Poljoprivredno zemljište kao prirodno bogatstvo i dobro od opšteg interesa prvenstveno treba služiti svojoj temeljnoj svrsi, a to je poljoprivredna proizvodnja; njegovi vlasnici su obavezni da ga koriste na zakonom propisani način. Ta temeljna svrha biva osujećena ako vlasnik poljoprivrednog zemljišta nije utvrđen. U radu su analizirani vlasnički odnosi na poljoprivrednom zemljišu sa fokusom na vlasnički status poljoprivrednog zemljišta koje je različitim mjerama nacionalizacije oduzeto ranijim vlasnicima i dodijeljeno drugim subjektima nakon Drugog svjetskog rata. Izostala je pravno-politička odluka u vezi sa restitucijom ovog zemljišta, što je u pravilu uvod u tranzicijski proces. U svrhu pripreme i zaštite podloge restitucije je u SR BiH 1991. godine bila propisana zabrana raspolaganja ovim zemljištem. U radu se konstatira da je zabrana koja traje preko tri decenije neefikasna, da je došlo do nezakonitog prenosa poljoprivrednog zemljišta, da se produženjem zabrane, a bez jasne vizije da li će restitucija biti izvršena, onemogućava racionalno korištenje i upravljanje i poljoprivredna proizvodnja na velikim kompleksima poljoprivrednog zemljišta, te uključivanje ovog zemljišta u izradu prostorno planske dokumentacije. Pored navedene zabrane, je 2022. godine Visoki predstavnik zabranu raspolaganja državnom imovinom proširio i na poljoprivredno zemljište. Postojanje dvije zabrane raspolaganja, koje imaju različite pravne osnove, slijede različite ciljeve uzrokuje pravnu nesigurnost. Zabrana raspolaganja nacionaliziranim poljoprivrednim zemljištem je uspostavljena radi zaštite ranijeg vlasnika, a zabrana koju je proglasio OHR štiti državnu imovinu do donošenja kriterija o raspodjeli te imovine među različitim nivoima vlasti. Pri tome se, kada je u pitanju poljoprivredno zemljište u državnoj svojini, ne radi o imovini kojoj se ne zna titular i rješavanja pravnog statusa ovog zemljišta nije zavisno o odluci o kriteriju raspodjele državne imovine. Nacionalizirano poljoprivredno zemljište, koje nije bilo dodijeljeno određenom subjektu, od 1965. pripada općinama. Zabranom uspostavljenom 2022. godine je onemogućeno općinama da gazduju poljoprivrednim zemljištem, pri čemu prema trenutnom ustavnom uređenju ne postoji organ države BiH koji bi bio nadležan da gazduje ovim zemljištem, što ga ostavlja bez adekvatne pravne zaštite.

<div> Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is a source of clean energy with stable long-term supplies that was first </div> <div> introduced into Japan in 1969. Since that time, sixty-six in-ground tanks for the storage of LNG, with a total </div> <div> capacity of 5,540,000 kiloliters, have been constructed in the country. Rapid developments in the technology </div> <div> used to construct these in-ground tanks, including the introduction of the super-deep slurry wall method and </div> <div> large-scale vertical NATM, have led to ever-increasing storage capacity — rising from 10,000 kiloliters in </div> <div> the early days to 200,000 kiloliters today. Completely buried tanks with concrete dome roofs have been </div> <div> constructed, and today’s technology is such that tanks with rigid side wall to bottom connections are being </div> <div> constructed in large numbers for cost reduction while enhancing reliability and safety. This paper describes </div> <div> trends in LNG tank technology and the latest technological developments, as achieved by the author in his </div> <div> work at Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd. </div> <div> <br> </div> <div> Keywords: LNG in-ground tank; slurry wall; reinforced concrete dome roof; prestressed concrete; </div> <div> non-linear analysis; self-compacting concrete; rigid connection between side wall and bottom slab </div> <div> <br> </div>

