In the recent years, 3D printing has become a topic of great interest from both academic and the industrial sector through the increasing importance of Industry 4.0. This technology is based on layer-by-layer melting of materials to create a three-dimensional object. It is also known as additive production, and it is feasible through several different methods such as stereolithography, selective laser melting and sintering (SLM, SLS), these are just some of the examples, but fused decomposition modeling (FDM) has become the most interesting technique.This paper seeks to analyze the fracture strength (torque) of coupled gears made out of PLA plastic produced by the 3D printing process. To reduce the number of experimental measurements, the Taguchi L8(27) orthogonal array was used to analyze the influence of factors on two level. Investigated factors were: wall thickness, infill and number of infill lines, layer height, temperature, cooling and speed. Finally, optimization of most influential factors according to maximum torque was preformed, using Taguchi method too.

There is now a great awareness of the high diversity of most environmental (“free-living”) and host-associated microbiomes, but exactly how diverse microbial communities form and maintain is still highly debated. A variety of theories have been put forward, but testing them has been problematic because most studies have been based on synthetic communities that fail to accurately mimic the natural composition (i.e., the species used are typically not found together in the same environment), the diversity (usually too low to be representative), or the environmental system itself (using designs with single carbon sources or solely mixed liquid cultures). ABSTRACT Microbiomes are typically characterized by high species diversity but it is poorly understood how such system-level complexity can be generated and propagated. Here, we used soil microcosms as a model to study development of bacterial communities as a function of their starting complexity and environmental boundary conditions. Despite inherent stochastic variation in manipulating species-rich communities, both laboratory-mixed medium complexity (21 soil bacterial isolates in equal proportions) and high-diversity natural top-soil communities followed highly reproducible succession paths, maintaining 16S rRNA gene amplicon signatures prominent for known soil communities in general. Development trajectories and compositional states were different for communities propagated in soil microcosms than in liquid suspension. Compositional states were maintained over multiple renewed growth cycles but could be diverged by short-term pollutant exposure. The different but robust trajectories demonstrated that deterministic taxa-inherent characteristics underlie reproducible development and self-organized complexity of soil microbiomes within their environmental boundary conditions. Our findings also have direct implications for potential strategies to achieve controlled restoration of desertified land. IMPORTANCE There is now a great awareness of the high diversity of most environmental (“free-living”) and host-associated microbiomes, but exactly how diverse microbial communities form and maintain is still highly debated. A variety of theories have been put forward, but testing them has been problematic because most studies have been based on synthetic communities that fail to accurately mimic the natural composition (i.e., the species used are typically not found together in the same environment), the diversity (usually too low to be representative), or the environmental system itself (using designs with single carbon sources or solely mixed liquid cultures). In this study, we show how species-diverse soil bacterial communities can reproducibly be generated, propagated, and maintained, either from individual isolates (21 soil bacterial strains) or from natural microbial mixtures washed from top-soil. The high replicate consistency we achieve both in terms of species compositions and developmental trajectories demonstrates the strong inherent deterministic factors driving community formation from their species composition. Generating complex soil microbiomes may provide ways for restoration of damaged soils that are prevalent on our planet.

Background Migration is a complex process of high uncertainty with adjustments to new contexts and experiences influencing individuals’ health. This study aims to assess the prevalence of self-reported sexual risk-taking behaviors among migrant youth population in Sweden, fulfilling the research gap in that field. Methods A pre-tested, web-based self-administered cross-sectional survey was used to collect data among 1563 migrant youth (15–25 years old) in Sweden. The survey was conducted in high schools and Swedish language schools for foreigners between December 2018 and November 2019. Pearson chi-square and t-tests were used to compare whether sociodemographic characteristics and migration status varied between those engaging in sexual risk behaviors or not. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the adjusted odds ratio of the key outcome variable and independent variables. Results There is a profound heterogeneity in migrant youth characteristics related to engagement in different sexual risk-taking behaviors. Those engaging in condomless sex were older, coming from the Americas and Europe, living longer in Sweden and came to live with their family. Belonging to the Islamic religion was a protective factor. Sex under the influence of drugs was related to those from Europe, and Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and coming to Sweden to work/study, where age was a protective factor. Living longer in Sweden, coming for work/study or to live with family had higher odds to engage in sex in exchange for gifts/money. Conclusion The results highlight the needed reconsideration of the broader system response that can influence migrant youth health outcomes and public health implications. The approach should consider and relate to sexual risk-taking behavior’s long-term consequences. Migrant youth background needs and knowledge should guide this response.

