In this paper, the author aims to address and problematize the adequacy of the criminal enforcement system in terms of the social adaptation and reintegration of convicted persons after serving a prison sentence, as well as to critically examine the potential problems and risks faced by this population. The humanization of the criminal enforcement system requires respect for the personal integrity and dignity of each individual, along with the implementation of appropriate programs and treatments aimed at behavior change and raising awareness about the harmful effects of criminal activity to achieve specific objectives. In this context, the legislator has prescribed a catalog of rights and established certain rules of conduct, particularly for specific categories, such as minors, individuals with mental disorders, persons with disabilities, and drug users. Special attention is given to juveniles due to their age, criminal-legal status, and the potential risk of recidivism (criminal reoffending), with a particular focus on sentencing and the execution of juvenile imprisonment. Accordingly, the paper centers on the social adaptation and reintegration of former offenders, with a particular focus on the real problems and challenges they face after serving their sentences and being released from correctional institutions.

Abstract Duplication of the vermiform appendix is a rare anomaly observed in patients undergoing appendectomy. A 27-month-old male toddler presented with a 9-day history of abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea, progressing to an acute abdomen with signs of severe peritonitis. Intraoperative findings revealed a periappendicular infiltrate from a perforated vermiform appendix of the tenia coli type. A second, inflamed appendix was incidentally discovered in its typical location during the procedure. Vermiform appendix duplication presents a clinical challenge due to its rarity and potential for complications. According to the Cave–Wallbridge classification, this case represents Type B2, or the tenia coli variant, characterized by a perforated appendix originating at the tenia coli convergence and a smaller, secondary appendix in a retrocecal position. This case emphasizes the importance of thorough distal and proximal exploration during initial appendectomy when this anomaly is suspected, particularly in cases of Type B2.

Post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina remains a society in which ethno-nationalist rhetoric and war memories permeate public discourse. This paper investigates the use of metaphors in media texts written in English and the Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian language on the topic of ‘two schools under one roof’. Writing about this peculiar construct within the country’s educational system tackles socio-political factors and their effects on the provision of primary and second-ary education. We describe how metaphors as cognitive devices are used to portray educational developments in this post-conflict country and the effects of their use on recipients. The paper points out cases of deliberate metaphor use, which influences recipients’ perspectives on the topic at hand. Keywords: conceptual metaphor; deliberate metaphor; segregation; MIPVU.

Pesticides used in agriculture can contaminate foods like fruits and vegetables, posing health risks to consumers and highlighting the need for effective residue monitoring. This study explores aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) comprising phosphonium or ammonium ionic liquids (ILs) combined with ammonium sulfate as an alternative pre-treatment method for extracting and concentrating the pesticides clomazone, pyraclostrobin, and deltamethrin from strawberry samples. Liquid–liquid equilibrium measurements for each ATPS were conducted, followed by extraction experiments to determine the most efficient systems for pesticide extraction. Results showed that all three pesticides migrated effectively to the IL-rich phase across the tested ATPSs. For the most promising system, tetrabutylphosphonium salicylate ([TBP][Sal]) with ammonium sulfate, extraction efficiencies for each pesticide exceeded 98% under optimized conditions for parameters such as pH, temperature, and ATPS composition. Application of this ATPS to strawberries resulted in significant pesticide preconcentration, reaching mg/L levels suitable for detection by liquid chromatography. The method’s sustainability was supported by green chemistry metrics, with AGREEprep and AGREE scores of 0.68 and 0.55, respectively, underscoring its alignment with eco-friendly practices.

This research is aimed at the importance of the value of a healthy lifestyle, especially among the younger population (students), and as an indicator of the level of health, the optimal level of sugar in the blood and the normality of the Body Mass Index represent an established prerequisite for longer-term life and cell health. The researchers used the Mann- Whitney U test for differences between a total of 73 female students of the University of Tuzla (N-35 Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, N-38 Law). The research showed that the students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports who have a significantly higher number of physical activities in their daily activities have lower body mass index values and that showed a statistically significant difference between the students of these two faculties at the significance level of 99% (p<0.01 ) , also in the blood sugar level between these two groups of students, a statistically significant difference was shown at the level of 99% (p<0.01), and in this area of research, the female students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports have lower values (MEAN = 4.989 mmol/l) from students of the Faculty of Law (5.545 mmol/l). It is important to note that in both groups in both researched areas the results are in the normal criterion ranges, and based on the values of arithmetic averages, it can be seen that female students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports have lower values of blood glucose and body mass index, which would could lead to a connection with the specifics of the study programs, for example the scope of daily movement activities. Keywords: BMI, insulin, health

