Insecticides have historically played, and still play, a very significant role in protecting humans and animals from numerous pests. This role consists not only of protection from the effects of the disturbance caused by numerous insects to animals and humans but also of controlling infectious diseases that these pests can transmit. In addition to public hygiene and veterinary medicine, these agents have found their application in agriculture, where they are intended to protect crops from numerous pests. It has been shown that agricultural yields are significantly higher when these agents are used. The importance of insecticides and their application for the mentioned purposes is best demonstrated by the fact that today approximately 40% of the world's population lives in areas with a high risk of malaria infection, and it is known that about 4 million people die from this disease annually, with hundreds of millions falling seriously ill. In addition to malaria, Dengue fever, which is also transmitted by mosquitoes, should be mentioned, affecting 35-50 million people annually (according to other authors, 50-100 million) and significant A large number unfortunately die. Here, one should also mention the so-called 'River Blindness', a disease that affects people in the Amazon River valley, as it is caused by a certain fly, after it bites the eyelid. To date, several tens of thousands of chemical substances have been introduced into practice, which are used to control insects in agriculture. In order to increase crop yields, as well as the production of larger quantities of meat, today several million tons of various pesticides are introduced into the environment worldwide each year, a significant portion of which are insecticides. Although these substances, as already mentioned, have a very important positive role, it should be emphasized that their (often irrational) use can also have negative consequences, which are reflected in the development of resistance in insects, the occurrence of residues in food, drinking water, soil, and air, direct or indirect toxic effects on humans and animals, as well as harmful effects on the environment and numerous organisms living in it.

Artificial intelligence systems increasingly shape not only what information citizens access but the interpretive frameworks through which they perceive public affairs, posing a governance challenge that public administration scholarship has yet to theorise. Through conceptual and normative analysis, the paper develops the construct of perceptual infrastructure – the cognitive and informational substrate of democratic deliberation – drawing on information theory, public administration and regulatory-governance scholarship, and tests it against the EU regulatory architecture. The analysis shows that the algorithmic construction of perceptual frameworks constitutes a distinct governance domain that the EU AI Act and the Digital Services Act do not reach, owing primarily to a regulatory omission rather than an implementation deficit: existing provisions take systems, use cases and identifiable harms as their object, not the cumulative, longitudinal construction of perception. An accountability framework is proposed – incorporating aggregate transparency, perceptual sovereignty as a citizen right, proportional responsibility and meta-perceptual literacy – with concrete implications for administrative accountability, regulatory capacity and democratic resilience.

: Background: Mental health disorders are a major global burden, highlighting the need for effective non-pharmacological interventions. Physical activity has emerged as a promising strategy for improving mental health outcomes. This systematic review examined the effects of structured physical activity and exercise interventions on mental health outcomes, addressing the growing need for effective non-pharmacological strategies for mental health promotion. Methods: The review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and PsycINFO for studies published between 2017 and December 2025. Study selection was based on the PICOS framework. Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative synthesis. Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. Results: Included studies involved clinical and non-clinical populations across various age groups. Structured exercise interventions (aerobic, resistance, or combined) were associated with reductions in depressive and anxiety symptoms, as well the improvements in psychological well-being and stress-related outcomes. Across the included studies, interventions of moderate-to-vigorous intensity performed two to five times per week over periods ranging from 6 to 24 weeks appeared to demonstrate the most consistent benefits. However, this observation is based on qualitative comparison of the included studies rather than a formal meta-analytic dose–response analysis. PEDro scores ranged from 4 to 8, indicating moderate to high methodological quality. Conclusions: Structured exercise interventions appear to be a promising and feasible approach for improving mental health outcomes across diverse populations. However, due to heterogeneity in study designs and outcome measures, the findings should be interpreted with caution, and further high-quality research is needed.

Underground mine ventilation serves both as a critical safety system and as one of the major consumers of electrical energy in underground mining operations. This paper presents a critical review of the energy performance of ventilation management strategies, focusing on ventilation network optimization, fan speed control, Ventilation-on-Demand (VoD), model-based control, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) applications, and sensor-based monitoring. The review is organized according to the level of intervention and validation, encompassing industrial measurements, pilot-scale and laboratory studies, as well as numerical simulations. The findings indicate that direct energy savings are most commonly achieved through the reduction of network resistance and pressure losses, fan speed adjustment, and the spatial and temporal alignment of airflow distribution with actual operational requirements. CFD analyses and monitoring systems do not constitute energy-saving measures by themselves; rather, they provide the basis for defining safe operating limits and enabling closed-loop control strategies. Reported energy savings are not directly comparable due to differences in baseline operating conditions, system boundaries, and validation methodologies. Reliable implementation requires the maintenance of minimum safety airflow rates, the provision of backup safety measures, and automatic transition to predefined safe operating modes in the event of sensor, communication, or actuator failures.

