Glucose levels serve as a fundamental indicator of cell health, reflecting crucial aspects of cellular metabolism and energy production. While effective, traditional methods such as spectrophotometry and chromatography have limitations, such as labour-intensive sample collection, reliance on bulky equipment, extensive sample preparation, and prolonged experimental durations. To address these issues, we introduce a micropillar-based microfluidic electrochemical device (MED) for real-time monitoring of glucose levels in diverse cell culture systems, including human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and murine fibroblast cells (GP + E86). This biosensor demonstrates a linear range of 0.025-1.50 mM and a high sensitivity of 4.71 ± 0.13 μA. mM-1, and a low limit of detection of 19.10 ± 0.50 μM. The MED not only delivered fast glucose measurements with accuracy and reliability comparable to ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) but was also specifically evaluated on GP + E86 murine fibroblast cells at varying seeding densities (1:5 and 1:10 ratios), across different culturing times to accurately monitor dynamic metabolic shifts associated with various growth phases. Furthermore, the MED effectively detected significant changes in glucose consumption in hiPSCs cell cultures contaminated with Escherichia coli (E. coli), highlighting its potential for early contamination detection. Integrating non-invasive, continuous monitoring platforms enhances the reliability of experimental outcomes by enabling cell health monitoring without disrupting the cell culture process. This approach enables real-time monitoring of cell cultures ensuring accurate detection of metabolic changes and early detection of media contamination.

Introduction Chatbots like ChatGPT have attracted a lot of interest lately due to their ability to generate human-like responses. Their reliability and accuracy are still questionable, and they are the topic of many studies in different fields. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the knowledge of two versions of chatbots regarding laboratory enzymology and to compare it with the average knowledge of students for the purpose of considering the use of ChatGPT in providing answers in this field. Material and methods An exam with 110 questions covering four topics was answered by students and ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4.0. The accuracy of the answers of 52 students and ChatGPT was evaluated. The accuracy of answers between students and artificial intelligence was compared, and the percentage of passing the exam was 60%. All responses were reviewed by two authors with full interrater agreement. Results Total scores for students, ChatGPT-3.5, and ChatGPT-4.0 were 85.46%, 52.73%, and 74.55% (p < 0.05), whereby ChatGPT-4.0 achieved better results compared to the other chatbot. ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4.0 achieved the best results on questions about enzymes in metabolism. The lowest scores for both chatbots were observed in the laboratory analysis of enzymes. Conclusion ChatGPT showed average results in the Laboratory Enzymology exam and scored lower than students. This proved that chatbots could be a potential tool for learning and eventual implementation in higher and/or medical education with extensive optimization but still cannot replace a human.

Background: All currently used therapeutic protocols and drugs for Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) treatment do not have a satisfying success and usually cost a lot. Objectives: To compare the efficacy of vancomycin monotherapy vs modified dual therapy with vancomycin + nifuroxazide as a therapeutic protocol for a medium–severe form of CDI. In addition, the effects of a modified therapeutic protocol with standard monotherapy on the number of stools and stool consistency in a medium–severe CDI will be compared. Materials and Methods: A prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial that included 60 patients divided into two groups was conducted. One group of patients was treated with vancomycin monotherapy. The other group was treated with the modified therapeutic protocol (vancomycin + nifuroxazide). Results: The modified therapy with vancomycin + nifuroxazide demonstrated enhanced pharmacological efficacy in the management of CDI compared to the standard vancomycin monotherapy. Patients treated with dual therapy reported a significantly lower number of stools in first, second and third control; first control (4.47 ± 2.20 compared to 5.70 ± 1.91 in vancomycin group (p = 0.024)), second control (2.37 ± 0.85 compared to 3.13 ± 0.90 in vancomycin group (p = 0.001)), and third control (1.53 ± 0.51 compared to 1.80 ± 0.61 in vancomycin group (p = 0.035)). Also, the first and third controls noted significant improvements in stool consistency, measured as a decrease in the number of completely watery stools (p = 0.011 and p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusions: Nifuroxazide and vancomycin have demonstrated accelerated improvement in patient status and hold promise as a novel dual therapeutic regimen for managing patients diagnosed with a medium–severe form of CDI.

In this article, we analyze the stability properties of stochastic linear systems in closed loop with an optimal policy that minimizes a discounted quadratic cost in expectation. In particular, the linear system is perturbed by both additive and multiplicative stochastic disturbances. We provide conditions under which mean-square boundedness, mean-square stability, and recurrence properties hold for the closed-loop system. We distinguish two cases, when these properties are verified for any value of the discount factor sufficiently close to 1, or when they hold for a fixed value of the discount factor in which case tighter conditions are derived, as illustrated in an example. The analysis exploits properties of the optimal value function, as well as a detectability property of the system with respect to the stage cost, to construct a Lyapunov function for the stochastic linear quadratic regulator problem.