Abstract Introduction. Sports are frequently investigated in relation to alcohol consumption habits in adolescence, but few studies have reported various competitive- and recreational-sport factors as correlates of harmful alcohol consumption in youth. This cross-sectional study aimed to identify possible associations that may exist between sports factors and harmful drinking in adolescents, emphasizing the specific influence of participation in competitive and recreational sports. Material and Methods. The participants were 650 adolescents from Bosnia and Herzegovina (16-17 years of age, 313 females) who were tested for sociodemographic factors, competitive-sport factors, recreational-sport factors, physical activity levels (PALs), and outcome-alcohol drinking (obtained by Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test – AUDIT). For the purpose of statistical analyses, the obtained AUDIT score was dichotomized (non-harmful vs. harmful drinking). Results. Harmful drinking was more common in males than in females (χ2 = 47.01, p < 0.001), and those adolescents who reported better competitive success in sports (χ2 = 41.81, p < 0.001). The PAL was greater in those males who did not report harmful drinking (t-test = 2.45, p < 0.05), with no significant difference in females or in the total sample. Logistic regressions were performed with sex as a confounding factor and revealed that competitive success in sports was significantly correlated with harmful drinking (OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.02-1.66, p < 0.05). Conclusions. This study highlighted the specific association between competitive sports success and harmful drinking in adolescents, indicating the need for a more detailed analysis of the background of the established association. Further analyses on the potential association between PAL and substance misuse in youth are warranted.

Background and Objectives: This study primarily aims to evaluate the preoperative staging effectiveness of PET-CT in early-stage cervical cancer, particularly, its ability to detect primary tumors and micrometastases. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, cervical cancer patients who had undergone preoperative 18F FDG PET-CT scans and were treated at the Department of Gynecology, Institute of Oncology, Vojvodina, in Sremska Kamenica, during the period from 2016 to 2020 were analyzed. Results: The study included 62 patients (mean age, 49.3 ± 9.6 years). Squamous cell carcinoma was the predominant histological type (95.2%), with G2 differentiation (82.3%) and FIGO stage Ib1 (80.6%) being the most common. Assessed by 18F FDG PET-CT, the mean tumor size was 26.4 ± 10.8 mm, which is slightly lower than the 26.9 mm measured during clinical examination (p = 0.784), with a significant (r = 0.678, p < 0.001) correlation between these methods. 18F FDG PET-CT demonstrated an overall accuracy of 88.7% for identifying primary tumors, with a sensitivity of 86.8%, specificity of 100.0%, PPV of 100.0%, and NPV of 56.2%. An intraoperative examination showed identical overall accuracy but higher sensitivity (98.1%) and lower specificity (33.3%). For 18F FDG PET-CT, the level of agreement with the histopathological examination was good (Kappa 0.656), while for the intraoperative examination, it was moderate (Kappa 0.409). Regarding the lymph node assessment, 18F FDG PET-CT’s accuracy was 82.2%, with a sensitivity of 53.8% and a specificity of 89.8%. The intraoperative examination showed lower accuracy (66.1%) but higher sensitivity (76.9%). The 18F FDG PET-CT Kappa value indicated moderate agreement (0.449), while the intraoperative examination showed poor agreement (0.282). Conclusions: In conclusion, significant effectiveness is shown by 18F FDG PET-CT for preoperative staging of early-stage cervical cancer, offering superior accuracy in detecting primary tumors and micrometastases, particularly in predicting lymph node metastases, thereby enhancing diagnostic accuracy and informing treatment decisions.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT Spondylodiscitis management presents significant clinical challenges, particularly in critically ill patients, where the risks and benefits of surgical intervention must be carefully balanced. The optimal timing of surgery in this context remains a subject of debate. PURPOSE This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of early surgery versus delayed surgery or conservative management in critically ill patients with de novo pyogenic spondylodiscitis. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING This is an international, multicenter retrospective cohort study involving 24 centers, primarily in Europe. PATIENT SAMPLE The study included 192 critically ill patients (65.63% male) with a median age of 69 years, all severely affected by pyogenic spondylodiscitis characterized by an initial CRP level >200 mg/l or the presence of two out of four Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome criteria upon admission. OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Secondary outcomes included length of ICU stay, length of hospital stay, and relapse rates of spondylodiscitis. METHODS Patients were divided into three groups: early surgery (within three days of admission), delayed surgery (after three days of admission), and conservative therapy. Propensity score matching and multivariate regression analyses were performed to adjust for baseline differences and assess the impact of treatment modalities on mortality and other clinical outcomes. RESULTS Delayed surgery was associated with significantly lower 30-day mortality (4.05%) compared to early surgery (27.85%) and conservative therapy (27.78%) (p<0.001). Delayed surgery also resulted in shorter hospital stays (42.76 days) compared to conservative therapy (55.53 days) and early surgery (26.33 days) (p<0.001), and shorter ICU stays (4.52 days) compared to conservative therapy (16.48 days) and early surgery (7.92 days) (p<0.001). The optimal window for surgery, minimizing mortality, was identified as ten to fourteen days post-admission (p=0.02). Risk factors for increased mortality included age (p<0.05), multiple organ failure (p<0.05), and vertebral body destruction (p<0.05), whereas delayed surgery (p<0.05) and the presence of an epidural abscess were associated with reduced mortality (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Delayed surgery, optimally between 10 to 14 days post-admission, was associated with lower mortality in critically ill spondylodiscitis patients. These findings highlight the potential benefits of considering surgical timing to improve patient outcomes.

