Temper Bead Welding (TBW) Temper Bead Welding (TBW) was adopted into the 2004 Edition of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX; the adoption of TBW has permitted welders to strategically exploit the effects of welding. Of particular note, is the ability to utilize TBW to create a weldment with improved strength and low temperature impact properties without the application of post weld heat treatment (PWHT). However, to reliably obtain these benefits requires development of a robust welding procedure, performance qualification and parameter controls during production welding. The origins of the process can be traced back to the half-bead repair approach using SMAW electrodes

This paper examines the role of human capital and organizational culture in promoting innovation in small and medium-sized companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a specific focus on mentoring and informal education, career development, external communication with clients, and the formalization of internal processes. The aim is to determine which internal organizational factors most effectively stimulate innovative behavior in the context of a transition economy. The study applies a quantitative research design based on a structured questionnaire distributed to managers in 304 SMEs across different sectors. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, multiple and logistic regression, and comparative group tests, supported by visual data representations. The results reveal that mentoring, informal education, external client communication, and formalized procedures have a significant positive impact on innovation, whereas career paths and coaching do not exibit statistical significance. These findings highlight the importance of interpersonal knowledge transfer, customer-driven innovation, and structured processes in building an innovative organizational culture. Theoretical implications include the integration of human capital and organizational culture perspectives into SME innovation literature, while practical implications suggest that managers should invest in internal mentoring systems, informal learning opportunities, and simplified but clear internal procedures. The study is limited to SMEs operating in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with sectoral distribution potentially affecting generalizability. Data are based on self-reported perceptions, which may introduce bias. Future studies should expand to comparative regional analyses and include longitudinal data. This research contributes to the relatively scarce empirical evidence on innovation drivers in SMEs in transition economies, by integrating human capital and organizational culture perspectives. It offers actionable recommendations for managers and policymakers to enhance innovation capacity without relying solely on costly R&D investments.

Introduction: Coinfection with HIV and tuberculosis (TB) represents a significant clinical and public health challenge, as tuberculosis remains one of the leading opportunistic infections among people living with HIV. Immunosuppression caused by HIV infection increases the risk of developing active tuberculosis as well as disseminated and severe clinical forms of the disease. The aim: This study aimed to analyze the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of HIV-tuberculosis coinfection among patients treated at a tertiary care center in the Republic of Srpska. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted, including patients diagnosed with HIV infection between 2016 and 2026 who were treated at the Clinic for Infectious Diseases, University Clinical Center of the Republic of Srpska. Demographic data, clinical characteristics, CD4 lymphocyte counts, the presence of active or latent tuberculosis, comorbidities, and treatment outcomes were analyzed. Results: The study included 103 patients with HIV infection. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection was confirmed in 21 patients (20.38%). Active tuberculosis was diagnosed in 5 patients (4.85%), while latent tuberculosis infection was identified in 16 patients (15.53%) using the IGRA test. All patients with active tuberculosis were male, predominantly aged 20-40 years, with a mean CD4 lymphocyte count of 48 cells/µL. The most common clinical form was cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis. Latent tuberculosis was more frequently detected in patients aged 40-60 years, with a mean CD4 count of 295 cells/µL. Conclusion: Although the overall prevalence of tuberculosis among people living with HIV is relatively low, coinfection remains a significant clinical challenge due to its association with advanced immunosuppression and severe clinical forms of disease. Early screening for latent tuberculosis and timely initiation of preventive therapy represents key strategies for reducing morbidity and mortality in this population.

Introduction: Respiratory manifestations of ANCA vasculitis (manifestations of the upper and lower respiratory tract) are a common clinical presentation of this type of vasculitis. The aim: Show the frequency and type of respiratory manifestations in 3 clinical presentations of ANCA vasculitis as well as the impact on patient survival (1-year, 3-year and 5-year) for all patients together as well as the differences in survival in 3 clinical presentations of ANCA vasculitis. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 27 patients with ANCA vasculitis who were admitted to the nephrology department of the Internal Medicine Clinic of the University Clinical Center in the period from 2007-2023. The clinical presentations of ANCA vasculitis, differences in the involvement of individual organ systems between the 3 most important clinical presentations, respiratory manifestations of the disease and their impact on patient survival were analyzed. Results: There were 27 patients, 14 men and 13 women, the average age of patients at the time of diagnosis of the disease was 57. 8 years. The follow-up time was from 8 months to 16 years. The clinical presentation of patients with ANCA vasculitis was microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) in 17 patients, granulomatosis with angiitis (GPA) in 7 patients and isolated renal vasculitis in 4 patients. 13 patients had respiratory manifestations of the disease, 3 with manifestations of the upper respiratory tract, 10 with pulmonary manifestations, 3 with the most severe clinical picture of pulmonary syndrome. Fatal outcome because there were 4 patients, all with MPA. Cumulative 1-year, 3-year and 5-year survival times were 96. 3%, 92% and 88. 2%. Conclusion: Respiratory manifestations of the disease at the time of diagnosis of ANCA vasculitis did not have a statistically significant effect on patient survival. There was no significant difference in survival in the 3 clinical presentations of ANCA vasculitis.

