Adherence is tremendously important for efficiency and safety of pharmacotherapy and has a significant influence on its clinical, economic and humanistic outcomes, which can be observed both on the individual level of the patient as well as on the overall healthcare system. The inadequate degree of adherence is a long-lasting and widely present problem which can have immense and long-term consequences. Therefore, the issue of adherence is a big challenge for medical professionals in clinical practice. The concept of adherence is based on cooperation between patients and medical team members in the process of therapy management. It is focused on patients and implies a two-way transfer of information, agreement and shared responsibility for success in realization of adequate therapy regime and defined goals. Although there are numerous methods for adherence assessment, the evaluation of this parameter is still considered problematic. The complexity of adherence can be seen in its multidimensionality since numerous factors which individually and in mutual interaction affect medicine-taking behavior and thus create a framework that determines the achieved level of adherence have been identified and analyzed. Considering the fact that poor adherence is one of the main preventable causes of unsatisfactory therapy results and excessive costs of medical care, it is evidently necessary to ensure a high quality base in the form of knowledge, skills and motivation at the healthcare system level for adherence evaluation and improvement, as well as a multidisciplinary approach based on coordinated activities of healthcare policy creators, researchers and medical professionals. Acta Medica Medianae 2016;55(1):51-58.

Data from Slovene national primary immunodeficiency (PID) registry are presented. Besides clinical and genetic data of patients with PID, quality indicators in patient care are included. Data are systematically collected in Department of Allergology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology in collaboration with physicians of different specialities. Increasing number and spectrum of PID are recognised in Slovenia. After establishment of Slovene multidisciplinary group in PID care in 2007 thorough immunological and genetic diagnostics, subcutaneous immunoglobulin replacement and treatment of PID with haematopoietic stem cell transplantation were introduced in routine clinical practice in Slovenia. Increased medium age of PID patients reflects improved survival and better recognition of PID in adults. According to the data in comparable registries percentages of patients with predominantly antibody deficiencies and complement deficiencies are low and high, respectively.

We advocate the possibility that the observed diphoton excess at 750 GeV at the LHC can be addressed by the scalar field that is a part of the SU(5) symmetry breaking sector. The field in question is the Standard Model singlet that resides in the adjoint representation that breaks SU(5) down to SU(3) x SU(2) x U(1). We also show that the required production and subsequent decay to two photons of this singlet can be induced by individual or combined contribution of two scalar multiplets $S_3$ and $R_2$ that transform as (3,3,-1/3) and (3,2,7/6) under SU(3) x SU(2) x U(1), respectively. The individual dominance of these multiplets is directly related to the issue of the charged fermion mass generation within the SU(5) framework and can be unambiguously tested through the diboson decay signatures of the Standard Model singlet field.

Summary Cholesterol deficiency, a new autosomal recessive inherited genetic defect in Holstein cattle, has been recently reported to have an influence on the rearing success of calves. The affected animals show unresponsive diarrhea accompanied by hypocholesterolemia and usually die within the first weeks or months of life. Here, we show that whole genome sequencing combined with the knowledge about the pedigree and inbreeding status of a livestock population facilitates the identification of the causative mutation. We resequenced the entire genomes of an affected calf and a healthy partially inbred male carrying one copy of the critical 2.24‐Mb chromosome 11 segment in its ancestral state and one copy of the same segment with the cholesterol deficiency mutation. We detected a single structural variant, homozygous in the affected case and heterozygous in the non‐affected carrier male. The genetic makeup of this key animal provides extremely strong support for the causality of this mutation. The mutation represents a 1.3kb insertion of a transposable LTR element (ERV2‐1) in the coding sequence of the APOB gene, which leads to truncated transcripts and aberrant splicing. This finding was further supported by RNA sequencing of the liver transcriptome of an affected calf. The encoded apolipoprotein B is an essential apolipoprotein on chylomicrons and low‐density lipoproteins, and therefore, the mutation represents a loss of function mutation similar to autosomal recessive inherited familial hypobetalipoproteinemia‐1 (FHBL1) in humans. Our findings provide a direct gene test to improve selection against this deleterious mutation in Holstein cattle.

ABSTRACT In recent years, we have investigated the possibility that Eurasian jay food sharing might rely on desire-state attribution. The female's desire for a particular type of food can be decreased by sating her on it (specific satiety) and the food sharing paradigm can be used to test whether the male's sharing pattern reflects the female's current desire. Our previous findings show that the male shares the food that the female currently wants. Here, we consider 3 simpler mechanisms that might explain the male's behavior: behavior reading, lack of self-other differentiation and behavioral rules. We illustrate how we have already addressed these issues and how our food sharing paradigm can be further adapted to answer outstanding questions. The flexibility with which the food sharing paradigm can be applied to rule out alternative mechanisms makes it a useful tool to study desire-state attribution in jays and other species that share food.

Background: Vitiligo is a common skin disorder characterized by macular depigmentation of the skin. Although the etiopathogenesis of the disease is still unclear, several studies have shown that within the cascade of pathogenesis of vitiligo, cytokines play an important role. Objectives: The aim of our study was to evaluate serum concentrations of interleukin- IL-2 (IL-2) and interleukin-2 soluble receptor (IL-2 sR) in patients with vitiligo and healthy subjects and also to asses a possible association between these cytokines and duration of the disease. were measured using enzyme-linked immunoassay techniques. Results: Both IL-2 (median 22.600 pg/ml, range 20.900-76.100) and IL-2sR (median 76.100 pg/ml, range 15.700-183.800) in the patient group were significantly higher when compared with that of the normal controls. When the serum cytokine level in vitiligo group were compared to total disease duration (Spearman correlation ρ ), serum IL-2 was negatively ( ρ = -0.000573, P = 0.9980) and IL-2 sR was positively ( ρ =0.241, P = 0.2797) correlated with total disease duration, but it is of borderline significance. Conclusions: Our results showed hight serum levels of IL-2 and IL2 sR among vitiligo patients which may highligth a functional role of these cytokines in the pathogenesis of this disease.