Liquified Petroleum Gas, often referred to as LPG, is a type of flammable hydrocarbon gas like propane, butane, or a mixture of these gases. When stored under pressure, LPG becomes a liquid which allows for easy transportation and storage. LPG poses numerous hazards ranging from potential leaks and explosions to the dangers posed by improper handling and storage. Liquified petroleum gas is heavier than air and will flow along floors and tend to settle in low spots, such as basements. This could cause an explosion if the mixture of LPG and air is within its explosive limits and there is an ignition source. Workers can be at risk of suffocating if the gas displaces air and reduces the oxygen concentration in the area. Hazardous exposure to LPG can happen by inhalation, skin, and eye contact. Excess pressure due to overfilling, temperature changes, corrosion, a faulty pressure relief valve, or a malfunctioning regulator can lead to leakage, container rupture, damage to connected equipment, or even explosion. Because of these hazards, adequate training must be provided to all workers who may handle compressed or liquified gas cylinders or who will be working near LPG tanks. Appropriate PPE, especially eye and hand protection, should be worn when connecting and disconnecting LPG to or from hoses. Take care when choosing a storage location for liquified petroleum gas. The containers should not be located in any area that has a risk of experiencing excessive heat, tampering by unauthorized persons, or physical damage by passing or falling objects. It’s best to store LPG cylinders at least 20 feet away from the building in an area that is protected from rain, like an open-air cage with floor and a roof. LPG cylinders should not be stored (even temporarily) near exits, stairways, or any other high-traffic areas. Protect stored LPG cylinders from falling by using a support system, like a chain. Consider securing each container individually for easy and safe removal. LPG cylinders should not be rolled, dropped, dragged along the floor, or allowed to bang against other objects. LPG cylinders should be placed in a such a way that the relief valve is in direct contact with the vapor space in the container. LPG cylinders, like propane, may generally be stored in a vertical position. When propane cylinders used to fuel forklifts are placed horizontally the relief device must be at the top. When not in use, the valve on the LPG container should be closed to avoid a potential leak. Do not use excessive force when opening or closing the valve. Carry and transport liquified petroleum gas cylinders in a vertical position, with the valves closed. It is best if the LPG containers have some amount of ventilation while being transported. The LPG cylinders must not be left inside a closed vehicle during hot weather if there is a chance of excessive heat build-up. When transporting an LPG cylinder in a vehicle, it’s generally okay to lay it down but it’s always best to keep it standing up and secured, if possible. Never ask a passenger to hold onto an LPG container. Always transport LPG cylinders in the trunk or cargo area of the vehicle.

The oil and gas industries remain among the largest industries in the world, we believe pumps play a crucial role. Despite much effort worldwide to reduce dependency on these materials, our demand for energy supersedes alternative methods to power our planet or live differently. As pumps play a significant role in the equation, they form indispensable components in the oil and gas industry from exploration to refining. Facilitating the movement of fluids through the lifecycle of hydrocarbon production, transportation, and refining processes, pumps engage in the initial extraction of crude oil from deep reservoirs to the final delivery of refined products to consumers – and are therefore crucial to ensuring efficiency, safety, and profitability of all operations. The work of pumps: a step-by-step process Exploration Pumps present as a critical component in the process known as drilling fluid circulation. More simply put, pumps are used to circulate drilling fluid – in other words mud those results during the drilling process. Key purposes include maintaining pressure in the wellbore, preventing blow-outs, and carry out rock cuttings to the surface. Pumps are a vital part of seismic testing, which involves injecting fluids into the ground to generate seismic waves that facilitate the analysis of subsurface structures. In this way, pumps help to maintain pressure during the injection and extraction of fluids. Production During production, pumps are used to extract crude oil or natural gas from wells to the surface. Diverse types of pumps, such as submersible pumps or beam pumps, may be used depending on the well’s depth and characteristics. In mature oil fields, water injection is often used to maintain reservoir pressure and enhance oil recovery. Pumps inject water into the reservoir, displacing oil towards production wells. Transportation Oil or gas is often transported via pipelines. In order for the material to move along the pipe, pumps are installed at various intervals to maintain the pressure needed for efficient conveyance of crude oil or natural gas. Their value in the process is that they can ensure a continuous flow of fluids over long distances and through varying terrain. Once the oil and gas reach terminals or loading docks where it is stored, pumps are engaged to transfer this raw material from storage tanks to tanker ships or trucks for distribution. As part of a crucial role in loading and unloading operations, pumps are there to ensure timely and safe transfer operations. Refinery processes Pumps are used to transport crude oil within refineries and between different processing units. They function as a key component in moving crude oil through distillation columns, reactors, and various other refining processes. Then there are various stages of the refining process – and pumps again play a significant role in transferring refined products such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel between different junctures, and transporting finished products from the refinery to distribution terminals or storage facilities. There is an important hydrocarbon recovery procedure incorporating processes like alkylation or catalytic cracking, during which pumps are employed to circulate catalysts or reagents and recover valuable hydrocarbons from byproducts. Environmental and safety concerns During the drilling, production and refining processes, there may be considerable wastewater generated, and pumps are used to transport this wastewater to various treatment facilities or disposal wells, thus mitigating any environmental impact. Naturally, when dealing with oil and gas, fire protection must be top of mind. Pumps therefore form integral components of firewater systems installed in all oil and gas facilities to provide the necessary water pressure for firefighting in the event of emergencies.

