AI-driven data analysis methods have garnered attention in enhancing the performance of wireless networks. One such application is the prediction of downlink throughput in mobile cellular networks. Accurate throughput predictions have demonstrated significant application benefits, such as improving the quality of experience in adaptive video streaming. However, the high degree of variability in cellular link behaviour, coupled with device mobility and diverse traffic demands, presents a complex problem. Numerous published studies have explored the application of machine learning to address this problem, displaying potential when trained and evaluated with traffic traces collected from operational networks. The focus of this paper is an empirical investigation of machine learning-based throughput prediction that runs in real-time on a smartphone, and its evaluation with video streaming in a range of real-world cellular network settings. We report on a number of key challenges that arise when performing prediction “in the wild”, dealing with practical issues one encounters with online data (not traces) and the limitations of real smartphones. These include data sampling, distribution shift, and data labelling. We describe our current solutions to these issues and quantify their efficacy, drawing lessons that we believe will be valuable to network practitioners planning to use such methodologies in operational cellular networks.
Obesity is a chronic, complex, relapsing disease impacting healthcare systems and the economy worldwide. We aim to analyze the utilization trends of antiobesity drugs, and their reimbursement status on drug lists of health insurance funds (HIF) in selected European countries. The DDD/1000 inhabitants/day methodology is used for utilization trend analysis, where data from official national utilization reports were used. For the reimbursement status analysis of 5 antiobesity drugs (orlistat, semaglutide, liraglutide, naltrexone/bupropion, setmelanotide), the websites of national health insurance funds (HIF) of 22 European countries were screened. Trend analysis revealed fluctuation for almost all antiobesity drugs (the highest decrease seen for orlistat in Serbia, and the highest increase for liraglutide in Croatia). Novel antiobesity drugs show an increasing utilization trend in almost all the countries. In two out of three European countries, 437 antiobesity drugs are not covered by the HIF. Slovenia and Denmark reimburse most of the antiobesity drugs. The Netherlands is the only country where the cost of setmelanotide is paid by the HIF. Our results emphasize the importance of prioritizing the introduction and implementation of new strategies and reimbursement scheme models in global and national antiobesity policies.
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Background: Lymphadenopathy is a common finding in clinical practice. The cause of enlarged nodes on clinical examination alone is challenging and there may be multiple reasons for this enlargement. It may become enlarged due to stimulation by infectious agents or the involvement of metastasis or malignant diseases, such as lymphoma. Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the diagnostic role of fine needle aspiration cytology of lymph nodes in metastatic cancer and lymphoma. Methods: A total of 48 FNAC lymph nodes suspicious for malignancy were sampled with follow-up biopsy in Clinical Center of University of Sarajevo from 2017 to 2023. Lymph nodes were aspirated using 20-22 G needle with minimally 2 passes, spread on slides, air-dried, stained with May-Grünwald-Giemsa or Papanikolaou and residual material sent for cytoblock. Results: Out of 48 cytological samples, 30 (62.5%) revealed metastatic epithelial cells and 12 (25%) lymphoproliferative neoplasm. Three samples were suspected for malignancies, one sample was unrepresentative, one inconclusive and one falsely negative. Histopathological confirmation had 35 patients, while others were confirmed based on clinical presentation and radiological techniques. Compared to histopathological diagnosis, cytology had a sensitivity of 89.47%, specificity of 93.33%, positive predictive value (PPV) 95.04% and negative predictive values (NPV) 86.13% for epithelial metastatic cancer. The overall diagnostic test accuracy was 91.06%. For lymphoproliferative neoplasms cytology in comparison to histopathology had sensitivity 85.71%, specificity 91.18%, PPV 76.4% and NPV 95.04%. The overall diagnostic test accuracy was 89.81%. In both ways cytology is showing significant possibility to be used as a primary tool in detecting cancers. Conclusion: FNAC is a fast, reliable, and efficient method for diagnosing malignant lymphadenopathy. The cytological diagnosis can sometimes be accepted as the definitive diagnosis without further correlation with histopathology, especially in advanced malignancies and known primary malignancies.
