In teaching mathematics to first-year undergraduates, and thus in the appropriate calculus textbooks, the task of calculating an integral that satisfies a specific first-order or second-order recurrence relation often appears. These relations are obtained mainly by applying the method of integration by parts. Calculating such integrals is usually tedious, especially for an integer n > 2, time-consuming, and presents the possibility of making a large number of errors when computing involves multiple iterative steps. In [1], it is shown that in two cases (Theorems 2.1. and 2.3), the process of calculating integrals satisfying first-order recurrence relations can be performed quickly using easily memorised closed-form formulas for corresponding primitive functions. The question can rightly be asked whether there is a faster way to calculate other integrals of this type. In this paper, our goal is to give an affirmative answer to such a question, though without convering all situations. Since each recurrence relation is equivalent to a difference equation of the same order, the calculation of integrals mentioned above can be reduced to solving the corresponding difference equations. Since every first-order or second-order linear difference equation is solvable, it follows that for every integral which can be reduced to a first- order or second-order recurrence formula, it is possible to find corresponding primitive functions directly. Sometimes such a procedure is much faster than iterative solving of the integral. Closed-form formulas for the integrals discussed in the following sections are not unknown (see [2]). However, here our goal is to present the idea of computing indefinite integrals using difference equations. We will discuss it in more detail in Section 2. In Section 3, we discuss the application of the results obtained to calculate several improper integrals and the application of some of them in different sciences. An exciting example of such an application is the integral , which in the case n = 1 is used in the kinetic theory of gases, particularly in the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of gas molecules by energies (see Remark 4). Also, we compare the formulas obtained by the method of difference equations with the formulas obtained using Wolfram Alpha software (see Remark 5).

An exceptional microsample from the ground layer of Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa was analyzed by high-angular resolution synchrotron X-ray diffraction and micro Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, revealing a singular mixture of strongly saponified oil with high lead content and a cerussite (PbCO3)-depleted lead white pigment. The most remarkable signature in the sample is the presence of plumbonacrite (Pb5(CO3)3O(OH)2), a rare compound that is stable only in an alkaline environment. Leonardo probably endeavored to prepare a thick paint suitable for covering the wooden panel of the Mona Lisa by treating the oil with a high load of lead II oxide, PbO. The review of Leonardo's manuscripts (original and latter translation) to track the mention of PbO gives ambiguous information. Conversely, the analysis of fragments from the Last Supper confirms that not only PbO was part of Leonardo's palette, through the detection of both litharge (α-PbO) and massicot (β-PbO) but also plumbonacrite and shannonite (Pb2OCO3), the latter phase being detected for the first time in a historical painting.

Abstract Quality of Experience (QoE) for mobile Web browsing is a complex and multidimensional concept. So far, the research community has addressed the influence of QoE perceptual dimensions on QoE and the impact of various influence factors on QoE perceptual dimensions for mobile Web browsing. In this study, we recognize the gap and need to analyze and gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between multiple influence factors and specific constructs of QoE perceptual dimensions. Utilizing a previously collected dataset, our goal is to fill the research gap in terms of investigating the impact of specific influence factors (loading time, aesthetics, number of taps, information quality) on various constructs comprising the user perception of usability, aesthetics, and information quality in the context of mobile Web browsing. A total of 14 research questions are raised: 7 addressing constructs comprising perceived usability (simplicity, effectiveness, quickness, efficiency, comfort, ease of use, organization), 3 addressing constructs comprising perceived aesthetics (perception of mobile Web site aesthetics, pleasance, clarity, systematicness), and 4 addressing constructs comprising perceived information quality (timeliness, clarity, conciseness, structuralism/completeness/spelling-correctness). Results of posed research questions provide indications on the strength and direction of the impact of considered QoE influence factors on the perception of studied constructs. This study contributes to the research community by being the first to address the impact of chosen QoE influence factors on individual constructs comprising QoE perceptual dimensions in the domain of mobile Web browsing, thus extending the knowledge on interplays and relations in this area. Furthermore, it contributes by revealing numerous new paradigms in the context of usability, aesthetics, and quality of information, such as: (i) beautiful and easy to reach is more simple, effective, efficient, and comfortable, (ii) easy to reach is more pleasant and clear, (iii) informative is more pleasant and clear, (iv) beautifully presented information has higher perceived quality, etc. Reported findings can be utilized by various stakeholders (mobile Web site designers, content providers, device designers, network providers) for indirect management of QoE.

