This study analyses the yield movements of green bonds and municipal bonds in the United States over the past decade. The main hypothesis of the research is that green bonds have lower average yields compared to conventional municipal bonds. The study utilizes data from the S&P U.S. Municipal Green Bond Index and the S&P U.S. Municipal Bond Index. The research methodology includes descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and hypothesis testing (F-test and Ttest). The results show a high positive correlation between the yields of green and conventional municipal bonds, indicating similar market behaviour. At the same time, the results suggest that green municipal bonds have slightly lower average yields than conventional municipal bonds, but this difference is not statistically significant. These findings are consistent with some previous studies that found no significant difference in yields between green and conventional bonds. Possible reasons for this include the lack of difference in credit risk between green and conventional municipal bonds. The study has certain limitations, such as its focus on a single market (the U.S.) and one segment (local governments), as well as a relatively short time period. Future research could focus on other markets, longer time periods, and alternative methods of analysis.

Cryptocurrencies are new financial instruments that pose opportunities and challenges for modern finance. This paper synthesizes previous research using a literature review method and various academic databases. The results show that cryptocurrencies offer lower transaction costs, greater privacy, diversification benefits, and alternative financing solutions for institutional investors and individuals. However, they also face challenges such as regulatory uncertainty, criminal activity, environmental costs, prohibitions and restrictions on use, security and privacy concerns, and high volatility. The paper provides useful information for the academic and professional public who want to understand these new financial instruments. The research question is, “What are the opportunities and challenges of cryptocurrencies in modern finance?”

This study examines climate finance context, policy context in Bosnia and Herzegovina and creating recommendations regarding national Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system to track climate finance inflows and public expenditure. This research was prepared to answer the question, what is the best methodological approach for recording climate finance in Bosnia and Herzegovina, considering the best foreign practices as well as the specifics of the political system of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The subject of the research was the financial flows of investments in climate change, mitigation and adaptation, and the recommendation of the best way to establish a system for monitoring, reporting and verifying the relevant financial indicators. During the research, the main hypothesis was tested: H1: The existing monitoring of flows of public finances in Bosnia and Herzegovina give a clear picture of investment in climate change. The findings underscore the necessity for a robust MRV system that not only enhances transparency but also fosters accountability in the allocation of climate finance. It becomes evident that tailored strategies must be deployed to integrate these practices within the existing governance frameworks, ensuring that financial flows align with national climate objectives. Ultimately, this study seeks to contribute valuable insights and actionable recommendations toward advancing climate finance management in Bosnia and Herzegovina, advocating for a sustainable and resilient future in the face of climate change impacts.

Global crises like pandemics and geopolitical turbulence have underscored the importance of responsible business practices and corporate transparency. In light of these circumstances, ESG reporting, which measures and expresses a company's concern for the environment, society, and transparent management, has become increasingly crucial. However, in challenging environments with limited resources, such as Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), adopting ESG reporting can present significant barriers to the accounting profession. Therefore, this paper aims to examine accountants' readiness in BiH to adopt ESG reporting under such circumstances. To achieve this goal, we surveyed a representative sample of 290 accountants from across BiH. The survey used a Likert scale to assess accountants' knowledge of ESG standards, their willingness to adopt different reporting methods, and their expectations regarding the impact of ESG reporting on their work, responsibilities, long-term career prospects, and professional development. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, ANOVA tests and t-tests in Excel and SPSS programs. Our study provides valuable insights into the readiness of accountants for ESG reporting, the measures necessary to support its implementation, and the impact of ESG on the development of the accounting profession in BiH. The study also discusses the role accountants can play in encouraging ESG reporting and answers questions about ESG standards' challenges and how accountants can prepare for their adoption. Our results demonstrate that the majority of accountants in BiH support ESG reporting, but they lack the necessary knowledge, tools, and resources to properly implement the new requirements. Hence, we strongly recommend taking measures to improve the preparation of accountants for ESG reporting.

This study investigated the capital structure of 18 publicly traded agricultural companies over a 10-year period (2012-2022), specifically focusing on short-term debt to total liabilities (SHTDTL). Employing a dataset of 121 observations, the strategic financing decisions of these firms in the Republic of Srpska’s stock market were analyzed. The study examines the impact of various factors, including total debt to total equity (TDTC), tangible assets (TOA), company size (CS), current assets ratio (CR), current assets to total assets (CAA), return on equity (ROE), and return on assets (ROA), on capital structure choices. Results reveal that TOA, CAA, and ROE significantly positively influence the short-term debt ratio, while CS and ROA have a significant negative impact. This research sheds light on the financial decision-making of agricultural enterprises, offering insights that can inform their financing strategies and improve financial performance.

This study aims to analyze the opinions of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) citizens regarding mandatory pension insurance and the possibility of incorporating private insurance in future reforms. The research involves evaluating the satisfaction of BiH residents with the current pension system, understanding their perception of the pension fund’s risks, and identifying their attitudes towards possible pension system reforms, including the potential involvement of private insurance. The study also seeks to highlight any differences in attitudes towards socio-demographic characteristics, such as gender, employment, length of service, professional qualification, and monthly income. A survey of 812 BiH adults (representative but potentially not fully capturing the entire population) explored these aspects. While acknowledging limitations, the study reveals significant differences in attitudes based on demographics. For example, men are more optimistic about future pensions, while employed individuals are more inclined towards reform. The findings suggest general public support for pension system reform and openness to private insurance. However, the study highlights the need to consider these varying attitudes across different population groups when designing future reforms. This research provides the first quantitative data on BiH residents’ views on private insurance reform, contributing to public discourse and informing future policy changes.

