Background: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) evaluates the impact of health conditions on personal functioning. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in children and adolescents can significantly affect HRQoL due to the demands of daily disease management, psychological burden, and potential complications. The use of validated tools like Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL™) questionnaires is essential in assessing HRQoL. Combining generic and disease-specific scales offers a comprehensive evaluation. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the extent to which the PedsQL 4.0 and PedsQL 3.0 questionnaires explain the overall quality of life of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes when used separately and in combination. Additionally, the study aims to identify which specific domains within these questionnaires are most significant in explaining the variability in overall quality of life scores. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted from October 2021 to February 2022. The study assessed the quality of life of 50 children and adolescents (aged five to 18 years) diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus, residing in Sarajevo Canton. Of these, 47 children/adolescents provided self-reports, while three children aged five to seven years were excluded from self-report analyses due to developmental limitations. However, parent proxy-reports were obtained for all 50 participants, including the three younger children. Accordingly, the final analysis included 47 child/adolescent self-reports and 50 parent proxy-reports. The study included children with a disease duration of >6 months and parental consent. The PedsQL™ 4.0 and PedsQL™ 3.0 Diabetes Module were used. Data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 (IBM Corp., Armonk, New York), including reliability testing, descriptive statistics, and multiple linear regression. Linear regression was selected to quantify the contribution of each questionnaire domain to overall HRQoL, offering an interpretable and robust method for assessing additive domain effects. Results: The combined use of generic and diabetes-specific measures provided the most accurate assessment of HRQoL, capturing both general well-being and disease-specific challenges. Diabetes symptoms and physical functioning were key explainors. Conclusion: The combined use of generic and diabetes-specific tools enables a more nuanced and comprehensive assessment of HRQoL in children and adolescents with T1DM. This study demonstrates that neither tool alone offers sufficient coverage, reinforcing the necessity of integrated assessment.

Background: Hepatobiliary tumors are uncommon in dogs, and metastatic liver tumors are diagnosed more frequently than primary liver tumors. Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most prevalent primary liver malignant tumor. Case Description: An 11-year-old spayed female Tibetan Terrier was referred to the University of Sarajevo Veterinary Teaching Hospital due to recurrent painful urination attempts, straining urination, hematuria, and decreased appetite. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a moderately distended bladder containing urolith, bladder wall thickening, and sediment. Incidentally, a hyperechoic hepatic mass on the left medial liver lobe and hepatomegaly were detected along with gallbladder sludge. Surgical cystolithotomy and partial liver lobectomy were performed. Histopathological examination confirmed the hepatic mass as clear cell hepatocellular carcinoma (CCHCC). Conclusion: Although this rare histological subtype has been documented, its biological behavior and clinical features remain poorly understood due to the scarcity of cases. A recent publication by Jung et al. (2021). described the first cytological, histological, and clinical case presentation of CCHCC in dogs, suggesting that obesity and hyperlipidemia may be potential risk factors. However, these proposed risk factors were not detected in the present case, implying that CCHCC in dogs is a rare and poorly understood condition that warrants further attention in veterinary research.

Abstract Digital transformation significantly impacts all aspects of the economic system, particularly the functioning of monetary policy and the financial sector. As a key process in modernization, digital transformation encompasses innovations that enable faster, safer and more efficient financial transactions, contributing to greater transparency and better economic integration. This paper analyzes the impact of digital transformation on the monetary policies of Southeast European (SEE) countries, with a particular focus on the development and implementation of digital payment systems. The aim of the research is to examine the potential of digital technologies to improve the monetary policies of these countries, enabling them to achieve greater financial stability and alignment with European Union (EU) standards. The focus is on identifying the benefits of implementing digital payments, including reducing transaction costs, improving trust in monetary institutions, and increasing the transparency of financial flows. The methodological framework of the research is based on multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM), using the CRITIC and MARCOS methods. The CRITIC method was used to evaluate the importance of individual criteria relevant to digital payments, while the MARCOS method enabled the ranking of countries based on their potential for implementing digital payments. The results of the research show that alignment with EU legislation is the most important factor, while Romania has the best potential for implementing digital payments among the observed countries. The contribution of this paper is reflected in the development of a strategic framework and the encouragement of regional cooperation, through which SEE countries could realize the full potential of digital transformation to accelerate economic growth and integration with the EU.

