Heavy metals ubiquitously found in soil and water, as a serious environmental problem, are disrupting plant mineral nutrition homeostasis, osmotic balance, and metabolism. Application of some biostimulants can alleviate the disruption. Melatonin as a signal molecule, and antioxidant plays an important role in plant growth and stress tolerance due to its ability to directly neutralize reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The reduction or mitigation of heavy metals adverse effects in valerian plants grown in open field conditions using melatonin was investigated in this paper. HPLC-FLD technique was used to identify and quantify melatonin concentration in valerian root extracts. Also, physiological, and biochemical plant status under abiotic stress was examined, especially in 100 ?M melatonin pre-treated plants. Higher concentrations of endogenous melatonin were measured in roots of Cd and Zn treated plants. Melatonin application alleviated the negative effect of Cd, particularly evident in Cd-Melatonin treatment which restored or enhanced bioactive compound levels. Melatonin effectively mitigates Cd and Zn-induced stress in valerian by enhancing both non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant systems and promoting the synthesis of protective compounds. These findings highlight melatonin potential as a sustainable biostimulant to support plant resilience and productivity in heavy metal-stressed environments.

Red clover is one of the most important perennial forage legumes in livestock feed production. It also plays a significant role in organic farming, as it enriches the soil with nitrogen through symbiotic fixation by nodule-forming bacteria, reducing the need for excessive use of mineral nitrogen. The application of foliar biofertilizers can have a significant impact on the productivity and nodulation of red clover. Since the productivity and quality of red clover largely depend on soil fertility, environmental conditions, variety selection, and the plant’s developmental stage at the time of mowing, the aim of this research was to determine the influence of red clover variety and foliar biofertilizer (BF0, BF1, BF2, BF4) on dry matter yield, crude protein content, and the abundance of nodule-forming bacteria. The research results showed that variety selection and the application of biofertilizer at higher concentrations had a significant effect on dry matter yield and crude protein content. However, the total number of nodules on red clover roots decreased with increasing biofertilizer concentration. The highest annual dry matter yield was achieved in the BF4 variant for the Una variety (12.71 t ha-1) and the Global variety (11.43 t ha-1). Similarly, the highest crude protein yield was recorded in the BF4 variant for the Una variety (1896.4 kg ha-1) and the Global variety (1678.0 kg ha-1).

Sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. saccharata) is one of the popular varieties of corn in the human diet. Its quality is influenced by various properties such as grain moisture, colour, ear weight, ear length, texture, and sugar content, while its health benefits are attributed to its total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The aim of this research is to determine the impact of N fertiliser application and sowing date on yield indicators, total phenol content and antioxidant capacity of sweet corn. The treatments of the experiment consisted of a combination of two factors, two different nitrogen regimes and two different sowing dates. The results show that the applied treatments significantly influenced the researched traits of sweet corn. Dehusked and husked ear mass, ear length, and yield were higher when sown earlier (385 g, 264 g, and 21 cm, respectively) than later sowing (364 g, 242 g, and 20 cm, respectively). Additionally, higher values of dehusked and husked ear mass, ear length, were recorded with a higher dose of fertiliser. Furthermore, total phenol contents ranged from 57.0 to 80 mg GAE 100 g-1 and depended on sowing date, fertilisation, and year of study.

The primary objective of this study was to develop a predictive model for the supply of live livestock in the Republic of Croatia for the period 2024-2029, based on the analysis of historical data. Livestock production has long been a strategically important sector in Croatia, supported by a strong tradition and a notable presence of indigenous breeds. Nevertheless, despite these advantages, the supply of live livestock per production unit has demonstrated persistent negative trends. The study applies the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model to analyze time series data from 2019 to 2023 in order to identify structural patterns and forecast future supply dynamics. Supplementary statistical and econometric methods are employed to examine variation, autocorrelation, and the significance of fluctuations within the series. The analysis also highlights that the cost of production, as a key non-price determinant, plays a decisive role in shaping livestock supply trends. Findings indicate a regressive trend across most livestock sectors, emphasizing the need for targeted policy measures to stabilize and enhance future production.