Abstract Background Many surgeons routinely place intraperitoneal drains after elective colorectal surgery. However, enhanced recovery after surgery guidelines recommend against their routine use owing to a lack of clear clinical benefit. This study aimed to describe international variation in intraperitoneal drain placement and the safety of this practice. Methods COMPASS (COMPlicAted intra-abdominal collectionS after colorectal Surgery) was a prospective, international, cohort study which enrolled consecutive adults undergoing elective colorectal surgery (February to March 2020). The primary outcome was the rate of intraperitoneal drain placement. Secondary outcomes included: rate and time to diagnosis of postoperative intraperitoneal collections; rate of surgical site infections (SSIs); time to discharge; and 30-day major postoperative complications (Clavien–Dindo grade at least III). After propensity score matching, multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to estimate the independent association of the secondary outcomes with drain placement. Results Overall, 1805 patients from 22 countries were included (798 women, 44.2 per cent; median age 67.0 years). The drain insertion rate was 51.9 per cent (937 patients). After matching, drains were not associated with reduced rates (odds ratio (OR) 1.33, 95 per cent c.i. 0.79 to 2.23; P = 0.287) or earlier detection (hazard ratio (HR) 0.87, 0.33 to 2.31; P = 0.780) of collections. Although not associated with worse major postoperative complications (OR 1.09, 0.68 to 1.75; P = 0.709), drains were associated with delayed hospital discharge (HR 0.58, 0.52 to 0.66; P < 0.001) and an increased risk of SSIs (OR 2.47, 1.50 to 4.05; P < 0.001). Conclusion Intraperitoneal drain placement after elective colorectal surgery is not associated with earlier detection of postoperative collections, but prolongs hospital stay and increases SSI risk.

Antibiotic resistance is considered a global public health problem and is related to the problem of resistance of bacteria in human and veterinary medicine that are transmitted directly and through the food chain. Uncontrolled use of antibiotics in veterinary practice is a special danger for the development of antibiotic resistance. The problem of public health, human and veterinary is the acquired resistance of bacteria to antibiotics. Of particular importance is the emergence of multidrug resistance to Escherichia coli, which is becoming more common in the world, both in human and veterinary medicine, and the possible transmission of resistant Escherichia coli between animals and humans. The purpose of this paper is to show the importance of the rational use of antibiotics in animals and humans to prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance. Escherichia coli is an intestinal bacterium of all mammals, widespread in the environment and often present in food of animal origin. Today, a pluripotent bacterium and a carrier of antibiotic resistance genes due to anthropogenic factors, and genes are transmitted through animal bacteria, food bacteria to bacteria of human origin.

This study investigates the relationship between autoimmune disease otitis and gut microbial community abundance by using machine learning as an aid in the medical decision-making process. Stool samples of healthy and otitis diseased infants were obtained from the curatedMetagenomicData package. Class imbalance present in the dataset was handled by oversampling a minority class. Afterwards, we built several machine learning models (support vector machine, k-nearest neighbour, artificial neural networks, random forest and gradient boosting) to predict otitis from gut microbial samples. The best overall accuracy was obtained by the random forest classifier, 0.99, followed by support vector machine and gradient boosting algorithms, both achieving 0.96 overall accuracy. We also obtained the most informative predictors as potential microbial biomarkers for the otitis disease. The obtained results showed better accuracy in prediction of otitis from microbial metagenome than previously proposed methods found in literature.