Embedded systems find extensive applications in various aspects of daily life and their presence in the highly connected world of today is growing. With a large number of remote devices and sensors, there is a growing need for remote data processing. Microcontrollers, often integral components of such devices, can enable remote data manipulation through the implementation of a web server called embedded web servers. The implementation of a server on such a system poses challenges, such as limited resources, so it is crucial for the web server implementation to be compatible with the available resources. This paper focuses on the requirements for the implementation of a web server. Also, an embedded web server has been designed for specific application of monitoring air parameters. The implementation utilizes the LwIP stack and allows for remote access to measurement results within a local network. The paper will delve into the operational principles of both the web server and the entire system.

The demand for renewable resources in building construction is increasing, and wheat straw is an excellent option due to its superior environmental performance compared to traditional insulation materials. However, the hygrothermal properties of chopped wheat straw insulation have remained largely unexplored. At the moment, blown-in straw is only blown in vertically, although horizontal blowing would be more efficient depending on the situation. This study investigates the effect of different blowing techniques on the thermal properties of chopped wheat straw insulation, focusing on the difference between vertical and horizontal blowing techniques. In-situ-measured thermal conductivities were compared with design values used in energy balances. In addition, the long-term hygrothermal behavior of chopped wheat straw insulation treated with flame retardants was investigated. The methodology included heat flow plate measurements, needle probe measurements and laboratory measurements using the hot plate method. The results show that there is no significant difference in thermal performance between the blowing techniques. The measured thermal conductivities were lower than expected, challenging the current general normative moisture surcharge on the thermal conductivity of natural fiber insulation. The addition of the flame retardant had no noticeable effect on the hygrothermal properties of the chopped straw. Chopped wheat straw can be regarded as a highly ecological insulation material with great potential for the future.

Usvajanje Smjernica generalnog sekretara Ujedinjenih nacija o Reparacijama za seksualno nasilje povezano sa sukobima (2014. godine) predstavlja dodatak dotadašnjim normativnim dešavanjima u oblasti rodno osjetljivih reparacija. Uprkos ovom progresivnom normativnom napretku i dalje postoje konceptualne praznine u pravnom i politiĉkom okviru za reparacije koje se bave seksualnim nasiljem povezanim sa sukobima i, shodno tome, tekućim izazovima u sprovođenju rodno osjetljivih reparacija. Izazovi ukljuĉuju isključenje žena iz pravnih lijekova zbog pristrasnosti u stvaranju i sprovođenju režima reparacija.Transformativne reparacije se bave neposrednim reparativnim potrebama lica koja su preživjela seksualne povrede, uz uzimanje u obzir socijalnih i ekonomskih barijera punoj ravnopravnosti žena u mnogim društvima. Te reparacije prevazilaze neposrednost seksualnog nasilja, obuhvatajući jednakost, pravdu i longitudinalne potrebe onih koji su doživjeli seksualne povrede. U tu svrhu predlažu se odgovarajući principi reparacija za seksualno nasilje povezano sa sukobima. Autori u radu poseban naglasak stavljaju na aktuelne probleme zaštite prava na zdravlje i obrazovanje ţrtava seksualnog nasilja u ratu. Takođe, predstavljeni su restitucija, rehabilitacija, reparacija i resocijalizacija žrtava seksualnog nasilja u ratu u Bosni i Hercegovini (1992–1995). Pri tome se polazi od činjenice da protek vremena nije zaliječio ratne rane, uključujući dugotrajne psihičke, fizičke, ekonomske i društvene posljedice seksualnog nasilja u ratu za preživjele i njihove porodice. Mnoge žrtve još uvijek pate od traume povezane sa ratnim seksualnim nasiljem, koja ima značajne posljedice i teško se prevazilazi. Većina preţivjelih pati i od posttraumatskog stresnog poremećaja povezanog sa razliĉitim psihiĉkim stanjima. U završnom dijelu problematizuju se neka zakonska rješenja ostvarenja reparacije za žrtve seksualnog nasilja u ratu u Bosni i Hercegovini, te izlažu konkretni prijedlozi de lege ferenda.

