Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease that occurs when the body cannot properly use or does not produce enough insulin. This leads to hyperglycemia, or elevated blood glucose levels. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common form of diabetes, accounting for about 90-95% of all diabetic cases. Aim: To examine the association of behavioral factors with the development of chronic complications and the degree of glycoregulation in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: The research was conducted as a descriptive study on a sample of 215 subjects with a diagnosis of T2DM set in accordance with the criteria of the American Diabetes Association (ADA), treated at the Srbac Health Center and the Banja Luka Health Center in the period March-November 2024. The subjects were selected using a random sample method. They filled out a questionnaire with general and sociodemographic data and a questionnaire with medical data and laboratory analyses. Results: Smoking, physical inactivity, inadequate diet and alcohol consumption have a significant impact on the occurrence of certain complications, such as retinopathy, neuropathy, ischemic heart disease and peripheral vasculopathy. Poor blood glucose control and elevated HbA1c values, together with an unfavorable lipid profile and the presence of hypertension, further increase the risk of developing complications. Smoking, physical inactivity and poor diet have a statistically significant association with poorer glycoregulation in patients with type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: The significance of this study lies in the fact that it indicates the necessity of a comprehensive approach to the treatment of diabetes, which must not be focused exclusively on blood sugar regulation, but must include lifestyle changes, monitoring of lipid status and blood pressure, as well as systematic patient education.

Insecticides have historically played, and still play, a very significant role in protecting humans and animals from numerous pests. This role consists not only of protection from the effects of the disturbance caused by numerous insects to animals and humans but also of controlling infectious diseases that these pests can transmit. In addition to public hygiene and veterinary medicine, these agents have found their application in agriculture, where they are intended to protect crops from numerous pests. It has been shown that agricultural yields are significantly higher when these agents are used. The importance of insecticides and their application for the mentioned purposes is best demonstrated by the fact that today approximately 40% of the world's population lives in areas with a high risk of malaria infection, and it is known that about 4 million people die from this disease annually, with hundreds of millions falling seriously ill. In addition to malaria, Dengue fever, which is also transmitted by mosquitoes, should be mentioned, affecting 35-50 million people annually (according to other authors, 50-100 million) and significant A large number unfortunately die. Here, one should also mention the so-called 'River Blindness', a disease that affects people in the Amazon River valley, as it is caused by a certain fly, after it bites the eyelid. To date, several tens of thousands of chemical substances have been introduced into practice, which are used to control insects in agriculture. In order to increase crop yields, as well as the production of larger quantities of meat, today several million tons of various pesticides are introduced into the environment worldwide each year, a significant portion of which are insecticides. Although these substances, as already mentioned, have a very important positive role, it should be emphasized that their (often irrational) use can also have negative consequences, which are reflected in the development of resistance in insects, the occurrence of residues in food, drinking water, soil, and air, direct or indirect toxic effects on humans and animals, as well as harmful effects on the environment and numerous organisms living in it.

Background: The relationship between the morphometric characteristics of the incisive papilla and dental arch width represents an important aspect in assessing anatomical and prosthetic relationships in the anterior maxilla. The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between maxillary dental arch width and morphometric characteristics of the incisive papilla (length, width, shape). Materials and Methods: A total of 180 subjects of both sexes, aged 20-40 years, with complete dentition and different skeletal classes were included in the study. Results: The results indicate that the transverse dimensions of the maxillary dental arch (13-23, 14-24, and 16-26) are significantly associated with the morphological parameters of the palate and the incisive papilla. The width of the incisive papilla emerged as the most significant predictor in all regression models, confirming its importance as a stable anatomical landmark in prosthetic rehabilitation of edentulous patients. The shape of the incisive papilla did not show a statistically significant influence on dental arch width, nor was there a significant interaction between sex and papilla shape. Conclusion: The width of the incisive papilla represents the most significant predictor of the transverse dimensions of the maxillary dental arch. This correlation has important implications in prosthodontics for understanding individual anatomical variations and improving clinical practice.

Background: Early risk stratification in hospitalised patients with coronavirus disease 2019 is clinically important, where management relies on routinely available laboratory data. This study evaluated the association of conventional inflammatory, coagulation, hematologic, and oxygenation-related parameters, together with derived thrombo-inflammatory indices, with in-hospital mortality. Methods: This retrospective single-centre cohort study included 78 hospitalised patients with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 and documented in-hospital outcomes. Variables included oxygen saturation, leukocyte differential parameters, C-reactive protein, D-dimer, ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase, urea, and creatinine. Derived indices included neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, systemic immune-inflammation index, systemic inflammation response index, D-dimer-to-lymphocyte ratio, C-reactive protein-to-lymphocyte ratio, and an exploratory scaled thrombo-inflammatory hypoxemia-lymphopenia index. Group comparisons, receiver operating characteristic analysis, and age-adjusted logistic regression were performed. Results: Of the 78 patients, 66 survived, and 12 died. Non-survivors had lower oxygen saturation and higher C-reactive protein, D-dimer, ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase, neutrophil percentage and count, and lower lymphocyte percentage and count. Among the derived indices, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, systemic immune-inflammation index, systemic inflammation response index, D-dimer-to-lymphocyte ratio, C-reactive protein-to-lymphocyte ratio, and the exploratory scaled thrombo-inflammatory hypoxemia-lymphopenia index were higher in non-survivors. C-reactive protein, D-dimer, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, D-dimer-to-lymphocyte ratio, C-reactive protein-to-lymphocyte ratio, and the exploratory scaled thrombo-inflammatory hypoxemia-lymphopenia index remained associated with mortality in age-adjusted models. Conclusion: In hospitalised patients with coronavirus disease 2019, in-hospital mortality was associated with higher systemic inflammation, greater coagulation activation, more pronounced lymphopenia, and lower oxygen saturation. Routine laboratory biomarkers and derived thrombo-inflammatory indices may support early mortality-oriented risk stratification.