The contemporary world has reached a critical stage of development that imposes reforms at the highest and grassroots levels. Humanity realized that the current lifestyle increasingly threatens their welfare. Hence, we perceive that the Integration of Knowledge (IoK) methodological approach to reforming the development of Islamic economics, banking, and finance (IEBF) is central to transforming such a conventional approach to life. A reformed IEBF would focus on the maqasid (objectives) of shariah and the SDGs. The qualitative nature of this paper appraises the IoK methodological approach through a methodological pluralism recognizing rational and revelational sources of knowledge. This also involves methods of library research and critical content analysis. Firstly, an introduction reveals the distinctiveness of the IoK methodological approach as a shift from and based on the Islamization of Knowledge (IOK) movement. Its potential to reform IEBF becomes apparent because of common philosophical foundations like IOK’s. We highlight in brief the IEBF compatibility with and to reform via the IoK methodological approach and so attain targeted maqasid and SDGs. Secondly, a review of extant literature explains why the IOK and IE represent the solution to reform IEBF in contemporary times, to overcome mainstream economic, financial, and banking issues, and to fulfil maqasid and SDGs. Thirdly, findings show how the philosophical foundations of IOK represent the basis for future IEBF development via the IoK methodological approach. Moreover, we identify IoK methodological principles to appraise theories for IEBF development in light of the maqasid and SDGs agenda. Lastly, we conclude and provide actionable recommendations.

The computational analysis of fiber network fracture is an emerging field with application to paper, rubber-like materials, hydrogels, soft biological tissue, and composites. Fiber networks are often described as probabilistic structures of interacting one-dimensional elements, such as truss-bars and beams. Failure may then be modeled as strong discontinuities in the displacement field that are directly embedded within the structural finite elements. As for other strain-softening materials, the tangent stiffness matrix can be non-positive definite, which diminishes the robustness of the solution of the coupled (monolithic) two-field problem. Its uncoupling, and thus the use of a staggered solution method where the field variables are solved alternatingly, avoids such difficulties and results in a stable, but sub-optimally converging solution method. In the present work, we evaluate the staggered against the monolithic solution approach and assess their computational performance in the analysis of fiber network failure. We then propose a hybrid solution technique that optimizes the performance and robustness of the computational analysis. It represents a matrix regularization technique that retains a positive definite element stiffness matrix while approaching the tangent stiffness matrix of the monolithic problem. Given the problems investigated in this work, the hybrid solution approach is up to 30 times faster than the staggered approach, where its superiority is most pronounced at large loading increments. The approach is general and may also accelerate the computational analysis of other failure problems.

Aim To analyze additional set of Y-Chromosome genetic markers to acquire a more detailed insight into the diversity of the Croatian population. Methods The total number of 518 Yfiler™ Plus profiles was genotyped. Allele, haplotype frequencies and haplotype diversity, were calculated using the STRAF software package v2.0.4. Genetic distances were quantified by Rst using AMOVA online tool from the YHRD. The evolutionary history was inferred using the neighbor-joining method of phylogenetic tree construction in MEGAX software. Whit Athey’s Haplogroup Predictor v5 was used for additional comparison with selected European populations. Results The total of 507 haplotypes were used for genetic STR analysis. The interpopulation comparison with the original 27 Y-STR markers shows the lowest genetic diversity between Croatian and Serbian population, and the highest between Croatian and Spanish population. Interpopulation study on 17 Y-STR markers shows the lowest genetic diversity between Croatian and Bosnian-Herzegovinian population, and the highest between Croatian and Irish population. Total of 518 haplotypes were used in the determination of haplogroup diversity. Haplogroup I with its sublineage I2a expressed the highest prevalence. Haplogroup R, with its major sublineage R1a, is the second most abundant in the studied Croatian population, except for the subpopulation of Hvar, where E1b1b is the second most abundant haplogroup. Rare haplogroups also confirmed in this study are L, T and Q. G1 is detected for the very first time in Croatian population. Conclusion New insight into differences between examined subpopulations of Croatia and their possible (dis)similarities with neighboring abroad populations was notified.

Gambling of young people as a risky behavior is an increasingly current social problem, but also the subject of numerous researches. The gambling industry is one of the fastest-growing industries in the world, and a significant increase in availability has taken place in the Bosnian and Herzegovinan society. Young people in BiH are entering the world of gambling more often and easier. Bad economic situation, social unrest, high poverty and unemployment rates contribute to this situation. World statistics show that the increase in gambling was significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Omnipresent digitalization during the pandemic, movement restrictions, but also existential uncertainty have opened a new path to online gambling. Therefore, an research was conducted in which the habits of young people (N=174) and their frequency of (online) gambling were examined. The questionnaire results showed that 70.5% of respondents had played games of chance at least once in their lives. Young people usually play one-time tickets and sports betting. Of particular concern is the fact that individuals play online games of chance on a daily basis. They usually invest a smaller amount of money and more than half of the respondents have lost money on betting at least once. The data show that gambling is most often out of boredom, fun and socializing, and they do not consider such behavior to be problematic. According to self-assessment, only 5.9% of respondents believe that their gambling is somewhat or completely problematic, while 3.7% state that the degree of gambling addiction is so high that they need professional help. On the other hand, Bosnia and Herzegovina lacks prevention programs aimed at problematic youth gambling, which is why they remain deprived of professional support. All of this suggests that serious investment in public health and social policies is needed to offer quality prevention and psychoeducational programs.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.785144.].

