The construction and maintenance of large dams require close integration between geodetic and civil engineering disciplines to ensure structural stability, operational reliability, and long-term safety. This paper reviews the role of geodetic techniques in supporting civil engineering processes throughout the planning, construction, and monitoring phases of dam projects. This paper highlights how continuous monitoring and data interpretation enable early detection of abnormal structural behavior, verification of design assumptions, and implementation of corrective measures.

The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the shortened version of the Work Engagement Scale (UWES-9) on a sample of employees in the IT sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The research was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, a pilot study was carried out on a sample of 116 participants, where item analysis, reliability analysis, and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) were applied. All items demonstrated adequate psychometric characteristics, with item-total correlations ranging from .586 to .830. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was .92, indicating high internal consistency of the scale. The results of the exploratory factor analysis revealed a single dominant factor that explained 61.37% of the total variance, supporting the unidimensional structure of the scale.In the second phase of the study, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted on a sample of 334 participants (excluding those from the pilot study). The CFA confirmed a good fit of the one-factor model (CMIN/df

The simplest explanation of accommodation is the ability of eye to focus on objects which are close the same way as in the distance. The speed at which the eye attains this is one more aspect of human sight. Importance of speed of accommodation, the way ofinvestigation, differences in rapidity of accommodation speed to age and differences in speed of accommodation related to condition of refraction are pointed out in this work. We also strive to introduce the results of a certain research and give our opinion about it. The analysis shows that younger individuals have faster accommodation than older ones, and that myopes have slower accommodation speed compared to emmetropes and hyperopes.Key words:accommodation speed, accommodation, refraction faults

The aim of this review paper was to investigate the impact of the application of artificial intelligenceand assistive technology on the quality of life of people with visual impairments. The paper systematically reviewed research from electronicdatabases:PubMed,GoogleScholar and ResearchGate, in the period from 2015to2025.Thecriteriaforincludingtheresearchwere: only research with a specific sample was considered, that visually impaired people, i.e. blindor partially sighted peoplewereincluded,thatthepeopleusedassistivetechnologybeforeorduring the research, that the papers had undergone peer review. 60 studies were included in the triage procedure. 6 studies were included in the final analysis, whichmet the inclusion criteria. The results of the analyzed studies showed that the use of artificial intelligence and assistive technology significantly contributes to improving mobility, orientation and safety for users.The paper also points to certain limitations in theaforementionedstudies,includingsmallersamples, lack of user education and lower digital literacy, which future researchandanalysesshouldtake into account.Keywords: artificial intelligence, visual impairment, assistive technology.

This study evaluated the potential non-carcinogenic health risks for adults and children associated with the intake of heavy metals (Cu, As, Cd, Pb) through Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla) consumption in the Mostar region, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The concentrations of heavy metals in Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla) were within the permitted national limits (Cu: 1.06–2.8 mg/kg, As: 0.004–0.014 mg/kg, Cd: 0.025–0.051 mg/kg, Pb: <LOQ–0.047 mg/kg). No significant differences were observed among samples from different market locations.Risk assessment, based on body weight, intake rates, and reference doses, indicated low exposure levels in adults (Hazard Quotient, HQ < 1). Children showed higher Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and HQ values, but these also remained below the safety threshold (HQ < 1).Although all concentrations complied with regulatory standards, the comparatively higher intake in children may indicate potential long-term health concerns, especially when cumulative exposure from other dietary sources (cereals, fruits, vegetables, water) is considered. These results underline the importance of ongoing monitoring and preventive strategies to reduce potential heavy metal exposure, particularly in sensitive population groups.

This paper explores the significance of olives and extra virgin olive oil in nutrition, focusing on oil quality. The study aimed to analyse the quality of extra virgin olive oil available in the market of the Herzegovina-Neretva Canton (HNK) by analyzing three key chemical characteristics: free fatty acid (FFA) content, peroxide value and total polyphenol content. Six samples of extra virgin olive oil were analyzed. The results showed that sample no. 1 had the lowest free fatty acid (FFA) content (0.5%), indicating better quality than the other samples according to this parameter. In contrast, sample no. 3 (0.89%) and no. 5 (0.9%) had elevated FFA values, which reduced both the quality and shelf life of the oil. According to Regulation on Market Standards for Olive Oil (Official Gazette of BiH 81/12), samples no. 3 and no. 5 do not meet the criteria for extra virgin olive oil due to their higher free fatty acid content. The lowest peroxide value was observed in sample no. 1 (2.83 mmol O2/kg), while the highest was in sample no. 2 (5.26 mmol O2/kg). The acceptable limit for the peroxide value in extra virgin olive oils, according to the Regulation on Market Standards for Olive Oil (Official Gazette 81/12) and harmonised with EU Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/2105, is ≤ 10 mmol O₂/kg. Regarding total polyphenols, sample no. 1 had the highest value (411.229 mg GAE/kg), while sample no. 5 had the lowest (159.278 mg GAE/kg). Polyphenols are crucial for the quality of olive oil, both organoleptically, and in terms of its nutritional and chemical properties. Statistical analysis (ANOVA test) revealed significant differences among the samples based on sensory evaluation, confirming that the quality of olive oil varies depending on the analyzed parameters. These findings highlight the need for stricter quality control of extra virgin olive oil in the HNK market, particularly concerning free fatty acid content and polyphenol levels.

