Introduction/Objective Isolated hypertransaminasemia (IHTS) is a common, benign, and transient appearance in patients with celiac disease (CD). The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of IHTS in children up to two years old with clinically classical CD, as well as its connection with the onset of the first symptoms of the disease, the age of diagnosis, the clinical and laboratory nutritional parameters, and the degree of damage of small intestinal mucosa. Methods The study was based on a sample of 82 children, 55 female and 27 male, ages 7?24 (14.28 ? 4.41) months. The diagnosis of CD was based on the revised ESPGHAN criteria and the activity of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) by standard laboratory methods. Results IHTS was found in 39 (47.56%) patients, 27 of whom (69.23%) had elevated levels of both transaminases and 12 of only one ? eight of AST and four of ALT. The increase in relation to the aforementioned reference value for ALT was 1.1?10.08 (1.67 ? 1.73), and for AST it was 1.08?7.91 (1.56 ? 1.29) times. In patients with IHTS compared to those with normal transaminasemia, the age of onset of CD was significantly lower (9.83 ? 3.69 vs. 12.95 ? 4.43 months, p = 0.001), as well as the age of diagnosis (12.97 ? 3.88 vs. 15.47 ? 4.56 months; p = 0.01), while the differences in the other observed parameters were not significant. Conclusions IHTS occurs in almost half of children up to two years old with classical CD. Hypertransaminasemia is in most cases mild and significantly more frequent in patients with earlier clinical expression of the CD.

Introduction/Objective. Anemia is the most common extraintestinal manifestation of celiac disease (CD) in children. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency, severity and type of anemia in children with a classical CD, as well as the differences between anemic and non-anemic patients in their age, duration of illness, percentile body length or height, percentage of body weight (BW) deviation compared to ideal, and the degree of damage to the small intestine mucosa. Methods. The study was based on a sample of 90 children, 56 females and 34 males, ages 7?90 (18.23 ?} 12.7) months with classical CD. The diagnosis of CD is based on the ESPGHAN criteria from 1990 and 2012, and of anemia on the 2011 WHO reference values. Results. Anemia was found in 47 (52.22%) patients, of which it was mild in 23 cases [hemoglobin (Hb) 100?109 g/L] and moderately severe in 24 (Hb 70?99 g/L), in 34 (72.34%) it was microcytic [mean cell volume (MCV) < 70 fl] and normocytic (MCV 70?87 fl) in 13 patients. Low serum iron levels (< 10.7 ?mol/L) were found in 68 (75.56%), and hypoferritinemia (< 16 ng/ml) in 77 (85.56%) patients. Except for a greater deficit of BW in patients with anemia compared to those without anemia (-14.64 ? 9.60 vs. -8.56 ? 11.87%, p < 0.01), differences in other defined features were not significant. Conclusion. Mild or moderate iron deficiency anemia occurs in slightly more than half of children with a classical type CD. In anemic compared to non-anemic patients, there is a significantly higher BW deficit, while differences in other characteristics typical for this type of disease are not significant. This article has been corrected. Link to the correction 10.2298/SARH1910649E

Introduction. Arsenic exists in various forms in nature and living organisms. Toxic elements, including arsenic, which are present in some plants, can severely damage haemopoietic, immune, nervous and reproductive systems. For this reason, a content of heavy metals is one of the criteria for the assessment of the safe use of plant material in the production of traditional medicines and herbal infusions. This instigates the need for constant and organized safety control of plants that are used as raw materials in pharmaceutical industry. The aim of this study is to determine the arsenic content in selected teas which are available on the market of the Republic of Srpska. Methods. The 10 g samples of 13 herbal and 3 fruit teas were mineralized by dry ashing and arsenic contents were determined by the atomic absorption spectrophotometer Agilent Technologies Series 200 with an air-acetylene burner and D2 background correction. Results. Mean arsenic concentrations in the herbal tea samples ranged from 0.009 to 0.145 mg/kg. The lowest arsenic concentration in a single sample of 0.007 mg/kg was found in Chamomile tea and Uva ursi collected as a wild plant at elevation above 1200 m. The highest arsenic concentration was found in the sample of Sambucus nigra tea (0.145 mg/kg). In fruit teas, the arsenic concentration ranged from 0.014 mg/kg (Cranberry) to 0.027 mg/kg (Fruit mix). Conclusion. Arsenic content in all analyzed tea samples is below the value stipulated by the national legislation.

This study is focused on getting feedback on positive and negative aspects of coach-athletes relationship and defining the quality of this relationship, as well as their implications to both coaches' and athletes' work. The multivariate analysis of variance shows that the interaction between athletes' gender and type of sport is significant for all three subtests (social support, depth and conflict) of the Quality Relationship Inventory questionnaire. Significant differences are noticed with young athletes receiving social support by their coaches, while individual athletes have shown a higher level of social support than their peers from team sports. The results of this study suggest that male individual sports athletes shows tenacious connection (depth) with their coaches, while the situation for the team sports is reversed. Also, female athletes have shown a higher level of conflict with their coaches in individual sports, whilst the level of conflict with male athletes is more common in team sports. Coach's support is of a high importance due to a significantly weakened relationship between athletes and parents in the age of adolescence. The coach is a person who has to play more active role in overall young athletes' personality development and thus the qualification of the staff working with younger age categories has to be at the highest level of their competences.