The paper examines the role of revolutionary and mass songs in music instruction and musical activities in elementary schools in PR/SR Bosnia and Herzegovina. Although the educational system underwent various reform processes that affected the curriculum of music lessons, the revolutionary songs retained their continuity. Drawing on research of the archival materials, curricula in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1948-1980), and songbooks, we present some of the revolutionary songs included in the children’s repertoire, as well as compositions inspired by the national liberation struggle by Yugoslav and Bosnian-Herzegovinian composers. The paper aims to highlight the importance of this repertoire for shaping the musical identity of elementary school students in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Composting represents a natural biological process of recycling organic matter into a stable product known as compost. Although practiced for centuries, recent research has emphasized its role in sustainable waste management and circular economy, highlighting its potential to reduce organic waste through accelerated microbial decomposition. Effective microorganisms (EM) have been identified as crucial agents in enhancing composting efficiency, improving nutrient content, and stabilizing the final product. Soil, formed through pedogenesis under the influence of climatic, topographic, and biological factors, serves as a dynamic environment rich in microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, viruses, and lichens. These organisms play a fundamental role in humus synthesis, mineralization, and maintaining soil fertility. EM inoculation further strengthens microbial diversity, contributing to improved soil quality, plant growth, and yield. Waste disposal in landfills, whether legal or illegal, poses severe environmental risks, including soil and water contamination, greenhouse gas emissions, and leachate formation. Composting offers a sustainable alternative by closing the natural cycle of matter circulation, transforming biodegradable waste into valuable organic substances. The application of compost in agriculture and horticulture improves soil structure, enhances microbial activity, reduces irrigation needs, stabilizes pH, and decreases reliance on synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Consequently, composting not only mitigates ecological impacts but also provides economic and social benefits by promoting sustainable waste management and strengthening community awareness of circular practices. Overall, composting, supported by effective microorganisms, emerges as a key strategy for addressing global challenges in waste management, soil fertility, and sustainable agricultural production. Future research should focus on optimizing microbial inoculation techniques and integrating composting into broader ecological and socio-economic frameworks. The aim of this paper, on the use of effective microorganisms in composting is to systematically present existing research and findings in this field.

Fenton processes, in which hydrogen peroxide in the presence of divalent iron ions generates hydroxyl radicals (•OH), are widely used for the degradation of organic pollutants (phenols, antibiotics, dyes). In this review, red mud is analysed as a cheap source of iron ions in Fenton processes. Raw red mud can be used without additional modifications, but to increase the catalytic efficiency, its modification is required, which includes chemical reduction, carbothermal treatment or doping with metals. Particular attention is given to photo-Fenton and electro-Fenton processes, where red mud doped Cо, Sn or Cе, or in combination with reduced graphene oxide and biochar, allow the generation of not only hydroxyl radicals (•OH) but also singlet oxygen (1O2) and superoxide radicals (•O2–), achieving ≥99% pollutant removal. At the same time, the synthesised catalysts showed high stability and reusability. Based on a comparative analysis of more than 30 studies, it is concluded that red mud represents a cheap source of iron ions for heterogeneous Fenton processes, with significant potential for industrial application.Keywords: Fenton process, hydroxyl radicals, organic pollutants, red mud.

This study presents a numerical analysis of the airflow around a passenger vehicle (DrivAer model in the Notchback configuration) travelling across a viaduct, with the aim of investigating the influence of bridge protection elements on the vehicle's aerodynamic characteristics. CFD simulations were conducted in STAR-CCM+ using the RANS approach coupled with the k-ω SST turbulence model. Four geometric configurations were analysed: open flow without any protection, viaduct with a guardrail, viaduct with a solid windbreak, and viaduct with a porous windbreak. Each configuration was simulated under two flow scenarios, with and without a crosswind component. The CFD model was validated against experimental data obtained from the Technical University of Munich (TUM) wind tunnel, showing satisfactory agreement in the drag and pressure coefficients. The results indicate that the solid windbreaks increase side forces and rolling moments, whereas the porous windbreaks significantly reduce turbulent effects and improves aerodynamic stability. The analysis of the Q - criterion field and turbulent kinetic energy confirms that the porous barrier narrows the wake region and diminishes vortex structures behind the vehicle. It was further established that for passenger vehicles, a well-designed guardrail can achieve comparable or even superior effects to complex windbreak in terms of optimizing aerodynamic loads on the vehicle.