Background: Observational and experimental studies consistently show that physical activity supports improvements in both physical and mental health. Various exercise modalities have been proposed as intervention protocols, ranging from aerobic training to traditional Eastern relaxation practices that incorporate elements of physical movement. Objective: The aim of this article was to analyze and synthesize evidence on the impact of different forms of physical activity on psychological stress and related symptoms of anxiety and depression among healthcare workers. Methods: A focused PubMed search was conducted for studies published in the last five years addressing physical activity interventions targeting stress, anxiety, or depression in healthcare workers. Both randomized and non-randomized intervention studies, pilot trials, and relevant systematic reviews were included to provide a descriptive synthesis because of heterogeneity in interventions and outcomes. Results: A review of PubMed-indexed studies published in the past five years identified 7,475 articles exploring the relationship between physical activity and stress levels in diverse populations. Of these, 284 studies specifically examined healthcare workers, with 72 addressing these outcomes in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Interventions included aerobic exercises, yoga, tai chi, qigong, and other movement-based relaxation techniques, with considerable variation in session duration, frequency, and follow-up periods. Reported outcomes varied, but most studies demonstrated reductions in perceived stress and improvements in anxiety and depression symptoms. Several studies suggested that more intensive exercise protocols may be less effective, while shorter and lower-intensity interventions often produced stronger psychological benefits. Conclusion: Various forms of physical activity can effectively reduce stress and symptoms of anxiety and depression among healthcare workers. Interventions do not necessarily need to involve high-intensity or long-duration activity to achieve meaningful improvements. Short, low-intensity protocols may represent a feasible and beneficial resource for supporting the psychological well-being of healthcare professionals.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is likely to have unprecedented and unforeseeable consequences, from those on a worldwide/global level to those at the local level–at the level of local communities and families, and individuals (and not just humans, but all other living beings), of which the future will testify in various ways. Objective: This work presents principles of treatment health care protection of people who has consequences of the colaps of helatcare sytem in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) during Corona pandemic time and proposals how to make it better, with a focus on indications and restrictions for use different methods of education medical staff and how to improve therapeutic modalities by professional staff by education with new ICTs. Methods: System analysis of Public health sector in BiH which has felt down as consequences of great influence of rough political system generaly and at Cantonal and Community levels need to be meta analized by publich health care experts and by most influential health managers who can help to improve distroid current Health Care System at all levels, from Primary to Terciray level of ih heakth care protection. Results: The health system in BiH was unprepared for the COVID-19 pandemic. The unpreparedness of the health system varied in individual areas. The reasons for the unpreparedness of the health system in responding to the pandemic are the organization of the state of BiH by the Dayton Peace Agreement, according to which the health system is fragmented and regulated by law, without the possibility of its harmonization, coordination and interconnection. This pandemic period has clearly shown that “public health” as a medical discipline has been and remains a peripheral concern of society, that is, it has always been put on the back burner. The reason for this is the constant favoring of clinical disciplines, which is not disputed as a need, but this situation has shownhow much public health is needed and called upon when solving such pandemics, which have become a planetary problem. Proof of the previous statement is the very small number of epidemiologists and social medicine specialists in BiH. Conclusion: The response of the health system of BiH as a whole to the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic was inadequate, untimely, unprepared, unprofessional, chaotic, misinformed and with a lot of politicking, quasi-leadership and, in the end, it will turn out to be influenced by crime. This led to a high rate of illness and death, led to a great burden on the unprepared health system and setbacks in economic and social terms.