Background/Objectives: Large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, have emerged as potential clinical support tools to enhance precision in personalized patient care, but their reliability in radiological image interpretation remains uncertain. The primary aim of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of ChatGPT-4o in interpreting chest X-rays (CXRs) and abdominal X-rays (AXRs) by comparing its performance to expert radiology findings, whilst secondary aims were diagnostic confidence and patient safety. Methods: A total of 500 X-rays, including 257 CXR (51.4%) and 243 AXR (48.5%), were analyzed. Diagnoses made by ChatGPT-4o were compared to expert interpretations. Confidence scores (1–4) were assigned and responses were evaluated for patient safety. Results: ChatGPT-4o correctly identified 345 of 500 (69%) pathologies (95% CI: 64.81–72.9). For AXRs 175 of 243 (72.02%) pathologies were correctly diagnosed (95% CI: 66.06–77.28), while for CXRs 170 of 257 (66.15%) were accurate (95% CI: 60.16–71.66). The highest detection rates among CXRs were observed for pulmonary edema, tumor, pneumonia, pleural effusion, cardiomegaly, and emphysema, and lower rates were observed for pneumothorax, rib fractures, and enlarged mediastinum. AXR performance was highest for intestinal obstruction and foreign bodies, and weaker for pneumoperitoneum, renal calculi, and diverticulitis. Confidence scores were higher for AXRs (mean 3.45 ± 1.1) than CXRs (mean 2.48 ± 1.45). All responses (100%) were considered to be safe for the patient. Interobserver agreement was high (kappa = 0.920), and reliability (second prompt) was moderate (kappa = 0.750). Conclusions: ChatGPT-4o demonstrated moderate accuracy for the interpretation of X-rays, being higher for AXRs compared to CXRs. Improvements are required for its use as efficient clinical support tool.

Objective: Obesity and overweight represent a global public health crisis, due to the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases consequent to many factors such as metabolic dysregulation and chronic inflammation. This study aimed to compare the Heart Rate variability (HRV) between obese and non-obese hypertensive patients. Design and method: A cross-sectional study included 76 hypertensive patients, referred to the Functional Explorations department. Anthropometric and clinical data were collected. All patients underwent 24-hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure (BP) Monitoring. HRVs were measured (standard deviation in percentage) during 24-hour, diurnal and nocturnal periods. Patients were divided into two groups, according to their body mass index (BMI, whether < 30 kg/m 2 or = 30 30 kg/m 2 and more): G1 (obese, n=39) and G2 (non-obese, n=37). Results: Mean age was 55±10 vs. 52±15 years and mean BMI was 34±4 vs. 26±2 kg/m 2 in G1 and G2, respectively. Both groups were matched for sex (66.7% of females in G1 vs. 48.6% of females in G2) and comorbidities (mainly diabetes and dyslipidemia), but G1 included a higher proportion of metabolic syndrome (p<0.05). Mean values of 24-hour Systolic and Diastolic BPs were 136±10 mmHg vs. 130±11 mmHg (p=0.022), and 84±9 mmHg vs. 80±9 mmHg (p=0.066), respectively in G1 and in G2. Mean values of 24-hour, diurnal and nocturnal HRVs were 14±3% vs. 16±3%; 14±3% vs. 16±3%; 7±3% vs. 9±6%, respectively in G1 and in G2. Diurnal and 24-hour HRVs were statistically lower in G1 (p=0.010 and 0.035, respectively). However, no significant difference was observed in nocturnal HRV (p=0.279) between the two groups. Conclusions: This study revealed lower HRVs among obese patients which highlights a clear association between obesity and reduced autonomic nervous system function, particularly with diminished parasympathetic activity. This HRV reduction, resulting in an imbalance in autonomic regulation, increases cardiovascular risk. Managing weight seems to be the key to minimize these negative impacts.

Interna revizija, kao nezavisna i objektivna funkcija, ima ključnu ulogu u unapređenju poslovanja organizacija kroz procenu i poboljšanje efektivnosti upravljanja rizicima, kontrolom i organizacionim procesima. Iako nije zakonski obavezna u svim zemljama, njeno uspostavljanje postaje sve važnije, posebno u javnom sektoru i finansijskim organizacijama i korporacijama, kako bi se unapredilo poslovanje, ostvarili ciljevi i smanjili rizici. Kvalitet interne revizije definiše se njenom sposobnošću da ispuni ciljeve organizacije pružajući korisne informacije menadžmentu, osiguravajući usklađenost s propisima, upravljajući rizicima i poboljšavajući sistem internih kontrola i organizacione procese. Njena važnost ogleda se u povećavanju kredibiliteta revizije, poverenja zainteresovanih strana i dugoročne održivosti organizacije. Ključni faktori kvaliteta uključuju profesionalne standarde, podršku menadžmenta, nezavisnost, objektivnost, kompetenciju revizora i efikasnu koordinaciju sa eksternim revizorima. Iako univerzalan model za ocenu kvaliteta interne revizije ne postoji, istraživanja naglašavaju značaj različitih metodoloških pristupa, uključujući SEM metodologiju, faktorsku analizu i regresione modele i strukturalni pregled literature radi preciznijeg razumevanja indikatora kvaliteta. U radu su prezentovana istraživanja koja se bave upravo istraživanjem kvaliteta interne revizije i identifikovanja ključnih faktora koji određuju kvalitet interne revizije.

Network emulators are essential in testing network systems, applications, and protocols. Emulators bridge the gap between simulation setups that lack realism in results and real-world trials that are accurate but often expensive, non-reproducible, and uncontrollable. This paper describes the simulations and emulations of the national Czech QKD network. Using emulation techniques, a unique ecosystem is formed that includes the processes of generating, processing, storing, and consuming cryptographic keys. The presented tool will undoubtedly spur future development, understanding, and teaching, and it is critical for testing novel applications and protocols applied to QKD networks.