Posmatrajući historiju razvoja maloljetniĉkog prijestupništva, vidljivo je da se ono javlja u svim zemljama bez obzira na društvena ureĊenja. Razlika, meĊutim, postoji u nizu faktora koji opredjeljuju borbu protiv maloljetniĉkog prijestupništva, od kojih je jedan od znaĉajnijih utjecaj pojedinih subjekata maloljetniĉkog pravosuĊa na odabir, trajanje i proces izvršenja reakcije, mjere ili sankcije prema maloljetnom poĉiniocu kriviĉnog djela. Sud kao poseban autoritet ima i veoma znaĉajnu ulogu pri primjeni i izvršenju kriviĉnih sankcija,mnaroĉito kriviĉnih sankcija institucionalnog tretmana. Svojim odlukama mijenja “sudbinu” i tok izvršenja izreĉenih sankcija, a samim tim i samog maloljetnika. Autorice se u ovom radu bave ulogama suda pri izvršenju sankcija institucionalnog tretmana, posebno se osvrćući na meritornu ulogu suda pri izvršenju kriviĉne sankcije - upućivanje u odgojni centar. Izvršenje ove odgojne mjere, prava i duţnosti subjekata u tom procesu te uloge sudija za maloljetnike pri individualizaciji odgojnih mjera maloljetniku, sudska individualizacija, bit će prikazani kroz konkretne primjere, analizirajući pritom studij sluĉaj iz prakse KJU „Odgojni centar Kantona Sarajevo“. Treba se naglasiti da pri sudskoj individualizaciji sankcioniranje ima kao cilj resocijalizaciju maloljetnika, što podrazumijeva multidisciplinarni pristup te adekvatnu primjenu pravnog, pedagoškog, psihološkog i socijalnog pristupa u radu sa maloljetnim prijestupnicima.

Anksioznost je neizbjeţna u svakodnevnom ţivotu te predstavlja automatski odgovor ĉovjeka na doţivljaj opasnosti. TakoĊer, problemi i simptomi vezani uz anksioznost sastavni su dio sazrijevanja te predstavljaju adaptivne odgovore koji ĉuvaju od opasnih situacija i djeluju motivacijski. Anksioznost postaje problem za osobu onda kada prestane djelovati motivirajuće i zaštitniĉki. Cilj rada je ispitati prisustvo aksioznosti kod uĉenika zavšnih razreda osnovne škole. U radu se pošlo od pretpostavke da je aknsioznost prisutna kod uĉenika završnih razreda u razliĉitim podruĉjima. Uzorak ispitanika ĉinilo je 120 uĉenika završnih razreda osnovne škole na podruĉju Tuzlanskog kantona. Istraţivanje je sprovedeno u februaru 2023. godine. Mjerni instrument korišten u istraţivanju je Skala djeĉje anksioznosti autorice Purić (1992; prema Zaić, 2005) namijenjena je ispitivanju anksioznosti djece školske dobi. Podaci su obraĊeni metodama deskriptivne statistike. Rezultati istraţivanja upućuju na prisustvo anksioznosti na tri podruĉja: ispitnu, socijalnu i opštu aksioznost u razliĉitom intenzitetu. Najveći intenzitet je zabiljeţen u podruĉju ispitne anksioznosti.

The research was conducted to examine communication styles on social networks and the prevalence of cyberbullying among the citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The survey included 250 respondents, of both sexes, from the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Respondents answered individually via an online questionnaire. The results showed that social networks are widely used in Bosnia and Herzegovina; as many as 94.8% of respondents use Facebook, 82.3% use Instagram, and 32.9% use Tik Tok. All three communication styles (aggressive, passive, and assertive) are also present when communicating online on social networks. Assertive and passive ways of communicating are more common than aggressive ones. At least a third of the respondents included in this research were exposed to cyberbullying. Along with the numerous advantages of communication via social networks, it has its disadvantages. The existence of victims of violent communication on social networks is a non-negligible fact. There is an obvious necessity to detect and remediate this relatively new social problem, and also the need to provide adequate social and counseling services for the protection of the citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina against violent online communication.