Background: SARS-CoV-2, though primarily a respiratory pathogen, exhibits multi-organ tropism, with the liver among the commonly affected organs. Elevations in liver enzymes are frequent in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, yet acute and pronounced hepatocellular injury in young, clinically stable individuals is uncommon. The underlying mechanisms may include direct viral cytopathic effects mediated by ACE2 receptors, immune-mediated injury, systemic inflammation, and metabolic stress. Notably, hepatic involvement can develop independently of respiratory compromise. Objective: The aim of this case report was to describe three adult patients with serologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and mild respiratory symptoms who presented with acute liver injury in the absence of other identifiable causes. Case report: During a confirmed COVID-19 wave in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a targeted outpatient study was performed in a family medicine setting. Routine liver testing was conducted for all suspected COVID-19 cases. Laboratory evaluation included liver enzymes, hepatitis serology, autoimmune markers, and inflammatory parameters, with imaging (ultrasound or MRI) to exclude structural pathology. Three previously healthy male patients (aged 25–45) developed acute liver injury during mild febrile illness, all with serologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (positive IgM and IgG). Retrospective assessment revealed unrecognized metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in all cases. Initial symptoms were fatigue and myalgia without respiratory distress. Laboratory findings demonstrated marked elevations of AST and ALT (>1000 U/L), GGT (>900 U/L), and raised ferritin and D-dimer, while bilirubin remained normal. This biochemical profile - disproportionately elevated transaminases and GGT with preserved bilirubin - was consistent across cases, suggesting SARS-CoV-2–related hepatocellular injury. All patients recovered rapidly with supportive outpatient care, without progression to liver failure. Conclusion: Clinically stable COVID-19 patients may experience acute hepatocellular injury, particularly those with underlying metabolic dysfunction such as MASLD. The recurring biochemical pattern of significantly elevated AST, ALT, GGT, and ferritin with normal bilirubin suggests a distinctive SARS-CoV-2–associated liver injury phenotype. Recognition of this presentation is essential for appropriate evaluation and management. Routine liver function monitoring should be considered in COVID-19 patients, regardless of respiratory symptom severity, especially in those with metabolic risk factors.

Background: To gain insight into the role and relevance of inflammatory and immunological markers in the comprehensive assessment of a patient's immune response to surgical procedures. This study focused on investigating preoperative and postoperative serum levels dynamics of SAA, CRP and proportion of HLA-DR CD14 monocytes, CD14 monocytes, and pro-inflammatory monocytes CD16 T CD14 T in patients who underwent heart surgery using extracorporeal circulation (on-pump). Methods: An observational, prospective study was conducted at the Heart Center of the Clinical Center of the University of Sarajevo on 53 patients divided into 3 age groups: 50-59, 60-69, and 70-80. The serum levels of CRP and SAA were quantitatively determined by immunonephelometry. At the same time, flow cytometry technology was applied to measure the proportion of CD14 monocytes, HLA-DR CD14 monocytes, and pro-inflammatory CD16 CD14 monocytes. Results: Measured values of CRP; SAA, proportion of monocytes CD14, and proportion of pro-inflammatory monocytes CD16 CD14 are significantly increased postoperatively compared to the preoperative values (p < 0.05). The proportion of HLA-DR CD14 monocytes is lower postoperatively compared to preoperative values (p < 0.001). Furthermore, there are no significant gender differences in the preoperative or postoperative parameters (p > 0.05), with the notable exception of the preoperative proportion of CD14 monocytes (p < 0.05). The analysis of age-related differences indicates no significant changes in the observed preoperative and postoperative parameters among the defined age groups (p >0.05). Conclusions: Early monitoring of inflammatory and immunological markers in the postoperative phase could be valuable for healthcare professionals to implement prompt interventions to mitigate negative outcomes.

The numerical simulation of friction stir welded T-joints made of AA2024 T3is investigated. Analysis of heat generation due to friction and plastic workis performed, as well as of the reaction force in the normal direction duringthe plunge stage of the friction stir welding. The effect of joint geometry isstudied for butt joints and T-joints produced from the same material.Different tool rotation speeds and tool pin lengths were considered forT-joint FSW welding. It was shown that the temperature at the root of theweld below the tool pin is lower in the T-joint than in the butt joint, due tothe efficient conduction of the heat produced through the normal plate. Also,the reaction force was higher for the T-joint than for the butt joint; so, heatproduction by friction was more intense in comparison with the heatproduced by plastic deformation. The reaction force was moderatelyincreased for the tool with a shorter pin, increasing both components of theheat produced. An increase in the tool rotation speed decreased theresistance to the tool plunging into the T-joint, increasing the frictional heatand decreasing the amount of heat generated by plastic deformation.