<span>Comparing </span><span>NACE MR0175 /ISO 15156 Vs </span><span>NACE MR0103 /ISO 17495-1</span> <div> <span><br></span> </div> <div> <span> <div> <span>Always in pipeline systems we met the material with NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 pipe or fittings, so do you really know what is the major differences between NACE carbon pipe and normal carbon steel pipe? And how is the cost for nace material?</span> </div> <div> <span><br></span> </div> <div> <span>So today we are going to introduce NACE MR0172 / ISO 15156 from different aspects as below:</span> </div> <div> <span><br></span> </div> <div> <span>Definitions and means</span> </div> <div> <span>Standard Scope</span> </div> <div> <span>Related equipment and products</span> </div> <div> <span>Material Cost</span> </div> <div> <span>Chemical Compositions</span> </div> <div> <span>Mechanical Strength</span> </div> <div> <span>Applications</span> </div> <div> <span>Work Conditions</span> </div> <div> <span>Notifications before Purchasing Nace Pipe and Fittings</span> </div></span> </div>

Fatigue is a process in which damage accumulates due to the repetitive application of loads that may fall below the yield point. Fatigue is the initiation and propagation of microscopic cracks into macro cracks through repeated application of stresses. All structural steel materials contain metallurgical or fabrication-related discontinuities, and most also include severe stress concentrators. The fatigue begins as an internal or surface flaw where the stresses are concentrated and consist initially of shear flow along slip planes. Over a number of cycles, this slip generates intrusions and extrusions that begin to resemble a crack. A true crack, running inward from an intrusion region, may propagate initially along one of the original slip planes but eventually turns to propagate transversely to the principal normal stress until observing a sudden fracture of the remaining cross-section. The phenomenon may be problematic because a single application of the load would not produce any sign of defect, and a conventional stress analysis may lead to an assumption of safety that does not exist. The history of fatigue covering a time span from 1837 to 1994 was reviewed in an extensive paper by Walter Schütz [1]. Historical milestone papers were collected by Hanewinkel and Zenner [2] and Sanfor [3]. John Mann [4] compiled 21075 literature sources on fatigue problems covering the period from 1838 to 1969 in four books. Since that time the number of publications on fatigue has still considerably increased and it may be estimated to be around 100,000 in the year 2000. Fortunately, consulting the literature on specific topics can now be done with computerized literature retrieval systems.

Different decision-making models are used in various areas of human life, however no area relies as much on analytical data as professional sports. The perceived opportunities and problems are the key factors that heavily influence the decision-making process itself. This especially applies to sport coaches and their ability to make proper strategy-related decision ahead of the next match their teams will face. The development of the sports industry, its importance, both at the national and global level, requires these decisions be made analytically and rationally, that is, to avoid making intuitive decisions whenever possible. One of the ways to achieve this is to utilize the SWOT method. The present research was carried out in five stages, which were supposed to determine, by means of utilizing qualitative and quantitative methods, the radical and key goals of a handball team facing the next opponent. The sample of the study was a handball match between Denmark and Croatia played at the European Championship in Hungary in 2022. In the first stages of the research, the key strengths and weaknesses of both teams were determined using quantitative methods, followed by the qualitative Analytic Hierarchy Process method, which made the comparison between the teams possible viable. The obtained results were then assessed by means of the Denmark and Croatia National Team Factors Evaluation. The final results were then displayed using the Denmark-Croatia Matrix. The decision on the strategy for the upcoming match was made using the TOWS Matrix. We have come up with five identified goals, one of which, should it be fulfilled, would eventually lead the national team of Denmark to the victory. The final score, alongside with the entire analysis, have provided justification for the decision-making model used therein.