Infectious mononucleosis is a common viral disease, most frequently caused by the Epstein–Barr virus, predominantly affecting adolescents and young adults. Despite its high prevalence, misconceptions regarding disease etiology, transmission routes, and clinical manifestations remain widespread and may influence health-related behavior. The aim of this study was to assess the level of knowledge and awareness of infectious mononucleosis in the general population of the Republic of Srpska, with particular emphasis on disease etiology, transmission, symptom recognition, and prevention, from a health literacy perspective. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in October 2025 using an anonymous online questionnaire. The study included 225 participants aged 17–60 years. Descriptive statistical methods were applied, and differences in knowledge were analyzed according to basic sociodemographic characteristics. Although most respondents (82.7%) had heard of infectious mononucleosis, only 59.6% correctly identified the disease as viral in origin. Contact with saliva was recognized as the primary route of transmission by 65.3% of participants, while a substantial proportion reported incorrect transmission routes. Common symptoms such as fatigue and fever were widely recognized; however, specific clinically relevant manifestations, including splenomegaly and rash, were poorly identified. Women and younger respondents demonstrated higher levels of knowledge. The findings reveal important gaps in public knowledge of infectious mononucleosis, reflecting broader challenges related to health literacy. Targeted public health education focusing on accurate disease information and prevention may contribute to improved awareness, earlier recognition, and more appropriate health-related behavior.

Professional burnout represents a significant occupational risk among healthcare professionals due to high work demands, emotional strain, and the continuous responsibility associated with patient care. Organizational factors, including management practices and work organization, play an important role in maintaining employees’ well-being and preventing burnout. The aim of this study was to examine the role of management practices in the prevention and management of professional burnout among healthcare professionals. A cross-sectional study design was applied. The sample consisted of 30 healthcare professionals employed in secondary and tertiary healthcare institutions. Data were collected using the standardized Job Demands–Resources Questionnaire (Schaufeli, 2015). Descriptive statistical, correlation, and reliability analyses were used to evaluate the collected data. The majority of participants were female (83.2%), with a mean age of 30.83 years. Nurses constituted the largest professional group (56.7%), with an average work experience of 12.2 years. Overall satisfaction with work organization and human resource management was moderate. The mean burnout score was 2.24 ± 0.23, indicating a relatively low level of professional burnout among the respondents. The findings suggest that organizational factors and management practices play an important role in maintaining employee well-being. In particular, supportive interpersonal relations within healthcare teams appear to be associated with lower levels of professional burnout. Strengthening leadership practices, improving work organization, and providing adequate institutional support for healthcare professionals may contribute to the prevention of professional burnout and improvement of healthcare service quality.

This study examines the statistical associations among gross domestic product per capita (GDP per capita), life expectancy at birth, income inequality, inequality in life expectancy, and human development across five Western Balkan countries. The analysis utilizes secondary data from the United Nations Development Programme’s Human Development Reports and the United Nations Statistics Division.The results indicate that, in 2022, Montenegro and Serbia are classified within the very high human development category, while Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and North Macedonia remain in the high human development category. Correlation analysis demonstrates a positive association between the Human Development Index (HDI) and GDP per capita, and negative associations between HDI and both income inequality and inequality in life expectancy. The association between HDI and life expectancy is relatively weak. Fixed-effects panel regression results show that GDP per capita, life expectancy, and income inequality are not statistically significantly associated with HDI. In contrast, inequality in life expectancy exhibits a negative association with HDI that approaches statistical significance. These results should be interpreted as statistical associations rather than causal relationships.

Particularly as health systems seek to improve efficiency, service quality and innovation, the entrepreneurial intention of health professionals has become an area of growing interest. However, particularly in transitional healthcare systems such as that of the Republic of Srpska, little research has focused on the entrepreneurial intention of family physicians. The purpose of this study is the investigation of the level of entrepreneurship intent among general practitioners in the Republic of Srpska, and the identification of key psychological and background factors that influence entrepreneurship intent. A 121-sample of general practitioners practising in the Republic of Srpska was surveyed using a quantitative cross-sectional survey. The survey instrument is based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and regression modelling. Attitude, subjective norm and perceived control factors explained the intention of family medicine doctors (FMDs) to start a private Family Medicine Specialist Clinic (FMSC). There was a significant negative correlation between the intention of setting up a private FMSC and years of experience in family medicine and the job title of FMDs. The study highlights the potential and barriers to promoting entrepreneurship among family physicians in the Republic of Srpska. The entrepreneurial readiness of this key health workforce could be enhanced by addressing systemic barriers and providing targeted training and policy support. The findings provide valuable insights for policy makers, health care administrators and educators who wish to promote innovation and the sustainable development of the health care system in transition economies.