Boravak u zatvorskom okruţenju predstavlja specifiĉno iskustvo za većinu pravosnaţno osuĊenih osoba. Iako se svrha kaţnjavanja ogleda u ostvarivanju ciljeva specijalne i generalne prevencije, treba imati u vidu da prilagoĊavanje na posebne uslove ţivota kao što su ograniĉenje slobode kretanja i upravljanja ustaljenim ţivotnim navikama predstavljaju sloţenu novonastalu situaciju koja utiĉe na opšte ali i mentalno zdravlje zatvorenika. Dalje, odlazak jedne osobe na izdrţavanje kazne zatvora, u velikom broju sluĉajeva, direktno utiĉe na brojne aspekte ţivota samog zatvorenika ali i ĉlanova njegove porodice a moţe imati dalekoseţne posljedice i nakon izlaska iz zatvorskih rešetki. Da li zatvor utiĉe na svijest zatvorenika o zdravim ţivotnim navikama i vrijednostima? Kako zatvor utiĉe na sposobnost zatvorenika da promjeni svoje ponašanje? Kakva prava u zatvoru imaju zatvorenici? Da li izlaze kao bolje ili lošije osobe? Da li zatvorske kazne utiĉu na zdravlje porodice i da li proces rehabilitacije kod zatvorenika uspije baš svaki put? Sve su to pitanja koja će biti obraĊena u okviru teme ovog referata.

Rad ukazuje na izazove odrastanja djece u digitalnom vremenu koje nudi brojne pozitivne mogućnosti, ali i opasnosti vezane za njihov zdrav razvoj. Cilj rada je ukazati kako savremeni mediji utiču na vaspitanje i oblikuju razliĉite dimenzije ţivota djece i adolescenata, njihov identitet i odnose s roditeljima i vršnjacima. U radu se kroz teorijsku analizu i rezultate istraţivanja daje odgovor na tri grupe pitanja: Koji su izazovi odrastanja djece u digitalnom vremenu? Kakav je uticaj digitalnih tehnologija na porodicu? Kakav je odnos roditeljstva i digitalnog učenja? Polazeći od toga da su ključni zadaci odrastanja razvoj identiteta, autonomije i intimnosti, odnosno stvaranje prijateljstava i odnosa, sugeriše se potreba analiza uticaja moderne tehnologije na sve navedene aspekte. U radu su saţete spoznaje o tome kako moderni mediji oblikuju razliĉite dimenzije ţivota djece i adolescenata, pritom uvažavajući njihove mogućnosti i prednosti. Digitalni život može podržavati ili ometati razvoj identiteta. Na osnovu teorijske analize i rezultata istraživanja su razmatrani uticaji medija na kvalitet odnosa s vršnjacima, te ukazano i na negativne pojave (internet zavisnost, cyberbullying). Uz odnose su analizirani i drugi konstrakti kako koristiti prednosti koje nude mediji i smanjiti loše vaspitne uticaje, te kako roditelji mogu pomoći djeci da se uspješnije nose sa izazovima digitalnog vremena. Rezultati istraživanja impliciraju važnost obezbjeđivanja podrške roditeljima dok poduzimaju korake prema ostvarenju vizija za svoju djecu u digitalnom vremenu.

We consider the problem of accurate sparse fine-tuning of large language models (LLMs), that is, fine-tuning pretrained LLMs on specialized tasks, while inducing sparsity in their weights. On the accuracy side, we observe that standard loss-based fine-tuning may fail to recover accuracy, especially at high sparsities. To address this, we perform a detailed study of distillation-type losses, determining an L2-based distillation approach we term SquareHead which enables accurate recovery even at higher sparsities, across all model types. On the practical efficiency side, we show that sparse LLMs can be executed with speedups by taking advantage of sparsity, for both CPU and GPU runtimes. While the standard approach is to leverage sparsity for computational reduction, we observe that in the case of memory-bound LLMs sparsity can also be leveraged for reducing memory bandwidth. We exhibit end-to-end results showing speedups due to sparsity, while recovering accuracy, on T5 (language translation), Whisper (speech translation), and open GPT-type (MPT for text generation). For MPT text generation, we show for the first time that sparse fine-tuning can reach 75% sparsity without accuracy drops, provide notable end-to-end speedups for both CPU and GPU inference, and highlight that sparsity is also compatible with quantization approaches. Models and software for reproducing our results are provided in Section 6.

