The post-World War II reconstruction of Europe includes the extensive construction of large number of multi-story residential buildings. At the beginning, mostly masonry buildings were built, typically with semi-prefabricated floor structures. However, since 1960s, reinforced concrete (RC) structural systems became predominant. The Balkan Peninsula and the former Yugoslavia lie within a seismically active zone of Southeastern Europe, where seismic analysis is a part of everyday structural engineering design. Buildings erected 50 to 70 years ago generally do not comply with contemporary design codes, particularly seismic ones. Their analysis presents a particular challenge for structural engineers due to many unknowns, starting with material properties, construction methods, and often some geometric data. his issue has been discussed using examples of typical multi-story buildings constructed in the city of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, from the mid-1950s to the early 1980s. These include masonry buildings with walls made of solid brick and high-rise buildings with R.C: walls and slabs. Analyses showed that a regular structural system plays a key role in order to achieve good seismic performance.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected people’s lifestyles, particularly influencing existing chronic conditions such as hypertension. It is estimated that 1.28 billion adults aged 30–79 worldwide have hypertension. In addition to its impact on blood pressure levels, the pandemic also affected the quality of life and mental health of hypertensive patients. Mental health among individuals with chronic diseases who have recovered from COVID-19 is an important and complex issue. Research indicates that these patients are at a considerably higher risk of developing anxiety, depression, and PTSD, as well as experiencing deterioration of their underlying conditions. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of independent factors on the mental health score using the SF-36 questionnaire among hypertensive patients who recovered from COVID-19. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in selected primary healthcare centers across four cantons in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH). The study included a total of 240 patients, randomly selected from those diagnosed with hypertension who had recovered from COVID-19 (experimental group, n = 120). The control group consisted of 120 participants who had recovered from COVID-19 but did not have hypertension. The European SF-36 questionnaire was used for longitudinal self-assessment of health status in patients with various chronic conditions. Results: The analysis of independent factors affecting mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic showed poorer mental health outcomes among older, single participants with higher educational attainment. In relation to COVID-19 treatment, patients who had been hospitalized or treated in Intensive Care Units and who experienced cardiac complications exhibited worse mental health scores. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate a statistically significant higher likelihood of poorer mental health among hypertensive patients who had contracted COVID-19.

Background: The oncogenic potential of HPV remains a major global public health challenge and various natural therapeutics are being investigated to prevent cancer. The natural components of the Alchemilla vulgaris plant have various anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, and anticancer effects. Objective: Therefore, the aim of this study was to bioinformatically examine the potential inhibitory effect of A. vulgaris compounds on the HPV target protein. Methods: The structures of quercetin, catechin, apigenin, luteolin, caffeic and gallic acid were taken from the PubChem database, and the protein structure of the target HPV 16 E6 oncoprotein (PDB ID: 4XR8) from the Protein Data Bank. Virtual screening and docking analysis were performed in AutoDock Vina. Protein-ligand complexes were visualized using Discovery Studio. The molecular dynamics simulation of 4XR8 in complex with quercetin was performed using Desmond. Results: Docking analysis showed that quercetin has the strongest binding affinity with 4XR8 (quercetin -8.9 kcal/mol, apigenin -8.7 kcal/mol, luteolin -8.7 kcal/mol, catechin -8.4 kcal/mol, caffeic acid -7.3 kcal/mol, gallic acid -6.8 kcal/mol). The molecular dynamics simulation results reinforce the stability and strong binding affinity of quercetin within the HPV 16 E6 oncoprotein. Conclusion: Natural components of Alchemilla vulgaris, especially quercetin, have shown promising potential for the treatment of HPV infection and additional in vitro and in vivo studies are needed for their further research.