Background: Cervical cancer is a cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix–the lower part of the uterus that connects it to the vagina and represents a global public health problem. In 2008, 530,000 new cases and 275,000 deaths from cervical cancer were recorded worldwide, and in 2018, an increase to 570,000 new cases and 311,000 deaths was recorded. For many years, it has been known that the main cause of preinvasive lesions and cervical cancer is the human papillomavirus–HPV. The total prevalence of HPV in the cervix in the general population of women is 10%. In developing countries, this prevalence is higher and describe most frequent clinical manifestations in the praxis. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze and describe molecular genetic basis of cervical cancer and the most frequent clinical manifestations in the praxis. Methods: This is cross-sectional study based on meta-analysis of the facts published in scientific literature stored in indexed databases Medline, PubMed Central, Scopus, Hinari, etc., about molecular genetic basis of the cervical cancer with description of clinical manifestations and its consequences describing morbidity and mortality rate in the population worldwide. Results and Discussion: In 2008, 530,000 new cases and 275,000 deaths from cervical cancer were recorded worldwide, and in 2018, an increase to 570,000 new cases and 311,000 deaths was recorded. The main cause of preinvasive lesions and cervical cancer is the human papillomavirus–HPV. HPV infection is most common in young, sexually active women under the age of 25, but cervical cancer is more common in older women. Oncogenic types of human papillomavirus 16 and 18 together with HPV 45 and 31 are the causative agents of 80% of cervical cancer cases. HPV 16 has the highest oncogenic potential. Epigenetic changes include DNA methylation and post-translational modifications of histones, such as: methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination and sumoylation. Cervical intraepithelial (CIN / SIL) lesion is a premalignant change of the cervix that occurs due to chronic infection with high-risk types of HPV. Persistent infection with oncogenic types of HPV causes almost all cases of cancer. HPV DNA was detected in 99.7% of cancer samples. Conclusion: There are four main steps in the development of cervical cancer: infection of the metaplastic epithelium of the transformation zone, viral persistence, progression towards precancerous lesions and invasion of the basement membrane. Histologically, in about 80% of cases, squamous cell carcinomas arise from preexisting dysplasias. Adenocarcinoma accounts for about 15-20% of cancer cases. HPV 16 is the main cause of squamous cell carcinoma, unlike HPV 18 which is typically associated with adenocarcinoma.
The aim of this research was to determine whether there is a relationship between body composition and motor abilities. A total of 50 participants, non-athletes, school-aged, from the school "Vožd Karađorđe" from Niš, male and female, average age 12.9 years, participated in this research. The research examined whether there is a relationship between parameters of the body composition and tests of explosive power, speed and agility. Tests were used to asses explosive power: countermovement jump (CMJ), countermovement jump with free arms (CMJA), squat jump (SJ) and five jump test (5JT). To asses speed we conducted tests 5m sprint (5m), 10m sprint (10m) and 20m sprint (20m). The following tests were used to assess agility: T-test, Zig Zag and Slalom. We used Pearson's correlation analysis to determine the relationship between body composition variables and motor abilities variables. As a result, it was proven that there are statistically significant correlation between body composition and motor abilities of school-age children.
Frequent sedentary behavior caused by the increased use of new technologies has contributed to the increase in overweight and obesity in children. These lifestyle changes include insufficient physical activity (PA) or an unfavorable relationship between food energy intake and energy expenditure. Parents and the family environment play a significant role in the development of obesity in their children. This study aimed to determine parents' attitudes about the FA of children of different nutritional levels (body mass index - BMI). A total of 149 respondents, parents of students in the first to fourth grades of urban and rural elementary schools, participated in the research. For the purposes of this research, the Fels Questionnaire (FELS PAQ) was used to assess the level of PA in children. The results indicate that there is no statistically significant difference in the intensity of attitudes about PA between parents of overfed and obese children and parents of normally fed children, as well as between mothers and eyes. A statistically significant association between actual and perceived PA levels was found in parents of over-nourished and obese children. Analysis of the difference in the intensity of attitudes about PA among parents of overfed and obese children from urban and rural areas revealed that there is no difference in the attitudes of parents from urban and rural areas
In this article, we address a form of active perception characterized by curiosity-driven, open-ended exploration with intrinsic motivation, carried out by a group of agents. The multiple agents and a large number of possible actions are the main motivation for incorporating Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning used to train a neural network in order to derive agent’s policy. Partially Observable Markov Decision Process framework is used to accommodate the inaccuracy of sensors and probabilistic nature of agent’s actions. The proposed method incorporates a consensus that derives the common belief vector, thus allowing each agent to make its decisions based on information acquired by all agents involved in the process of active perception. A well-known benchmark problem with a decentralized tiger scenario was used to demonstrate the possibility of the method to generate agents with different perceptual characteristics by simply changing the agents’ reward function related to their intrinsic motivation. The main validation of the proposed approach was performed by using an example of multi-agent search mission. Final results are presented and discussed, and possible avenues for progress on open problems are identified.