Power system reliability is often threatened by lightning discharges causing the outages of the overhead lines. Surge arresters installed on high-voltage overhead transmission lines can improve their lightning performance. Studying lightning is a challenging task due to its stochastic nature and complex discharge mechanism. Lightning data based on lightning location systems has contributed to the recent improved understanding of lightning but there are still areas that require further research such as the parameters of the lightning current waveform. This paper describes the proposed line surge arresters' monitoring system for measuring lightning and line surge arrester currents as well as temperature and humidity. The proposed system is based on state-of-the-art measuring sensors, communication and information technologies. Software and hardware components of the system are described, including laboratory tests and results.

Understanding the variability in the mechanical and hydrological soil characteristics resulting from diverse tillage and residue management practices is essential for evaluating the adoption of conservation strategies to preserve soil’s physical well-being. Zero-tillage techniques combined with residue retention or incorporation have gained widespread recognition for their capacity to conserve soil and water resources, reduce energy consumption, and enhance soil quality and environmental sustainability. Nevertheless, the choice of tillage and residue management options may vary depending on the geographical locations and specific soil conditions. To assess the impacts of four distinct tillage and residue management approaches, a two-year experiment (2020–2021 and 2021–2022) was conducted: T1: conventional tillage followed by wheat sowing after the removal of rice straw (CT-RS); T2: zero tillage with wheat sowing using a Happy Seeder while retaining rice straw (ZT+RS); T3: conventional tillage followed by wheat sowing after rice straw incorporation using a reversible mouldboard plough (CT+RS); T4: minimum tillage with wheat sowing using a Super Seeder with rice straw incorporation (MT+RS); the effects were recorded on the physical soil properties. Our findings indicate that zero tillage combined with residue retention (T2) had a positive influence on various physical soil attributes. Notably, significant differences were observed among the tillage and residue management options, particularly in terms of the bulk density with T1 exhibiting the highest values and the lowest being in T2, whereas the soil penetration resistance was lowest in T3 compared to T1. In the case of T3, sandy loam and clay loam soils had the highest measured saturated hydraulic conductivity values, measuring 5.08 and 4.57 cm h−1 and 4.07 and 3.73 cm h−1, respectively. Furthermore, T2 (zero tillage with residue retention) demonstrated the highest mean weight diameter (MWD) and maximum water stable aggregate. These results collectively underscore the positive effects of adopting zero tillage and retaining residue (T2) on soil structure and quality, particularly concerning the mechanical and hydrological soil properties.

Introduction Basketball is a fast-paced intermittent team sport, wherein the players must exhibit different morphologies and fitness levels depending on their position. The aim of this study was to assess the differences in the athleticism of basketball players by playing positions and in its relations with body composition and anthropometric measures. It was hypothesized that calculated athleticism has stronger and better predictive relations with morphology compared to motoric tests alone. Methods 47 basketball players were divided into three groups according to playing position [guards (n = 14), forwards (n = 22), centers (n = 11)]. Body composition and anthropometrical measurements were done for all players. Athleticism was presented in terms of overall (OFS), jumping (JFS) and sprinting (SFS) fitness scores. Results Fitness scores were found to be more strongly related to body composition and anthropometry measurements than motoric tests alone. All three fitness scores were moderate to strongly correlated with skinfold thickness and fat percentage, while body height, fat-free mass, and lean body mass were positively correlated. Significant differences in athleticism fitness scores were found between guards and other groups. Forwards displayed superior athleticism in power and sprint abilities when compared to guards and centers. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that fat percentage, lean muscle mass, skinfold thickness, and arm span exhibited strong predictive capabilities in relation to athleticism scores. Conclusions Coaches and practitioners should be aware that athleticism includes a multitude of components, and they should use athleticism assessments before designing training regimens that are tailored to each position's unique needs.