Fertigation represents one of the most significant innovations in modern agriculture, particularly prevalent in intensive vegetable production. While it enables precise plant nutrition and substantial yield increases (20–50%), inadequate fertilizer application within this system entails serious risks that can be categorized into three key dimensions: agronomic, economic, and ecological. Agronomic risks include phytotoxicity resulting from elevated electrical conductivity (EC), physiological drought, and nutritional imbalances caused by elemental antagonism. The economic dimension is reflected in the loss of market value of produce, unnecessary costs associated with excessive fertilization, and potential malfunctions of irrigation systems due to chemical incompatibility of substances. The most far-reaching are ecological risks, encompassing soil salinization, uncontrolled shifts in pH values, and contamination of groundwater (aquifers) with nitrates. Beyond these primary concerns, improper fertigation practices may also reduce crop quality, thereby limiting competitiveness in demanding markets. Excessive nutrient application can accelerate soil degradation, diminishing long-term productivity and increasing reliance on external inputs. Moreover, the disruption of soil microbial communities may impair natural nutrient cycling, further complicating sustainable management. From an economic standpoint, inefficiencies in fertilizer use contribute to higher production costs and reduced profitability, particularly in resource-limited farming systems. Ecologically, the persistence of nitrates in aquifers poses risks to human health and necessitates costly remediation measures. Therefore, the adoption of scientifically grounded strategies, including precise nutrient scheduling and integrated monitoring, is essential for balancing productivity with environmental stewardship. The study concludes that mitigating these risks requires a transition from experiential to scientific approaches, which involve regular soil analysis, continuous monitoring of EC and pH values in nutrient solutions, as well as the implementation of tensiometer-based monitoring. Only through integrated management of nutritional parameters can fertigation remain a sustainable tool for enhancing efficiency without degrading natural resources.

This paper presents the results of a comprehensive study on the assessment of environmental noise levels at selected locations used for public events in the city of Banja Luka. The research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the impact of noise on the environment and public health, as well as determining compliance of the measured noise levels with applicable legal regulations and the recommendations of the European Union and the World Health Organization. The study includes a theoretical analysis of the physical and physiological characteristics of sound and noise, their propagation in space, perception, and effects on the human organism, as well as a review of the relevant legislative framework. Field measurements were carried out at several representative locations using standardized measuring equipment and prescribed methodologies, and the obtained results were analyzed and graphically presented through noise propagation models. Based on the results, conflict areas with elevated noise levels were identified, and specific urban planning, technical, and organizational measures for noise reduction were proposed. The noise modelling results enabled the definition of a noise protection zone and a maximum permissible sound emission level of 78.5 dB(A) for open-air concert organization in the studied student residential area. The conclusions of the study provide a professional basis for the development of decisions and action plans aimed at sustainable noise management during public events and the improvement of quality of life in the urban environment.

Workplace exposure to gaseous chemical pollutants represents a significant occupational health concern in healthcare environments, particularly in large clinical centers where diverse chemical agents are used and emitted. In this study, we provide a comprehensive assessment of chemical hazards in selected workplaces at the Public University Clinical Center of the Republic of Srpska in Banja Luka during the summer period. The results indicate pervasive exceedances of regulatory reference values for acrolein (C₃H₄O) and localized exceedances for nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), suggesting potential occupational relevance in specific areas. Exploratory factor analysis identified six components explaining approximately 79% of the total variance, indicating multiple partially overlapping emission sources. Correlation analysis revealed structured associations among several reactive and aromatic pollutants, pointing to common controlling processes. Differences between operating rooms and other areas were statistically significant for CO₂, CH₄, isopropanol (C₃H₈O), and acetone ((CH₃)₂CO). The findings highlight the spatial heterogeneity and activity-driven nature of chemical exposure in hospital environments and support the need for integrated monitoring approaches to improve occupational health risk management. The study contributes to a better understanding of chemical exposure patterns in hospital environments and provides a basis for future risk management and occupational health interventions.