Background: The incorporation of polymers into drug delivery vehicles has been shown to be an effective strategy to prolong the residence time of active ingredients in the precorneal tear film and to increase ocular bioavailability. Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop novel, viscous eye drops containing olopatadine (OCH) as the active ingredient, polysaccharides hydroxypropyl guar gum (HPG), and sodium hyaluronate (SH), individually, and in combination as functional polymers. Methods: Viscous eye drops containing 0.1% OCH in combination with HPG (0.25%) and SH (0.4%), were prepared and evaluated for their physicochemical properties, rheological behavior, mucoadhesion, and preliminary stability. A novel rheological method was used to evaluate the resistance of the eye drops under simulated blinking conditions. In vivo efficacy was evaluated using an ocular itch test in mice to compare the formulations with a commercial product. Results: The formulations remained stable and transparent, with physicochemical parameters within acceptable ranges. Rheological studies confirmed pseudoplastic flow, with the HPG-SH combination exhibiting enhanced viscosity and shear-thinning properties for prolonged retention in the eye. Mucoadhesion was highest in SH-HPG formulations. During simulated blinking cycles, eye drops containing a combination of SH and HPG polymers fully regained their initial viscosity during the resting periods. Preliminary stability studies indicate that the formulated eye drops exhibit satisfactory physicochemical stability under various storage conditions. In vivo, OCH-SH and OCH-HPG-SH drops provided prolonged antipruritic and analgesic effects compared to the reference product. Conclusions: Polysaccharide-based innovative formulations improve OCH retention, enhancing therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis.

Introduction Faculty of Medicine is often recognized as one of the most laborious. Student workload, constant exposure to stressful situations, fear of failure, pressure from parents, exposure to death and human suffering are some of the many factors associated with increasing levels of anxiety and depression among medical students. Objectives The aim of this study was to estimate the severity of anxiety and depression disorders among medical students. Methods In this cross-sectional study, self-report anonymous online survey was distributed to the students of all six years of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo. In this survey, which consisted of 33 questions, we gathered general information and the Beck’s Anxiety and Depression Inventory were used to assess the severity of anxiety and depression, whereby respondents received points by answering each question, and after scoring, they were categorized in different groups based on the severity of anxiety and depression. Results 129 students completed the survey. Considering the Beck’s Anxiety Inventory, 56% scored for the “Low anxiety” group, 33% scored for the “Moderate Anxiety” group, 11% scored for the “Potentially concerning levels of anxiety”. Considering the Beck’s Depression Inventory, 43% of the students scored for the group “These ups and downs are considered normal”, 21% scored for “Mild mood disturbances”, 9% for the “Borderline clinical depression”, 19% for “Moderate depression”, 6% for “Severe depression”, 2% for “Extreme depression”. Conclusions Psychiatric morbidity found needs to be identified and treated at the earliest, because it can lead to suicidal ideation. Medical students should be encouraged to seek help and adequate facilities should be available to all of them. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Six novel green extraction techniques were evaluated and optimized to extract pyrethrin from dried Dalmatian pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevir./Sch.Bip.). This approach offers a promising natural alternative to conventional chemotherapeutics. Four methods are presented for the first time in this study: microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), high-voltage electric discharge (HVED) extraction, subcritical water extraction (SWE), and deep eutectic solvent (DES) extraction, together with supercritical CO2 extraction (SC-CO2) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), for pyrethrin extraction from Dalmatian pyrethrum. The study revealed that supercritical CO2 extraction was the most effective method for extracting all six pyrethrins, yielding the highest total amount of 124.37 ng/mg. This approach offers a “natural” insecticide produced with a clean, environmentally friendly technology that can contribute to the development of sustainable and effective insecticide strategies that are in line with environmental safety and organic production standards. In addition, this research highlights the potential application of pyrethrins as antiparasitic agents, emphasizing their role in environmentally friendly and ecological practices.

U ovom radu predstavljeni su podaci o spahijama na području današnje općine Hadžići kroz popise koji obuhvaćaju period od 1828. do 1831. godine, a čuvaju se u Arhivu Orijentalnog instituta u Sarajevu u okviru zbirke sidžila pod brojem S 68. Rad se sastoji od tri cjeline. U prvoj uvodnoj cjelini predstavljeni su podaci o sadržaju sveska S 68, dok je druga cjelina rada poslužila za osvrt na izvore i literaturu vezane za hadžićki kraj u prvoj polovini 19. stoljeća kao perioda u kojem su nastali tretirani popisi. Treća i najopširnija cjelina rada tematizira podatke vezane za spahije hadžićkog kraja u svesku S 68 uz poseban osvrt na karaktere popisa te na određene nedoumice vezane za administrativno teritorijalnu pripadnost ovog kraja u prvoj polovini 19. stoljeća.