Background: Posterior pericardiotomy has been proposed to prevent postoperative pericardial effusion and tamponade in coronary artery bypass grafting, but its effect on pleural fluid accumulation during off-pump CABG (OPCAB) is not well defined. Objective: To compare intraoperative metrics and early postoperative outcomes—particularly rates of pleural and pericardial effusions—between OPCAB with and without posterior pericardiotomy. Methods: In this retrospective cohort, 68 patients underwent OPCAB from January to March 2025 and were stratified into pericardiotomy (n = 38) and control (n = 30) groups. Baseline demographics, comorbidities, left ventricular ejection fraction, operative time, and graft count were recorded. Postoperative outcomes included incidence of pericardial and pleural effusions (confirmed by echocardiography or chest radiography), new-onset atrial fibrillation (within seven days), chest-tube drainage volume, and in-hospital mortality. Results: Groups were similar in age (mean 66.5 ± 7.1 years), sex, and major comorbidities, though peripheral artery disease and multi-vessel coronary disease were more prevalent in the pericardiotomy group (p = 0.002 and p = 0.017). Operative time and ICU stay did not differ significantly. Mediastinal drainage was higher after pericardiotomy (861 ± 551 vs. 764 ± 347 mL; p = 0.03). Pericardial effusion rates were low and comparable (10.5% vs. 13.3%; p = 0.72), and no tamponade occurred. Pleural effusions were significantly more frequent with pericardiotomy (42.1% vs. 6.6%; p = 0.001). Atrial fibrillation incidence and in-hospital mortality were similar between groups. Conclusions: Posterior pericardiotomy in OPCAB effectively prevents clinically significant pericardial effusion and tamponade, though it redirects fluid into the pleural space, increasing pleural effusion rates. These effusions are manageable with routine drainage and do not prolong recovery. Prospective studies should further define patient selection and long-term implications.

Background/Aim: Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon, Aiton) extracts are widely utilised in dietary supplements due to their rich content of polyphenolic compounds, particularly anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins (PACs), which are associated with antioxidative and antimicrobial activities. However, commercial products often lack detailed phytochemical characterisation, raising concerns about efficacy and stability, especially in the presence of additives such as vitamin C. This study aimed to characterise the polyphenolic content of a commercial dry cranberry extract by quantifying its anthocyanins and PACs using both the 4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMAC) and modified Bate-Smith assays to explore potential stabilising agents for improved extract stability. Methods: Anthocyanins and vitamin C were quantified using HPLC-DAD. PACs were quantified using two complementary colorimetric methods: DMAC (with catechin chloride as standard) and a modified Bate-Smith method (with procyanidin B2 standard). Antioxidative activity was assessed using DPPH and ABTS assays. Literature-based evaluation of succinate and glutamate was conducted to assess their potential as polyphenol stabilisers. Results: Five major anthocyanins were identified, with total content of 9.95 mg/g. PAC content was determined as 53.57 % via DMAC and 36.31 % via Bate-Smith, underscoring the impact of method selection. Antioxidant assays confirmed strong activity (IC50 = 110 µg/mL ABTS, 92.85 µg/mL DPPH). Vitamin C content was low (1.2 mg/g), consistent with extract maturity. Literature suggests that succinate, due to its diacidic nature, may provide enhanced stabilisation compared to other additives. Conclusion: Analysed cranberry extract was rich in bioactive polyphenols and exhibited significant antioxidant potential. The comparison of analytical methods highlights the need for standard harmonisation. Stabilisation strategies such as succinate addition should be further evaluated to enhance the shelf-life and efficacy of cranberry-based nutraceuticals.