Gingival melanin or metal tattoo pigmentation is occasionally observed and produces aesthetic problems to the patients while smiling. Among dental lasers, the Er:YAG laser used water spray minimizes the thermal changes of the irradiated soft tissue and safe and effective tool for depigmentation procedure. Microscope-assisted Er:YAG laser surgery can precisely detect and remove melanin pigmentation and metal debris embedded in the connective tissue. When using a laser device in a microsurgery, it is necessary to pay attention to safety. It is essential to wear protective goggles to protect from reflections and scattered light during treatment.

Background: The Acute Apical Abscess (AAA) represents a common endodontic emergency. The aim of this case report was to present successful root canal treatment, despite poor and uncertain prognosis. Case presentation: Despite the severity of the findings, which required a modification from standard therapeutic approach, the patient underwent immediate root canal treatment. The modified protocol involved the repeated, long-term application of aqueous calcium hydroxide paste, enhanced with methylcellulose. This formulation achieved a rapid pH increase and effective endotoxin neutralization, initiating bone healing. Conclusion: This case highlights the clinical significance of long-term calcium hydroxide dressing in the conservative management of AAA with extensive periapical bone resorption. The extended medication protocol induced bone healing, enabling the completion of the root canal treatment and resulting in a favorable long-term therapeutic outcome, contrary to the initial prognosis.

Background: Periapical lesions in adolescents present a particular therapeutic challenge due to age related anatomical and physiological characteristics, including greater susceptibility to dental trauma, higher caries risk, wide apical foramen and thin dentinal walls. At the same time, high regenerative capacity offers the possibility of successful treatment even in cases with an initially very poor prognosis. Case Presentation: This report presents a 14-year-old patient with a massive periapical lesion and an iatrogenic root canal perforation of tooth 12. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging revealed an extensive osseous defect with complete perforation of the palatal cortical plate and marked destruction of the vestibular bone. Management included sealing the perforation with MTA under an operative microscope and endodontic treatment followed by apicoectomy with bone graft augmentation and placement of a PRF membrane. After the surgery, the tooth was stabilized with a wire-composite splint until physiologic stability was restored. A four-month follow-up CBCT scan showed complete repair of the osseous defect, homogeneous graft integration, re-established cortical continuity, and preservation of a normal periodontal ligament space. Clinically, stable function and satisfactory esthetics were achieved. Conclusion: This case demonstrates that even large periapical lesions complicated by iatrogenic perforation with an initially unfavorable prognosis can be successfully managed through a combination of advanced endodontic therapy and surgical intervention. A multidisciplinary approach, precise diagnostics, and the use of bioactive materials enabled preservation of the natural tooth and complete recovery of periapical structures in an adolescent patient.

This paper defines the concepts of visual-spatial perception, visual-motor coordination, and hearing impairment. The aim of the study was to examine the characteristics of visual-spatial perception and visual-motor coordination in students with hearing impairments in comparison to their hearing peers. The research also explored whether these abilities vary depending on the degree of hearing loss and aimed to identify the factors that influence them.The Diagnostic Kit for Assessing Speech, Language, Reading, and Writing Abilities in Children –Diagnostic Material for Identifying Specific Difficulties in Reading and Writing (Bjelica-Posokhova, 2001) was used, with a focus on variables related to visual-spatial perception and visual-motor coordination. Descriptive statistics, optimal scaling regression, and linear regression analyses were used for data processing.The findings indicate that hearingstudents achieved statistically significantly better outcomes in both visual-spatial perception and visual-motor coordination compared to students with hearing impairments. Age, degree of hearing loss, educational conditions, and gender did not influence visual-spatial perception in students with hearing impairments. However, educational conditions and the degree of hearing loss did influence visual-motor coordination, while gender and age did not.Understanding how hearing impairment affects visual-spatial perception and visual-motor coordination is essential for the education and rehabilitation of children with hearing loss. These children may experience different developmental patterns in visual-motor and visual-spatial abilities, which can impact their daily functioning and academic performance. Rehabilitation and educational strategies should aim to integrate all sensory inputs to foster the development of adequate visual-spatial and visual-motor skills.Key words: visual-spatial perception, visual-motor coordination, hearing impairment

Loud noise in the workplace is a common occurrence in the labor market. Prolonged exposure to excessive noise can lead to hearing lossand the development of occupational disease. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of occupational noise exposure on the occurrence of hearing lossamong workers exposed to hazardous noise levels in the workplace and to determine the extent to which non-occupational noise exposure contributes to overall exposure and the development of occupational hearing loss. Hearing assessment was performed using subjective audiological testingpure-tone audiometry, on a sample of 72 participants. The results revealed a significant risk of hearing lossamong workers exposed to workplace noise (χ²=72.688, df=10, p=0.000<0.001). Itwas found that the degree of hearing lossincreased with the duration of work in noisy environments (t=14.449, df=70, p<0.001). No statistically significant association was found between non-occupational noise exposure and changes in the degree of hearingloss, indicating that noise outside the workplace does not represent a significant predictor of the occurrence or progression of hearing loss.Key words: occupational noise, non-occupational noise, hearing loss.