Purpose. The purpose of this paper is to determine and analyze the determinants of the capital structure of joint-stock companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina that are listed on the Banja Luka Stock Exchange. This study will answer the question as to which factors determine the capital structure of BiH companies and whether existing financial theories of the capital structure hold true in that context. The main research objective is to estimate the effects of a firm’s level determinants on its capital structure measures in different ownership structures. Those findings will certainly advance our understanding of listed companies financing behavior. Methodology. For the research, we took into account firm-specific characteristics and divided joint-stock companies into private and state-owned. The results of the research show that the capital structure of these two groups of enterprises is differently affected by individual determinants. Findings and implications. While state-owned enterprises rely more on borrowed resources to finance both short-term and long-term assets, private enterprises even finance part of their short-term assets with their own capital. However, the most important determinant in both groups of enterprises is the share of inventories in short-term assets, which confirms that short-term liabilities, i.e. free sources of financing in the form of liabilities to suppliers are the determinant that most positively affect the indebtedness of all enterprises. Unlike previous research that observed enterprises according to their size or affiliation to individual industries, the focus of our research is enterprises of different ownership structures. The empirical statistical results provide basis for logical conclusion and appropriate policy implications. The study points to the specifics of the capital structure in private and publicly listed joint-stock companies. The stated opposite influence of certain ratios on the indebtedness of the enterprises is explained by a number of factors. Limitations. This study focuses only on the presentation of the recent indicators of capital structure of listed companies - listed on the Banja Luka Stock Exchange, which is one of its major limitations. The limitation of this search is the sample size which can be considered low. Further research may be conducted by using other capital markets to explore more information regarding the effect of the variables affecting the capital structure. In addition, further research may also be conducted by using other proxies or by adding more variables, sample size, and research period to get a better result. Originality. The study is an original research paper. It has not been published in any other peer-reviewed journal not under consideration for publication by any other journal. The paper adds to the existing literature on Bosnia and Hezegovina by giving an overview of recent developments in the flexi purity concept, pointing out the areas that require policy response.

This paper examines the complex landscape of digital currencies, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and distributed ledger technology (DLT), focusing on their implications within the accounting and financial reporting sector. The surge in popularity of these assets has brought about reporting challenges and complexities. The lack of comprehensive accounting standards and the digitization of financial reporting processes further compound the situation. These challenges underscore the need to update accounting practices to align with the security and transparency offered by DLT. The study examines the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) for digital currency reporting, analysing their implications and potential solutions for the accounting community. Central to this exploration is the question: How can the accounting sector navigate the multifaceted challenges and harness the multifarious opportunities that stem from digital currencies, NFTs, and DLT? Using a comprehensive research approach, including a literature review, empirical analysis, case studies, and comparative analysis, this study identifies strategies for managing the reporting complexities of digital assets. It also highlights the importance of collaborative dialogue between stakeholders and regulators to ensure consistency in an evolving landscape. This paper guides the accounting and investment sector in making informed decisions, fortified by a nuanced understanding of the evolving digital asset terrain.

Summary:The process of state succession, according to the rules of classical international law and the dominant theory of universal succession taken from Roman law, is inconsistent due to the sources of international law that regulate it. To standardize the practice of dealing with predecessor states and successor states in cases of succession, two international conventions were adopted: the Convention on the Succession of States concerning international treaties in 1978 and the Convention on the Succession of States concerning state property, archives, and debts in 1983. Although the former convention entered into force in 1996, the latter one never did. However, both conventions attempted to standardize the way succession cases are handled following international law. In the case of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), the process of succession following unconstitutional secession became highly politicized, particularly after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. The instrumentalization of international public law for political purposes in this case is still relevant today, as it highlights the politicization of international relations and legal norms. The Succession Agreement signed in 2001 was a positive step towards fairly dividing the assets and liabilities of the SFRY among the successor states. However, even 23 years after its signing, this process has not been completed. Furthermore, there have been violations of basic human rights by Croatia and Slovenia regarding the succession of acquired rights of former citizens of the SFRY, despite these countries now having the status of EU members. The conclusion suggests the necessity of further cooperation and solving key issues to achieve stability and prosperity in the region.

The financial industry is experiencing a digital revolution fueled by the fourth industrial revolution. While digital tools are widely adopted, the specific impacts of digitalization and innovation on financial markets and citizens remain under-researched. This study investigates the relationship between technological progress and innovation with the development of financial markets, the Human Development Index, and the Gross Domestic Product per capita. The core question is how, and to what extent, technological advancement and innovation influence financial development and other social and financial performances per capita. The research employs regression analysis, specifically simple linear regression, and integrates existing research and theoretical frameworks to build an inductive approach. Findings indicate that a one-unit rise in technological progress is linked to a 0.5unit increase in the financial development index (p-value < 0.001). These findings suggest that financial intermediaries and decision-makers in developing countries should consider altering their business models and adapting to rapid technological changes to enhance financial development. This paper provides insights into the connection between progress in digitization and outcomes in the economy and finance, emphasizing the importance of adapting to swift technological changes for sustainable development.