Accurate estimation of wheat yield is essential for ensuring food security, especially given wheat’s role in providing around 20 % of global calories and protein. Traditional yield estimation often relies on manual counting of wheat ears, a method that is labour-intensive, time-consuming, and impractical for large-scale production. To address these limitations, modern agriculture is increasingly turning to advanced technologies such as remote sensing, drones, and machine learning, which enable more efficient and precise monitoring of crop growth and yield potential.In this context, the present study introduces an automated ear-counting approach that applies machine learning to high-resolution images captured by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Drone imagery was collected during the late growth stage from 15 wheat fields in Bosnia and Herzegovina and processed at a resolution of 1024 × 1024 pixels. Images were manually annotated to mark regions containing wheat ears, resulting in a curated dataset of 556 high-resolution images. For detection, state-of-the-art models including Faster R-CNN, YOLOv8, and RT-DETR were used. While lower-quality images slightly reduced detection accuracy, overall model performance remained strong. This research demonstrates the value of combining UAV-based imaging with machine learning to modernise agricultural practices, offering an efficient, scalable solution for yield prediction and supporting greater sustainability and competitiveness in wheat production.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of combining a low-glycemic index carbohydrate diet with structured strength training on the morphological characteristics of recreational participants. The sample included 16 subjects (8 men and 8 women), aged 19 to 50. The program lasted an average of 87.56 days. Participants followed a low-glycemic dietary regimen six days per week, with a free-choice diet on the seventh day. Strength training was conducted five times per week in the afternoon and consisted of a warm-up, main workout, and cooldown. Morphological measurements were performed using bioelectrical impedance analysis (Tanita BC-587) and a standard tailor's measuring tape. The results showed statistically significant improvements (p < .05) in all monitored parameters, including reductions in body weight, body fat percentage, circumferences, and metabolic age, as well as an increase in total body water. Sex-based analysis revealed that, aside from differences in height and metabolic rate (favoring males), there were no statistically significant differences in progress, suggesting similar program effectiveness across genders. The combination of a low-glycemic index diet and structured strength training can produce significant improvements in body composition among recreational exercisers, regardless of sex.

(BHS) Ovaj rad se fokusira na upotrebu mašinskog učenja i korištenje namjenskih baza podataka vještačke inteligencije u svrhu kreiranja rješenja zasnovanih na unaprijeđenom algoritmu za preventivno upravljanje rizicima i predikciju rizika u realnom vremenu. U radu se analiziraju postojeći standardi, njihovi nedostaci i moguća rješenja za unapređenje, kao i struktura i algoritamska osnova ovih sistema, te njihova integracija u postojeće sigurnosne arhitekture i platforme. Obuhvaćena je detekcija prijetnji na osnovu anomalija i analiza ustaljenog korisničkog ponašanja prema zadanim obrascima, procjena rizika i proaktivna detekcija napada. Pravovremena identifikacija i upravljanje rizicima postaju ključni faktori održivosti kompanija i sigurnosti poslovnih i informacionih sistema. Prediktivna analitika, zasnovana na vještačkoj inteligenciji, mašinskom učenju i analizi velikih skupova podataka, donosi transformacijske mogućnosti u oblastima poput industrije, finansija i zdravstva, koje su u savremenoj eri povezane sajber sigurnošću i predikcijom rizika, a koje pomažu donosiocima odluka da efikasnije upravljaju sistemima i zaštite ih. Integrativni pristup usklađivanju ovih tehnologija, posebno u kontekstu organizacione strukture i pravnog okvira, obuhvata pitanja pouzdanosti i transparentnosti modela, odgovornosti za automatizovane odluke, zaštite privatnosti i usklađenosti sa zakonodavstvom. Cilj rada je pružiti sveobuhvatan pregled tehnoloških i metodoloških inovacija u prediktivnoj zaštiti od sajber rizika, te identifikovati pravce budućeg razvoja sa posebnim fokusom na sigurnost, etiku i pouzdanost AI sistema. (ENG) This paper focuses on the use of machine learning and the use of dedicated AI databases to create solutions based on an improved algorithm for preventive risk management, and real-time risk prediction. The paper analyses the existing standard, its shortcomings and solutions for improvement, and the structure and algorithmic basis of these systems, as well as their integration into existing security architectures and platforms. The work includes the detection of threats based on anomalies and the analysis of established user behavior according to given patterns, risk assessment and proactive detection of attacks. Timely identification and management of risks are becoming key factors in corporate sustainability and security of business and information systems. Predictive analytics, based on artificial intelligence, machine learning and big data analytics, bring transformational opportunities in areas such as industry, finance, healthcare, which in the modern era are connected by cybersecurity and risk prediction that help decision makers to manage systems more efficiently and protect them. An integrative approach to harmonizing these technologies, especially considering the organizational structure and legal framework, includes issues of reliability and transparency of models, as well as accountability for automated decisions, privacy protection and compliance with legislation. The aim of the paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of technological and methodological innovations in predictive protection against cyber risks, and to identify directions for future development with a special focus on the security, ethics and reliability of AI systems.