Introduction: Medical biochemical laboratory professionals play a critical role in diagnostics, research, and patient care, performing complex tasks that require extensive knowledge, professional attitudes, and adherence to best practices. Understanding their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) is essential for improving laboratory performance, ensuring quality, and enhancing patient outcomes. Despite the importance of quality control systems and international standards, the existing literature reveals a lack of validated instruments to assess KAP among laboratory professionals. This study aimed to develop and validate a comprehensive questionnaire targeting key domains of laboratory practice, with the goal of identifying operational gaps and guiding future interventions. Methods: The questionnaire was developed through a four-phase process: Literature review, item construction, questionnaire distribution, and validation. Psychometric evaluation included internal consistency testing and factor analysis to ensure reliability and validity. Results: The final instrument, titled KAP of Laboratory Professionals on Standards and Work Quality Systems, comprised 73 items across six domains. The overall Cronbach’s alpha was 0.673, indicating moderate but acceptable internal consistency. The questionnaire effectively identifies gaps in KAP related to quality control in medical-biochemical laboratories. Its results can support laboratory managers in recognizing areas for improvement, ultimately enhancing service quality and patient outcomes. Conclusion: This descriptive and analytical study presents a validated and reliable tool for assessing KAP regarding standards and quality control systems in medical-biochemical laboratories. Its application can guide targeted interventions to address deficiencies and strengthen practices in laboratory medicine.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and destruction of cartilage, as well as by extra-articular manifestations. Rheumatoid nephropathy is a common complication of RA and its principal target is the renal corpuscle. Vitamin D and its analogs exert immunomodulatory actions throughout the body due to the widespread of their receptors. Our study aimed to compare the effects of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) and alfacalcidol on renal corpuscle changes in pristane-induced RA model following a 28-day treatment, using geometric morphometrics. Forty female Wistar rats (190–210 g; 12–13 weeks old) were randomly assigned to four groups: the control (Cont) group (n = 10) received saline i.c., the PIA group (n = 10) was administered pristane i.c., PIA-ALF group (n = 10) was administered pristane i.c. and alfacalcidol orally, and the PIA-CH group (n = 10) was injected i.c. with pristane and received cholecalciferol orally. Pristane administration was used for RA induction. At the end of the experiment, the left kidneys were removed and processed by standard histological procedures for geometric morphometric analysis. Geometric morphometric analysis demonstrated that, compared with the control group, the architecture of the renal corpuscles was altered in the PIA (p < 0.0001) and PIA-CH (p = 0.0065) groups. In contrast, no statistically significant differences were observed in the PIA-ALF group (p = 0.3011). Geometric morphometric analysis demonstrated that alfacalcidol, but not cholecalciferol, exertedaprotective effect on the renal corpuscle architecture in pristane-induced rheumatoid arthritis in rats.

Objective: Investigate the relationship between age, gender and dental status with changes in the osseous structures of the TMJ. Material and Methods: The study included 110 CBCT images of patients. According to age, the CBCT images of patients were divided into three groups: 20-40 years old, 40-60 years old, group over 60 years old. According to dental status, the images of patients were divided according to the Eichner's classification I, II and III. Analysis and measurements, vertical, linear and angular were performed on CBCT images: condylar morphology, medio-lateral and antero-posterior width condyles, height and inclination of the articular eminence and depth of the glenoid fossa. Results: One-way ANOVA revealed no statistically significant differences in any TMJ measurements across Eichner classes I, II, and III and between the different age groups. Significant difference was observed for antero-posterior condylar width between the age groups (p = 0.016). Males showed significantly greater medio-lateral condylar width (p = 0.0006), as well as a larger articular eminence height and inclination (p = 0.003, p = 0.006,), and a greater glenoid fossa depth (p = 0.0036) compared to females. Coronal morphology was not significantly associated with sex and age. Sagittal condylar morphology showed a trend toward statistical significance in relation to age (p = 0.055). Conclusion: Antero-posterior condylar width was significantly shorter with increasing age. Men showed significantly greater medio-lateral condyle width, articular eminence height and inclination, and greater glenoid fossa depth in relation to women. Dental status classified according to Eichner showed no measurable association with temporomandibular joint morphology in this sample. Only sagittal condylar morphology showed a trend toward statistical significance with respect to age.