The imperatively excellent performance of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) transmission over a fiber optic link, demands flat, i.e. not wavelength-selective transfer function. This implies that, mostly during installation and commissioning of a WDM-aimed fiber link, it is of interest to measure its frequency response, by complex stimulus-response tests using a tunable laser source coupled with an optical spectrum analyzer. On the contrary, a simple and practically costless alternative that we propose here, is testing in time domain by means of the ubiquitous optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR), considering its distinctly reflective trace pattern as approximation of the fiber channel two-way power-delay profile, whose rms delay spread is the straightforward indicator of the fiber attenuation vs. wavelength characteristics’ unflatness qualifying the fiber as either appropriate for WDM transport, or requiring piecewise “flattening” of the transfer function by applying coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (CO-OFDM). Specifically, the proposed OTDR – aided WDM suitability fiber test model applied on the exemplar traces, showed significant peak-to-peak DWDM spectrum unflatness, i.e. the pronounced frequency selectivity strongly indicating the need for introducing CO-OFDM on top of WDM. This was found to be monotonically tracked by the WDM transmission performance – the bit-error rate (BER) values in particular, measured with and without the CO-OFDM applied.

The aim was to investigate sex differences regarding shooting position, shooting technique, and shot placement preceding open-play goal scoring in the Swedish Super League (SSL) in floorball. Video recordings of 3751 goals were analysed to determine the goal scorers’ positions on the pitch when they took the shots and which type of shots they used. In addition, the placement of the ball when it entered the goal was determined. The proportion of goals from the playing zone closest to the goal was higher for women (P < 0.001), whereas the relative number of goals from the playing zones to the left of the goal and from the central playing zone farthest from the goal was higher for men (all P < 0.001). Women used wrist shots and backhand shots more frequently to score goals than men (both P < 0.01); conversely, the proportion of goals scored using slap shots and volley shots was higher for men (both P < 0.001). In terms of shot placement, the percentage of goals scored in top-left corner was higher for male players (P < 0.05). Hence, there are sex-related goal-scoring differences in SSL and the findings may inform coaches in refining tactics and training. Keywords: Sex difference, video analysis, unihockey, shooting technique.

Background: HLA-A gene is one of the most polymorphic loci in human genome and its variants influence disease susceptibility and immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy response. HLA-A*03 allele has been identified as a biomarker associated with poor ICI response. Objective: This study aimed to characterize HLA-A allele and genotype frequencies in the Bosnian population, assess sex specific differences, and evaluate the prevalence of HLA-A*03. Methods: Blood samples from 75 individuals were analyzed. Genomic DNA was isolated using the Miller method, and HLA-A typing was performed using PCR with sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP). Polymorphism parameters were calculated using PowerMarker v3.25. Differences between males and females were assessed using chi square and Fisher’s exact tests. Results: Twelve HLA-A allelic groups and 28 genotypes were identified. The most frequent alleles were HLA-A*02 (33.33%), A*01 (16.67%), A*24 (11.33%), A*03 (10%), and A*11 (8%). The most common genotypes were HLA-A*01/*02 (12%), A*02/*02 (12%), and A*02/*03 (8%). Females showed significantly higher frequencies of HLA-A*02, A*03, and A*31, as well as genotypes HLA-A*02/*03, A*02/*11, and A*02/*31. The population exhibited high polymorphism (heterozygosity 0.8667; gene diversity 0.8232; PIC 0.8054). Strong similarity with European and Western groups and substantial divergence from East Asian and African populations were detected. Conclusion: The Bosnian population demonstrates high HLA-A polymorphism, with HLA-A*02 as the most common allele. Females more frequently carry the HLA-A*03 allele and several related genotypes, suggesting potential sex specific implications for ICI therapy response. These findings provide a foundation for future studies investigating the clinical relevance of HLA-A variation in Bosnian cancer patients undergoing immunotherapy.