Road traffic injuries remain a major contributor to premature mortality, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This study quantified the burden of premature mortality attributable to road traffic injuries in the Republic of Srpska by calculating Years of Life Lost (YLL) and Potential Years of Life Lost (PYLL), and assessed changes following the 2021 amendments to traffic safety legislation. A quasi-experimental before–after design compared the periods 2011–2020 and 2021–2024. Mortality data were sourced from official demographic statistics and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The results indicate a substantial decline in premature mortality. The mean number of road traffic deaths decreased by 27.9%, while YLL and PYLL were reduced by approximately 70%. Reductions occurred across all age groups, with the most pronounced decline among individuals aged 15-24 years and among vulnerable road users, particularly pedestrians and bicyclists. The Haddon matrix was used as the primary analytical framework, organizing findings across pre-crash, crash, and post-crash phases. The observed changes were primarily associated with system-level interventions in the pre-crash phase, particularly legislative and enforcement measures. Improvements in crash and post-crash determinants also likely contributed to reduced mortality. In conclusion, the reduction in premature mortality observed after 2021 is temporally associated with legislative amendments and aligns with a broader system-based road safety framework rather than isolated policy measures. Further research is warranted to quantify the contribution of individual interventions and to assess long-term trends.

: This paper presents an approach for improving the performance of TinyML models through metaheuristic optimization. Due to limited computational resources in IoT environments, achieving high classification accuracy remains a challenge. The proposed method utilizes Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for tuning convolutional neural network (CNN) hyperparameters in the task of plant disease classification. Experimental results indicate that optimized models outperform baseline configurations in terms of accuracy and stability, with an improvement of over 20% in MCC compared to the baseline model. This study represents a part of a broader doctoral research focused on efficient and explainable AI models for resource-constrained environments.

: Next-generation networks aim to provide a wide range of services which require high level of performance and security. In some services, security is particularly important and lack of it can lead to critical consequences due to sensitivity of the information being transmitted. Therefore, research in the field of security has significantly increased and a number of security solutions for next-generation networks are already developed. For every security solution, there is a need for a trusted test environment which can be used for its functional verification and performance evaluation. Existing security testbeds do not provide reproducible testing and evaluation of hardware-based cryptography solutions, which are especially important for high-speed next-generation networks. To overcome this limitation, we present a modular, flexible testbed which comprises several tasks: traffic generation, traffic processing (i.e. performing desired network or security functions) and analysis of traffic obtained after its processing. Suitability of our testbed for hardware-based cryptography solutions is demonstrated on an example of selective encryption through RTL simulation using ModelSim simulator.

Background: Endodontic treatment is an essential procedure for preserving natural teeth and preventing further oral health complications. However, patients' perceptions, knowledge, and anxiety related to root canal treatment may influence their willingness to undergo the procedure and their overall satisfaction with dental care. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the association between demographic characteristics-such as gender, age, and educational level-and patients' perceptions, attitudes, and expectations regarding endodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using an anonymous online questionnaire among patients residing in Sarajevo Canton. A total of 171 participants who had previously undergone endodontic treatment completed the questionnaire. The questionnaire collected demographic data and information about patients' knowledge of endodontic treatment, previous treatment experience, satisfaction with the information provided by the dentist, perceived pain or discomfort, communication with the dentist, and overall treatment experience. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 22. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, while the independent samples Student's t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were applied to assess differences between groups. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The majority of participants were female (80.1%), and most had a university degree (60.8%). Male participants reported significantly higher satisfaction with the information provided, the dentist's professionalism, and comfort during treatment compared to female participants (p < 0.05). Participants aged 41 years and older reported significantly higher satisfaction with communication, information provided, and overall treatment experience than younger age groups. Participants with a lower level of education reported significantly higher levels of pain or discomfort during or after treatment (p < 0.004). Conclusion: Patients generally showed a positive perception of endodontic treatment. Effective communication, adequate patient education, and the dentist's professionalism play an important role in reducing anxiety and improving patient satisfaction and treatment experience.