Abstract Current literature on the privacy paradox in personalised advertising lacks insight into how consumers’ knowledge of the data types used shapes their responses to these ads. Building on privacy calculus theory, theory of reasoned action, and signalling theory, this research explores how consumers’ knowledge of data types in personalised advertising influences their reactions. Multigroup path analysis examines differences in established relationships based on consumers’ data knowledge. The moderating effect of this knowledge in the relationship between perceived invasiveness and purchase intentions is also tested. Findings from a sample of millennials indicate that privacy concerns increase perceived invasiveness. However, multigroup and moderation analyses reveal that perceived invasiveness’ impact on purchase intentions varies with consumers’ data knowledge. Specifically, in the search history group, perceived intrusiveness negatively affects purchase intentions. These results underscore the situation-specific nature of the privacy calculus and assist advertisers in understanding consumer behaviour in response to personalised ads.

Abstract The paper focuses on analyzing key factors influencing the effectiveness of internal audit in the public sector of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). Through multiple regression analysis (Ordinary Least Squares-OLS), the impact of five independent variables (competence of internal auditors, size of internal audit department, relationship between internal and external auditors, management support for internal audit, and independence of internal auditors), two control variables (organization’s sector and total number of employees in the organization), on the dependent variable (effectiveness of internal audit) was measured. Research results indicate that a significant portion (.2 = 45.00%, Adj .2 = 40.90%) of the variability in the effectiveness of internal audit can be explained by the variability of the five independent variables in the model. The largest positive impact on the effectiveness of internal audit is attributed to the size of the internal audit department and the independence of internal auditors. Conversely, management support for internal audit had the least impact, which contradicts our predictions and the results of previous research. The limited impact of management support on the effectiveness of internal audit in the public sector of BiH may stem from a lack of understanding regarding the role and importance of internal audit, as well as from perceiving it as merely a formal legal requirement without substantial value.

The aim of this research was to determine the physical activity of primary school students in the area of Herzegovina-Neretva Canton. The research was conducted on a sample of N=2589 elementary school students from I to IX grades. The obtained data show that out of the total number of respondents, there are more students who do not play sports (54.4%) than students who play sports (45.6%). Only among fourth grade there are more students who play sports (57.8%) than students who don't play sports (42.2%). In all other classes, there are more students who don't play sports. Keywords: physical activity, primary school, students, sports