Next-generation mobile communication systems employ millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency bands with high bandwidths to enable high data rate transmissions. Further, the importance of high mobility scenarios, such as vehicular communication or high-speed train scenarios, is steadily increasing. To learn how wave propagation and scattering effects change from classical sub 6 GHz to mmWave frequencies, measurements in both bands have to be conducted. We perform wireless channel measurements at 2.55 GHz and 25.5 GHz center frequency at high mobility. To ensure a fair comparison between these two frequency bands, we perform repeatable measurements in a controlled environment. Our measurement methodology enables measurements at the same transmitter and receiver positions and velocities, but at different center frequencies. We compare measured wireless channels at the two employed frequency bands in terms of the delay-Doppler function.

We investigate an economical explanation for the (g − 2)μ anomaly with a neutral vector boson from a spontaneously broken U(1)X gauge symmetry. The Standard Model fermion content is minimally extended by 3 right-handed neutrinos. Using a battery of complementary constraints, we perform a thorough investigation of the renormalizable, quark flavor-universal, vector-like U(1)X models, allowing for arbitrary kinetic mixing. Out of 419 models with integer charges not greater than ten, only 7 models are viable solutions, describing a narrow region in model space. These are either Lμ− Lτ or models with a ratio of electron to baryon number close to −2. The key complementary constraints are from the searches for nonstandard neutrino interactions. Furthermore, we comment on the severe challenges to chiral U(1)X solutions and show the severe constraints on a particularly promising such candidate.

We investigate whether the European Union can be considered as a convergence machine after the 2008/2009 financial crisis. To do so, we econometrically test the relationship between the per capita GDP growth rate and macroeconomic variables in the period of 2004–2018, further subdivided into three periods: 2004–2008, 2009–2013 and 2014–2018. We hypothesize that the 2008/2009 financial crisis had a negative effect on the σ and β-convergence process. Our results support the convergence hypothesis, namely that the poor countries tend to grow faster than the rich countries. The convergence rates ranged between 1.71% and 4.51%. The negative effects of the crisis on convergence have been identified only for the absolute convergence. Our findings demonstrate that economic openness, inflation and government integrity have a positive impact on growth. The effects of unemployment have not been identified.

Purpose: In today's sport, and especially in high-performance sports where volleyball also belongs, continuous monitoring of Body Composition (BC) can significantly regulate the training process, which has a positive effect on the top form of athletes. Aim of the current study was to assess and analyze the body composition of a female volleyball players VC "Jahorina", by Bioelectric Impedance Analysis (BIA). Material and methods: In study the participants consist 18 female volleyball players, the members of the  Volleyball Club ''Jahorina'' from Pale, East Sarajevo City (Body height = 173 ± 8.77 cm; Body weight = 66.04 ± 9.09kg; BMI = 22.03 ± 2.19 kg/m², decimal age 19.11 ± 2.63 years old) who competes in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H). Results: of the study showed that the body composition is within the healthy (allowed) values recommended for this population of volleyball players (Body Fat = 24.82%; Body Fat=11.44kg; Body Water = 53.68%; Body Muscle = 47.09 kg, BMR = 1538.08; DCI = 6435.38, etc.). Conclusion: Compared to the results of other authors, that Jahorina volleyball players do not lag far behind European clubs in terms of weaker BC (BF%, BFkg, BW%, BMkg, BMR, DCI, BMI, etc.). The only place where they are inferior is the body height of the volleyball player (height = 173 ± 8.77 cm), while the relative value of Body weight = 66.04 ± 9.09 kg is evident.