Background: Legal certainty is a guiding principle in all European countries. One of the main tools for achieving legal certainty in Europe is the codification of law. In 2023, Saudi Arabia adopted its first codification of contractual and non-contractual obligations through the Civil Transactions Law (CTL), aiming to achieve greater legal certainty. This shift represents a major shift from a predominantly Shariah-based jurisdiction towards civil law. This research examines whether the enactment of the CTL has influenced the Saudi Commercial Court's interpretation of compensation claims. Methods: A mixed-methods approach was adopted to track citation trends over time and to examine case law documents to confirm the quantitative results. Qualitative empirical analysis, specifically document analysis, was utilised to identify and extract Shariah jurists’ opinions, providing depth to the statistical results. Quantitative empirical methods, including interrupted time series (ITS), were applied to assess whether the compensation provisions in the CTL led to significant shifts in compensation claims decisions. Overall, 2,913 cases decided before the enactment of the CTL and 61 decided under the CTL were analysed in this study. Results and conclusions: The pre-law analysis indicates that courts cited Shariah jurists or general legal principles to establish the liability for compensation. In contrast, post-law analysis suggests a discernible shift, with courts increasingly citing civil law provisions directly, notably Articles 120 and 720 of the CTL. This shift is supported by an increase in overall article citations within compensation judgments, rising from 36% to 62%, supported by the examination of cases decided based on these articles. These findings indicate that the enactment of the Civil Transactions Law has contributed to enhancing the legal certainty in Saudi commercial courts.

Background: Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute, immune-mediated post-infectious polyradiculoneuropathy usually presenting with symmetrical ascending weakness, diminished deep tendon reflexes, and non-specific sensory symptoms. GBS is in essence an autoimmune disorder, and the underlying mechanism is thought to result from so-called molecular mimicry. This hypothesis is further supported by approximately 2/3 of the patients having a preceding infection. In most cases, the infectious trigger occurs in the gastrointestinal or respiratory tract, with the disease manifesting within four weeks. Even though it most commonly affects children aged 1 to 5 years old, there are rare cases reported in neonates and infants. Case Presentation: We report a case of a 6-month-old infant with Guillain-Barré syndrome following a respiratory infection. The diagnosis was confirmed through cerebrospinal fluid analysis, EMNG, spine MRI, and clinical assessment. Positive human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) in cerebrospinal fluid suggested a potential infectious trigger. The infant was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and ganciclovir, requiring intensive care and mechanical ventilation. Recovery involved gradual neurological improvement and restored motor function over 30 days. Conclusion: GBS is a rare disorder, especially in children and requires multidisciplinary management to prevent complications from occurring and thereby improve the prognosis of patients. Upon arrival at the emergency department, all patients should be carefully evaluated, looking for autonomic and respiratory dysfunction signs. Generally, pediatric patients have a better prognosis compared to adults. Initiation of treatment in the early stages of the disease leads to a faster recovery and consequently fewer sequelae.

Background: According to laws on health care in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and AKAZ standards hospital health care includes a set of measures, activities and procedures, which are undertaken with the aim of diagnosing, treating and medically rehabilitating patients in appropriate inpatient health care institutions. Objective: The aim of this study was to explain influence of appropriate helath management standards for hospital healthcare activities and diagnostic services in the praxis. Methods: We used published books and papers with health management standards and also AKAZ standards for our description. Results and Discussion: Acute hospitalization according to the standards of the World Health Organization treats acute disease states or acute exacerbation of chronic diseases with a shorter duration of treatment. This type of hospitalization is carried out in: general, cantonal and clinical hospitals. General hospitals provide basic hospital care in general internal medicine, pediatrics, general surgery, gynecology and obstetrics and diagnostics for this level. Cantonal hospitals provide healthcare services in basic specializations, namely: pediatrics, pneumophthisiology, neurology, psychiatry, infectology, dermatovenerology, internal medicine, medical rehabilitation and physiatry, surgery, urology, orthopedics, otorhinolaryngology, ophthalmology, gynecology and obstetrics. Clinical centers provide services from a wide range of subspecialties, where the most modern diagnostic and therapeutic methods and equipment are used for diagnosis and treatment in these centers, and at the same time, clinical centers are also educational bases for individual clinical disciplines: cardiology, gastroenterology, nephrology, endocrinology, nuclear medicine, pneumophthisiology, hematology, neurology, psychiatry, pediatrics, infectology, dermatovenerology, oncology, angiology, neurosurgery, abdominal surgery, urology, thoracic surgery, orthopedics, reconstructive and plastic surgery, vascular surgery, ophthalmology, otorhinolaryngology, transplantology, cardiac surgery, children\'s surgery, toxicology, gynecology, obstetrics and emergency medicine. Conclusion: Health management aims to fulfill the task of meeting the needs of users of the health system in the process of providing services. The belief that good management is the key to the success of any company, school, development program, or health institution has led to the development of management as a field in recent years