Background: Monitoring and measuring of the medicine utilisation enables to assess the quality of use of medicines, providing the evidence-based data for the improvement of the prescribing practice and a more rational use of medicines. The aim of this study was to analyse utilisation patterns of medicines and to compare the results with other countries. Methods: A retrospective, observational study to analyse outpatient medicines utilisation in the Republic of Srpska between 2009 and 2017. Data of medicines utilisation were retrieved from the national database in the Public Health Institute of the Republic of Srpska and calculated and analysed by using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/Defined Daily Dose (ATC/DDD) methodology. The results were expressed as Defined Daily Doses (DDDs) per 1,000 inhabitants per day. Results: Total medicines utilisation increased, from 448 DDDs in 2009 to 1,036 DDDs in 2017. Cardiovascular medicines (group C) were the most used medicines, and their share in the total utilisation increased from 36.6% in 2009 to 44.4% in 2017. Among them, the most frequently used were angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, plain and in combinations with diuretics, namely enalapril. The share of medicines used in diabetes in the total utilisation increased from 3.9% in 2009 to 5.1% in 2017. Metformin and glimepiride accounted for about 83% of the blood glucose lowering medicines group (A10B). Among the antithrombotic medicines, the most frequently used were platelet aggregation inhibitors (B01AC), mainly acetylsalicylic acid whose use tripled since 2009. Diclofenac was the most frequently used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic drug (M01). Conclusion: The trend of increased medicines utilisation was observed in this study. This finding is comparable with other countries. Variations between countries in the preferred medicines within a class as well as the extent of medicines use were observed. These differences were probably consistent, but not solely attributable, to differences in local guidelines and reimbursement policies.

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of calcium fertilizer treatments on fruit quality and distribution of calcium in apple fruit (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Idared). Four treatments were tested: application of calcium nitrate through the fertigation system, foliar application of calcium nitrate, application of calcium oxide through soil, and control treatment (without calcium fertilizer). In the experiment, freshly picked apples harvested in Gorazde region (eastern Bosnia) in September 2018 were analyzed. The highest impact to increase calcium content in apple had a treatment where calcium nitrate was added through the fertigation system. It was the result of the balance between calcium and nitrogen in the applied solution as well as the fertigation capacity to timely deliver nutrition to the main rooting zone. Calcium distribution was not uniform within the fruit: the highest content was found in the apple core, decreasing in the apple flesh, and rising again in the apple skin, regardless of fertilizer treatment. There was no difference among calcium fertilizer treatments in total soluble solids and titratable acidity of apple, indicating that these treatments were insufficient in order to improve the examined parameters of fruit quality.

Depression is becoming a widespread illness. One of the most dangerous types of depression is postpartum depression. In the presented case of postpartum depression, aggravating factor was patient’s personality structure. With the frequent giving up on previous therapy, frequent mood swings, and the present feeling of helplessness, the very treatment of depressive episode within the postpartum depression was difficult. In this case report, the introduction of aripiprazole as a drug with a proven effect on mood swings and tendency to mood stabilisation resulted with complete and long-lasting remission.

Background: Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are very often inappropriately prescribed drugs. The aim of this study is to analyse physicians' prescribing patterns for BZD in Republic of Srpska, and to assess to what extent primary diagnosis determine the dose and the length of use of BZDs. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the physicians' prescription habits based on the database of Family Medicine Information Systems of Republic of Srpska, as well as on data from patient’s medical record were performed. Patients’ socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, including the data on the type and dose of BZDs prescribed, were recorded and evaluated. Results: BZDs were mostly prescribed for anxiety disorders (30.05%), for depressive disorders (17.54%), and for anxiety-depressive disorders (10.86%). A significant amount of BZDs was prescribed for non-psychiatric diagnoses (23.81%). Patients suffering from psychotic disorders were taking the highest dose of BZD and for the longest periods of time (p<0.001). Longer use of BZDs was in women (r=0.04, p<0.001), elderly (r=0.178, p<0.001), single people (r=0.12, p<0.001), those who live in urban areas (r=0.45, p<0.001) and those who were prescribed higher doses (r=0.213, p<0.001). Conclusion: A significant percentage of patients were using the BZDs for longer period of time than recommended. Strongest positive correlation was found between the dose and the length of use, which implies the addictive potential of BZDs. Since it has been noticed that prolonged use, or abuse is present regardless of the diagnosis, precaution is advised when prescribing BZDs even for acute diseases.

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