in psychology and have been increasingly researched lately. It is very important to investigate the life satisfaction of young people and other correlates that contribute to life satisfaction, and to observe them all together through the prism of positive psychology. In this paper, we investigated what kind of relationships exist between the life satisfaction of young people and their material condition, their locus of control, attitude towards studies and work, and life orientation. Appropriate measuring instruments were applied to a sample of N=260 respondents (M=1.63, SD=.482). A scale for assessing life satisfaction, a scale for testing locus of control, a scale for attitudes towards studying, a scale for attitudes towards work and a life orientation scale, as well as a questionnaire for collecting appropriate sociodemographic characteristics. The scales that were used in the research showed appropriate metric characteristics of 0.87 for life satisfaction and locus of control, 0.78 for attitude towards studying, while slightly lower values for attitude towards work were 0.48 and life orientation 0.49. .The results of the research showed that there is a statistically significant positive correlation between life satisfaction of young people and satisfactory material condition (r=0.316, p=0.00) and between life satisfaction and locus of control (r=0.208, p=0.001). However, there is no statistically significant correlation between young people's life satisfaction and attitudes towards studying (r=0.107, p=0.091). As for the life satisfaction of young people and attitude towards work, there is a negative correlation between these variables (r=-0.201, p=0.001) and there is a positive correlation between life satisfaction and life orientation (r=0.456, p=0.000).

Background and Objectives: This study primarily aims to evaluate the preoperative staging effectiveness of PET-CT in early-stage cervical cancer, particularly, its ability to detect primary tumors and micrometastases. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, cervical cancer patients who had undergone preoperative 18F FDG PET-CT scans and were treated at the Department of Gynecology, Institute of Oncology, Vojvodina, in Sremska Kamenica, during the period from 2016 to 2020 were analyzed. Results: The study included 62 patients (mean age, 49.3 ± 9.6 years). Squamous cell carcinoma was the predominant histological type (95.2%), with G2 differentiation (82.3%) and FIGO stage Ib1 (80.6%) being the most common. Assessed by 18F FDG PET-CT, the mean tumor size was 26.4 ± 10.8 mm, which is slightly lower than the 26.9 mm measured during clinical examination (p = 0.784), with a significant (r = 0.678, p < 0.001) correlation between these methods. 18F FDG PET-CT demonstrated an overall accuracy of 88.7% for identifying primary tumors, with a sensitivity of 86.8%, specificity of 100.0%, PPV of 100.0%, and NPV of 56.2%. An intraoperative examination showed identical overall accuracy but higher sensitivity (98.1%) and lower specificity (33.3%). For 18F FDG PET-CT, the level of agreement with the histopathological examination was good (Kappa 0.656), while for the intraoperative examination, it was moderate (Kappa 0.409). Regarding the lymph node assessment, 18F FDG PET-CT’s accuracy was 82.2%, with a sensitivity of 53.8% and a specificity of 89.8%. The intraoperative examination showed lower accuracy (66.1%) but higher sensitivity (76.9%). The 18F FDG PET-CT Kappa value indicated moderate agreement (0.449), while the intraoperative examination showed poor agreement (0.282). Conclusions: In conclusion, significant effectiveness is shown by 18F FDG PET-CT for preoperative staging of early-stage cervical cancer, offering superior accuracy in detecting primary tumors and micrometastases, particularly in predicting lymph node metastases, thereby enhancing diagnostic accuracy and informing treatment decisions.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT Spondylodiscitis management presents significant clinical challenges, particularly in critically ill patients, where the risks and benefits of surgical intervention must be carefully balanced. The optimal timing of surgery in this context remains a subject of debate. PURPOSE This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of early surgery versus delayed surgery or conservative management in critically ill patients with de novo pyogenic spondylodiscitis. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING This is an international, multicenter retrospective cohort study involving 24 centers, primarily in Europe. PATIENT SAMPLE The study included 192 critically ill patients (65.63% male) with a median age of 69 years, all severely affected by pyogenic spondylodiscitis characterized by an initial CRP level >200 mg/l or the presence of two out of four Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome criteria upon admission. OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Secondary outcomes included length of ICU stay, length of hospital stay, and relapse rates of spondylodiscitis. METHODS Patients were divided into three groups: early surgery (within three days of admission), delayed surgery (after three days of admission), and conservative therapy. Propensity score matching and multivariate regression analyses were performed to adjust for baseline differences and assess the impact of treatment modalities on mortality and other clinical outcomes. RESULTS Delayed surgery was associated with significantly lower 30-day mortality (4.05%) compared to early surgery (27.85%) and conservative therapy (27.78%) (p<0.001). Delayed surgery also resulted in shorter hospital stays (42.76 days) compared to conservative therapy (55.53 days) and early surgery (26.33 days) (p<0.001), and shorter ICU stays (4.52 days) compared to conservative therapy (16.48 days) and early surgery (7.92 days) (p<0.001). The optimal window for surgery, minimizing mortality, was identified as ten to fourteen days post-admission (p=0.02). Risk factors for increased mortality included age (p<0.05), multiple organ failure (p<0.05), and vertebral body destruction (p<0.05), whereas delayed surgery (p<0.05) and the presence of an epidural abscess were associated with reduced mortality (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Delayed surgery, optimally between 10 to 14 days post-admission, was associated with lower mortality in critically ill spondylodiscitis patients. These findings highlight the potential benefits of considering surgical timing to improve patient outcomes.

This paper aims to determine whether there is a difference in anthropometric, morphological characteristics, and motor abilities, between boys and girls at the age of 13-15 years. The study included 95 subjects of which 49 were boys (51.6%) and 46 girls (48.4%), with mean age girls 14.14 and boys 14.40 years. The sample comprised students who belong to the urban area of the City of Tešanjka. The sample of variables in this study consisted of 15 tests of motor abilities and 10 morphological characteristics (body height, body mass, body mass index, etc.). This paper aims to determine whether there are differences in anthropometric characteristics and motor abilities between boys and girls aged 13-15 years. The results obtained in this study were compared with those of previous research, and the conclusions reached through a summary analysis were explained. Boys were taller and heavier at the age of 14. The results show that boys achieved statistically better results in most tests compared to girls of the same age. Keywords: anthropometric characteristics, motor abilities, gender differences, age of fourteen

Proton decay has been studied for decades now as one of the consequences of grand unified theories. Among those theories exists SU(5) theory, firstly postulated by H. Georgi and S. Glashow [1]. However, there were some problems with this theory such as mass degeneration and coupling unification [1-3]. This created a need for an extension of an original SU(5) model – a specific minimal SU(5) [4-5]. In this minimal SU(5) there is a viable parameter space with achievable gauge coupling unification. In this article, we present the process of gauge coupling unification for three mass scales of new physics states in this model, namely for 1 TeV, 10 TeV, and 100 TeV.