Introduction Autistic spectrum disorders belong to the group of neurodevelopmental disorders, where the manifestations of the disorder differ depending on the severity of the autistic condition. These disorders are often associated with intellectual impairments and structural language disorders. In his patients, Asperger described cases with above-average intelligence as well as cases with low language and intellectual abilities. What they had in common was that they had significant disorders in social and affective communication. The diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders is usually made in childhood, but there are also cases where the diagnosis is made at an older age due to the later manifestation of symptoms. Objectives To present a case report of 18 years old girl who was diagnosed with moderate intellectual disability in childhood, while later established with symptoms of Asperger’s syndrome and mild intellectual disability. Methods Psychiatric interview, medical history, psychological testing Results An 18-year-old girl, accompanied by her mother, presented herself to psychiatrist for the first time due to affective disorders that manifested in the form of increased nervousness and outbursts of anger. Early psychomotor development was slow, she started walking at the age of 1.5 years and spoke at the age of two. From early childhood, stereotypies in movements and hypervigilant attention were observed, along with very poor social interactions. Due to difficulties at school, she was categorized at the age of 12 as having moderate intellectual insufficiency and IQ of 35. She underwent long-term speech therapy treatment and finished elementary and high school with the help of teaching assistant. Somewhere in high school, the patient’s pronounced talent for drawing was noticed. Observation during the psychiatric examination reveals emotional immaturity, stereotypes and rigidity in social interactions. The patient is referred again for psychological testing, results show IQ of 88 with a lag in emotional development and development of basic social skills. The patient is referred to another psychiatrist for an additional opinion, who agrees with diagnose of Asperger’s syndrome. Low dose of lamotrigine was included in therapy, after which affective state stabilized. The patient is referred again for categorization. Conclusions This case report that a diagnosis established in childhood period does not have to be definitive and that revision of diagnosis is necessary over time and as necessary, initially due to increase of patient’s IQ, as well as due to the later presentation of symptoms characteristic of certain disorder. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Introduction Infertility is a biopsychosocial crisis. While there are studies demonstrating heightened negative affect (e.g., depression and anxiety) in women undergoing in vitro Fertilization (IVF), the findings are still inconsistent. The network paradigm allows for a more in-depth examination of symptom dynamics behind specific psychopathological states. A recent development allows one to compare networks from different groups using three characteristics: global strength (overall level of network node connectivity), edge strength (level of association between symptoms), and network structure (comparing all edges in the network across two groups). Objectives This study aims to compare the networks of anxiety, depression, and negative affect across women who have fertility issues or undergoing IVF and women without these issues. Methods Sample 1 consisted of 197 women with fertility issues (age: M = 37.73, SD =5.13) and 370 women without such issues (age: M = 36.25, SD = 6). Sample 2 consisted of 205 women undergoing IVF (M = 40; SD = 5.29) and 222 mothers without fertility issues (M=28; SD = 4. 93). Sample 3 consisted of 162 women undergoing IVF (M= 35.58; SD=5.04) and 129 mothers without fertility issues (M= 34.37; SD= 4.94). PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire; depression measure) was administered to the sample 1, GAD (generalized anxiety disorder measure) was administered to sample 2, and PANAS - NA (negative affect measure) was administered to sample 3. NetworkComparisonTest R package was used to compare the networks. EBICglasso was used to estimate the networks. Results Regarding the depression symptoms (sample 1; image 1) - the networks across the two groups are highly similar with respect to overall connectivity (S =.051; p = .73) and overall network structure (M = .16, p =.87). Regarding generalized anxiety symptoms (sample 2; image 2), the findings are replicated with overall connectivity being the same across the two groups (S =.10, p = .34) and network structure being the same across the two groups (M = .28, p= .09). Finally, the negative affect (sample 3; image 3) network connectivity (S = .02, p = .93) and network structure (M = .23, p = .53) are identical across the two groups. Image 1: Image 2: Image 3: Conclusions The networks of negative affect, depression, and anxiety are highly similar across women with fertility issues and women without such issues. Therefore, fertility issues do not seem to affect the structure of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and negative affect. Finally, it is argued here that the knowledge of these disorders (and negative affect) can be generalized to the population of women who have fertility issues. Disclosure of Interest N. Ćirović Grant / Research support from: Nikola Ćirović was supported by the Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia, #GRANT No 1568, Identity Crisis in Women Facing Infertility: Mixed Methods Approach – InsideMe., J. Opsenica Kostić Grant / Research support from: Jelena Opsenica Kostić was supported by the Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia, #GRANT No 1568, Identity Crisis in Women Facing Infertility: Mixed Methods Approach – InsideMe., M. Mitrović Grant / Research support from: Milica Mitrović was supported by the Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia, #GRANT No 1568, Identity Crisis in Women Facing Infertility: Mixed Methods Approach – InsideMe., M. Guberinić Grant / Research support from: Mila Guberinić was supported by the Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia, #GRANT No 1568, Identity Crisis in Women Facing Infertility: Mixed Methods Approach – InsideMe., M. Spasić Šnele Grant / Research support from: Miljana Spasić Šnele was supported by the Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia, #GRANT No 1568, Identity Crisis in Women Facing Infertility: Mixed Methods Approach – InsideMe., I. Janković Grant / Research support from: Ivana Janković was supported by the Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia, #GRANT No 1568, Identity Crisis in Women Facing Infertility: Mixed Methods Approach – InsideMe., M. Trenkić Grant / Research support from: Milan Trenkić was supported by the Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia, #GRANT No 1568, Identity Crisis in Women Facing Infertility: Mixed Methods Approach – InsideMe.