Background: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) refers to the cessation of mechanical cardiac activity outside healthcare facilities which requires prompt intervention and intensive resuscitative efforts. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant disruptions to OHCA systems-of-care, adversely affecting every component of the chain of survival. Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on OHCA events, to draw comparisons between the period before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This cross-sectional study encompassed data pertaining to all OHCA incidents attended to by the Emergency Medical Service of Canton Sarajevo, covering the period from January 2017 to December 2022, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: During observed period, a total of 1418 [796 (56.1%) before and 622 (43.9%) during COVID-19 pandemic] OHCA events have occurred in Canton Sarajevo of which 297 (20.9 %) [180 (12.7%) before and 117 (8.2%) during COVID-19 pandemic] obtained ROSC. After a 30-day period following the ROSC) it was observed that the predominant outcome, accounting for 181 (12.7%) [106 (7.4%) before and 75 (5.2%) during COVID-19 pandemic] of cases, was a complete recovery. An examination before and during COVID-19 pandemic revealed a decline in OHCA during the year 2021 and 2022 when COVID-19 pandemic was at its highest in the country Being younger, quicker EMT response time and individuals with the initial rhythm of VF or VT were significantly associated with obtaining ROSC (p<0.05). Only 48 (3.3%) of 1418 OHCA events were assisted by bystanders There was no report of AED usage. Conclusion: In conclusion, our investigation highlights the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on OHCA events in Canton Sarajevo, revealing a decrease in OHCA incidence and a reduction in cases achieving ROSC. Notably, EMT response time was shorter during the pandemic.
Background: Levetiracetam (LEV) is a broad spectrum second-generation antiepileptic drug (AED). Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of levetiracetam for childhood epilepsies. Methods: This is single, tertiary centre observational, prospective study, that included paediatric patients who were treated with levetiracetam at Paediatric hospital University Clinical Centre Sarajevo, during the period of 15 years (2008-2022). Inclusion criteria were: paediatric patients age > 1 month, diagnosed with epilepsy according to International League Against Epilepsy. After the introduction of levetiracetam, each patient has been followed up at least 12 months. According to the outcome the patients were divided into 5 groups: seizure reduction >50%, seizure reduction <50%, complete seizure freedom, the same number of seizures and increased number of seizures. From these groups two intergroups have been formed: responders (seizure reduction >50% and complete seizure freedom) and non-responders (seizure reduction <50%, the same number of seizures and increased number of seizures). Results The study enrolled 259 patients (141 female and 118 male), with mean age 7 years (3,0–12.0). Comorbidities were present at 129/259 (49.8%) patients. After 12 months of treatment, 25/259 (9.7%) patients had seizure reduction >50%, 30/259 (11.6%) patients had seizure reduction <50%, 154/259 (56.5%) patients had achieved seizure freedom, 31/259 (12%) patients had same number of seizures, while 19/259 (7.3%) patients had increased number of seizures. Seizure frequency between responders and non-responders, before treatment and after 12 months of treatment was statistically significant (p<0.001). Discussion: Non responders had the best outcome with ditherapy (30/79; 38%), while responders had the best outcome with monotherapy (161/180;89.4%). Conclusion: Levetiracetam is efficient antiepileptic drug for different types of epilepsies in childhood, used as mono, di or polytherapy.
Background/Aim: The aim of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the national oral health programmes in the Balkan countries, to compare key measures and activities in the implementation of the general and specific objectives of the programme, and to analyse the results achieved after the implementation of the programme. Material and Methods: The data were obtained through an electronic search of publicly available documents published by the relevant institutions in the field of dental health care in the Balkan countries. The search terms were: "national programme", "strategy", "action plan", "project", and "oral health". The search was conducted in English and in the native languages of the Balkan Peninsula countries. A comparative analysis of valid documents and those whose validity period has expired was carried out. Results: Bulgaria and the Republic of North Macedonia have valid national preventive programmes. In Cyprus, a strategic plan for the provision of dental services is described. An oral health promotion programme for elementary school children and universal preventive programme for children ("dentist pass") have been implemented in Greece. Serbia has a national preventive programme that has expired, but the programme activities still apply. Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Romania, and Turkey do not have national oral health preventive programmes. Countries in the region with no oral health promotion programmes have poorer oral health indicators compared to countries with existing programmes. Conclusions: While countries in the Balkan Peninsula have made progress in improving the oral health of their inhabitants, the absence of national oral health promotion programmes is striking in many countries in the region. Greater involvement of the community in activities to maintain and improve oral health is needed, as is more comprehensive dental care for vulnerable populations. This paper (Part I) compares national oral health promotion programmes of the Balkan countries, the key measures and activities, and general and specific objectives of the programme.
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