Corrosion typically happens when materials are exposed to an aggressive environment, which results in a degradation of material. Corrosion testing calculates the material's resistance to corrosion under certain environmental conditions, such as humidity and temperature. The process is measured and analysed to determine the likelihood of corrosion. We can test a variety of metal types, including duplex and austenitic stainless steels and wrought nickel-rich chromium-bearing alloys. Our Metallurgical Department offers several different corrosion testing methods, including Intergranular Corrosion Testing (IGC), Pitting Corrosion Testing, and Rate Corrosion Testing. We work to the following testing standards: Pitting and crevice corrosion testing to ASTM G48 (Method A) and ASTM A923 Method C* Intergranular corrosion tests (ICC) to ASTM A262 Practice A, C and E and BS EN ISO 3651-2 Method A and ASTM G28 (Method A).

Well servicing encompasses all the work on an oil well after drilling until capping. Because servicing includes maintenance and repairs on the well's structure or components, a separate team headed by the well services supervisor oversees these tasks. All tasks involved in well servicing ensure that the oil continues to flow and the well components function as expected. Well servicing involves many types of work. Sometimes the well can continue to operate while it undergoes servicing. In some instances, shutting down production can result in better flow following the changes, making the workover effort worth the temporary stoppage. Since each well's situation differs, and various well servicing tasks will be needed at different times. Well servicing encompasses all the work on an oil well after drilling until capping. Because servicing includes maintenance and repairs on the well's structure or components, a separate team headed by the well services supervisor oversees these tasks.Well servicing is an essential part of operating an oil or gas well. Servicing encompasses the tasks done during the rest of the life of the well after drilling. Therefore, it is essential to keep up with these maintenance activities. Regular servicing can prevent problems before major disruptions occur. Understanding the basics of well maintenance and services will give you a better appreciation for these tasks during the well's production life. Well work, also known as well interventions, includes any repairs or changes needed to improve the well's operation. This type of service includes light and heavy interventions. Light interventions typically fall to the well service crew. These types of well work do not require the well to stop pumping. Instead, crews may conduct operations such as using wireline or coiled tubing to prevent future blockages. In some cases, light interventions may include collecting data from the bottom of the well or adjusting pumps and valves downwell. The other type of well work is heavy intervention, which also goes by the term workover.

Gas conditioning Gas conditioning involves a series of treatments like dehydration, sweetening, and fractionation to eliminate impurities and make the gas suitable for its intended applications. These processes help prevent pipeline blockages, equipment corrosion, reduced flow rates, increased energy consumption, and potential system failures, ensuring a reliable and optimized natural gas supply for various industries and consumers. Dehydration involves removing moisture from the gas stream to prevent the formation of hydrates, which can cause pipeline blockages. Sweetening involves removing acid gases that can corrode pipelines and equipment and harm the environment. Fractionation involves separating the heavier hydrocarbons from the natural gas to meet specific product specifications. During the gas conditioning process, removing at least 99.5% of the particles and impurities present in the natural gas stream is necessary for many critical reasons. Safety and Compliance: Impurities in natural gas can pose safety risks and regulatory compliance issues. For example, acid gases like hydrogen sulfide can be toxic and corrosive, posing health hazards to workers and causing damage to equipment and infrastructure. Removing a significant portion of these impurities makes the gas safer to handle, transport and utilize in various applications. Efficiency and Performance: Impurities in natural gas can have detrimental effects on the efficiency and performance of gas processing and utilization systems. Liquid droplets and particulate matter can cause blockages in pipelines, reducing the flow rates, and hindering the system’s overall performance. By removing a substantial portion of these particles, the gas can flow smoothly, maximizing its utilization efficiency and ensuring optimal system performance. Product Quality: Impurities can affect the quality and specifications of natural gas required for specific applications. For instance, heavy hydrocarbons can impact the energy content and combustion characteristics of the gas, affecting its performance in gas turbines or other combustion processes. By achieving a high removal rate of impurities, the resulting gas meets the desired quality standards, ensuring consistent and reliable performance in various industrial and commercial applications. Environmental Considerations: Some impurities in natural gas, such as sulfur compounds, contribute to air pollution and environmental degradation when released into the atmosphere. By removing a significant portion of these impurities, the gas conditioning process helps reduce emissions and minimize the environmental impact associated with natural gas production, transportation, and utilization.

Two Phase Separators Two-phase separator is also called gas-liquid separator. As its name suggests, it is used for separating gas and liquid in wet gas stream, or more generally the gas/liquid stream, when the complex liquid phase components are not required to be separated from each other.