Rad analizira izazove i specifičnosti primjene metode diskontovanog slobodnog novčanog toka (DCF) na nelikvidnim tržištima kapitala, sa fokusom na Banjalučku berzu. Motivi istraživanja proističu iz potrebe za objektivnijim vrednovanjem kapitala u uslovima visoke tržišne volatilnosti i informacione asimetrije, te neophodnosti usklađivanja domaće prakse sa novim globalnim okvirom IVS 2025. Centralni predmet rada je utvrđivanje unutrašnje vrijednosti akcionarskog društva Telekom Srpske a.d. Banja Luka, uz kritički osvrt na kvantifikaciju neopipljivih rizika. Poseban doprinos rada ogleda se u integraciji ESG faktora (ekoloških, socijalnih i upravljačkih) kroz specifične premije rizika unutar WACC modela. Rezultati analize, uz primjenu svjesno konzervativne diskontne stope od 14,42%, ukazuju na unutrašnju vrijednost od 1,70 KM po akciji. Ovako postavljen visok WACC, iako iznad industrijskog prosjeka, služi kao neophodan filter za institucionalne rizike i nelikvidnost. Analiza osjetljivosti je potvrdila da je cijena akcije veoma volatilna, sa rasponom od 1,43 KM do 2,04 KM, što opravdava napuštanje statičnih procjena. Preporuke istraživanja usmjerene su na obavezno uvođenje standardizovanog ESG izvještavanja za listirana društva kako bi se smanjila subjektivnost procjenitelja. Takođe, afirmiše se upotreba profesionalnog skepticizma i analiza osjetljivosti kao nezaobilaznih elemenata u procesu donošenja investicionih odluka na nerazvijenim tržištima. Rad zaključuje da na malim berzama transparentnost nije samo regulatorni zahtjev, već direktan generator tržišne vrijednosti, dok IVS 2025 standardi pružaju neophodan okvir za zaštitu integriteta profesije.

Digital culture is recognised as one of the key company competencies associated with a sustainable competitive advantage. Leaders play a vital role in creating a digital culture that enhances the company’s digital competencies by investing in individual and company knowledge to increase its innovation capacity. The study indicates that combining transformational and transactional leadership is essential for shaping digital culture successfully. The positive correlation between the level of development of digital culture and competitive advantage highlights the strategic importance of digital culture in raising a company’s digital maturity and ability to compete. The findings that companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bulgaria invest more in company knowledge than individual knowledge open new perspectives in strategic planning. Companies should balance knowledge investment at individual and company levels to foster innovation. As leadership, digital culture, and balanced knowledge investment collectively contribute to innovation and sustainable competitive advantage, there is a need for a holistic approach to address this issue.

Salivary gland tumors are a rare and highly heterogeneous group of neoplasms with diverse histopathological features, biological behavior, and clinical outcomes. Most arise in the parotid gland, where benign lesions predominate, whereas tumors of the sublingual and minor salivary glands have a substantially higher probability of malignancy. Clinical presentation ranges from slowly enlarging painless masses to aggressive lesions associated with pain, facial nerve dysfunction, local invasion, and distant metastases. Diagnosis integrates clinical examination, imaging, fine-needle aspiration cytology, selected core needle biopsy, and histopathological evaluation supported by immunohistochemistry and molecular testing. Surgery remains the cornerstone of treatment, with postoperative radiotherapy used for adverse pathological features. Advances in molecular pathology have identified recurrent alterations that refine diagnosis and enable biomarker-directed treatment in selected advanced cancers. This review summarizes current concepts in epidemiology, classification, diagnosis, treatment, molecular pathology, and multidisciplinary management of salivary gland tumors.

Norway spruce is one of the most important species from ecological, ornamental, and economic-production point of view. The paper deals with the variability of morphological and anatomical traits of one-year-old spruce needles sampled from three different altitudinal zones in the Prijepolje region, Western Serbia. The analyzed morphological characteristics included needle length and width, while the anatomical elements investigated were needle thickness, resin ducts diameter, epidermis and cuticle thickness, hypodermis height, vascular bundle width, as well as the width of xylem, phloem, and endodermis. The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) found statistically significant differences (p˂0.05) both among sites and among trees within sites for almost all analyzed spruce needle characteristics. The observed variation in the dimensions of protective structures (epidermis and cuticle thickness, hypodermis height, resin ducts diameter, and endodermis width) and conductive structures (xylem, phloem, and vascular bundle width) along the altitudinal gradient indicates the adaptive characteristics of Norway spruce and its ability to adapt to different site conditions.

The quality of interpersonal communication is one of the foundations of a functional and stable marriage. The aim of this work is to identify and determine the importance of factors that influence the quality of interpersonal communication in marriage using the fuzzy SIWEC (Simple Weight Calculation) method. The research was conducted on a sample of eight experts, who evaluated ten factors that influence the quality of interpersonal communication in marriage using linguistic values. Using the fuzzy SIWEC method, weighting coefficients were calculated for each factor that determined the importance of the selected factors. The results show that the level of mutual trust is the most important factor, followed by emotional stability, communication style and conflict management. The experts rated the level of education and digital communication as the least important factors. The obtained results show that interventions to improve marital relations should prioritize strengthening trust and emotional stability of partners. The contribution of this work is in connecting the methods of multi-criteria analysis with the psychology of family relationships, and in this way it is possible to rank certain factors and determine which factors influence the quality of interpersonal communication in marriage.