Background: Relationship between preoperative anemia (PA) and postoperative delirium (POD) is not still completely clear and totally proven for surcigally treated patients. This study tries to unveil that connection in patient surgically treated for colorectal cancer (CRC). Objective: The aim of this study is to examine relationship between PA and POD in patients surgically treated for CRC and improve preoperative preparation and recognition of critical risk groups of patients for POD. Methods: Out of 62 patient were analysed in prospective method. All patient have been operated for CRC in Surgical clinic of University clinical centre Tuzla from june until december of 2024. Patients were divided in 2 groups depending on presence of PA. Presence of PA is defined as blood hemoglobin concentration (HGB) lower than 130 g/L (<13 g/dL) or hematocrite (HCT) lower than 39% in grown up men and HGB <120 g/L (<12 g/dL) or HCT<37% in grown up women. Incidence of POD was observed and noted postoperatively. POD was diagnosed and confirmed with CAM test (Confusion Assessment Method), which was done inside first 2 hours after surgery and patient extubation. Noted datas were analysed with descriptive and analytic statistic methods. Results: POD incidence was 27% (17/62) on the first postoperative day. After analysis statitically significant realtionship was found between PA and POD (ρ=0.324; p<0.05). Realised corellation is on the significance level of 0.05 (95%), it has positive direction and waek intensity. POD occurs 4,5 times more often in patients with PA. (OR= 4,500; 95% IP: 1.355–14.944). Conclusion: PA is connected with increased number of patients with POD who have been surgically treated for CRC. PA can be defined as one important preoperative risk factor that affect onset of POD . Identification of all preoperative risk factors and its correction represent best way of POD prevention.

Background: Thyroid hormones are essential regulators of energy expenditure, thermogenesis, and body composition. Although overt thyroid dysfunction is well known to alter basal metabolic rate (BMR) and body mass, emerging evidence suggests that even hormonal variations within the reference range may exert measurable effects on metabolic and body composition profiles. Women of reproductive age represent a population particularly sensitive to hormonal oscillations due to the interplay between endocrine, reproductive, and cardiometabolic health. Objective: The study aimed to a) analyze thyroid hormone levels (TSH, FT3, FT4) alongside anthropometric and body composition parameters in women of reproductive age; b) examine thyroid hormone levels, BMR, and body composition parameters across age groups; and c) investigate associations of thyroid hormones with BMR, body composition components, and unfavorable body composition patterns (visceral adiposity, elevated metabolic age, obesity) as well as metabolic indicators.. Methods: A total of 117 women aged 18–45 years were included in this cross-sectional, observational study conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina between September 2023 and November 2024. Thyroid hormone levels were measured using electrochemiluminescence assays, while body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Statistical analyses included descriptive methods, Pearson’s correlation, and Chi-square testing, with significance set at p<0.05. Results: TSH showed significant positive associations with fat-free mass, muscle mass, and BMR (p<0.05). FT3 was inversely correlated with metabolic age and visceral fat, while FT4 demonstrated weak negative associations with fat-free mass and metabolic age (p<0.05). Significant age-related differences were observed in fat percentage, fat mass, BMI, visceral fat, and metabolic age, with the most unfavorable profiles in women aged 31–40 years. Conclusion: Thyroid hormones, even within the reference range, are associated with body composition and metabolic parameters in women of reproductive age. Their role as early indicators of unfavorable metabolic patterns highlights potential implications for reproductive and cardiovascular risk assessment.