Graphs are irregular structures which naturally account for data integrity, however, traditional approaches have been established outside Signal Processing, and largely focus on analyzing the underlying graphs rather than signals on graphs. Given the rapidly increasing availability of multisensor and multinode measurements, likely recorded on irregular or ad-hoc grids, it would be extremely advantageous to analyze such structured data as graph signals and thus benefit from the ability of graphs to incorporate spatial awareness of the sensing locations, sensor importance, and local versus global sensor association. The aim of this lecture note is therefore to establish a common language between graph signals, defined on irregular signal domains, and some of the most fundamental paradigms in DSP, such as spectral analysis of multichannel signals, system transfer function, digital filter design, parameter estimation, and optimal filter design. This is achieved through a physically meaningful and intuitive real-world example of geographically distributed multisensor temperature estimation. A similar spatial multisensor arrangement is already widely used in Signal Processing curricula to introduce minimum variance estimators and Kalman filters \cite{HM}, and by adopting this framework we facilitate a seamless integration of graph theory into the curriculum of existing DSP courses. By bridging the gap between standard approaches and graph signal processing, we also show that standard methods can be thought of as special cases of their graph counterparts, evaluated on linear graphs. It is hoped that our approach would not only help to demystify graph theoretic approaches in education and research but it would also empower practitioners to explore a whole host of otherwise prohibitive modern applications.

Tobacco consumption continues to be behavior engaged in by a large percentage of Bosnia&Herzegovina (BiH) citizens. According to the official statistics, nearly half of the state’s adults, that is about 1,200,600 people, consume tobacco product on a daily bases. The state excise policy is one of the main available tool for reducing smoking prevalence because the cigarette prices are under direct impact of this policy. The specific excise on cigarettes introduced in BiH in 2009 and have increased every year so it was the main driver of cigarettes price growth. In order to provide research-based evidence for more effective tobacco taxation policies in BIH, in this paper we estimate price elasticity of demand for cigarettes using the macro level data for the period 2008 to 2017, on a semi-annual basis. The results have shown that increase in prices of cigarettes have statistically significant impact on cigarettes consumption, at significance level of 1%. The estimated price elasticity coefficient is in the range from -0.71 to -0.83, depends on the selected control variables used in the model. It means that increase in real cigarettes prices for 10% led to the decrease in cigarettes consumption in the range from 7.1% to 8.3%.

In this paper, the stress and strain analysis of common laminated wood seat shell is performed. Experimental stiffness evaluation is conducted by measuring displacement of the point on the backrest, and experimental stress analysis is carried out by tensometric measuring at the critical transition area from the seat to the backrest. Finite element analysis is carried out layer by layer with a “2D linear elastic model” for orthotropic materials. Good matching is found between numerical and experimental results of displacement. It is also shown that the results of the principal stress in the measurement points of the seat shell compare favourably with experimental data. The applied in-plane stress analysis of each individual veneer is not applicable for interlaminar stress calculations that are a significant factor in curved forms of laminated wood. Curved forms of laminated wood products require more complex numerical analysis, but the method can be used to achieve approximate data in early phase of product design.

One of the first tasks in engineering embedded systems is the selection of the hardware; more specifically, the MicroController Units (MCUs). This selection is driven by business, technical, organizational, and legal constraints. Often, the hardware is delivered together with proprietary environments in which the software to be deployed has to be developed. This imposes architecturally significant constraints that are usually communicated inappropriately (in terms of time and format) to the engineering team. Examples are the usage of proprietary data types and programming language constructs (e.g., macros in C) and limitations to the reuse of existing software assets. To overcome this challenge, we propose an approach that has two main constituents: (i) the Embedded System Checklist, which aims at guiding the selection of MCUs according to the architecture constraints; and (ii) the Embedded System ESDT Dependency (SED) Architecture View, which connects the software design view with the technical view, describing hardware-related development environment limitations and their influences on the software architecture. We evaluated the application of these concepts in two industrial projects and show that making these dependencies transparent saves a lot of effort during software system development.

This paper aims to evaluate the trilateral relations between Turkey, Serbia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the course of a proper evaluation of the growing dynamics of diplomatic relations between these three countries, it is important to assess relations at the presidential and ministerial levels. The research analyzes official statements, declarations, and agreements that envision the tripartite mechanism. Besides putting these official statements, declarations, and agreements into perspective, the research aims to assess the major implications, activities, and results of trilateral relations. It is significant to determine to what extent trilateral relations affect diplomatic relations, regional stability, regional cooperation, tourism, trade, and economic relations. This paper also aims to put the trilateral relations into perspective by explaining constructive and proactive Turkish foreign policy in the Balkans.

Objective: We present a 17-year-old boy with an incidentally diagnosed left adrenal ganglioneuroma during the diagnostic workup of alopecia areata. Clinical Presentation and Intervention: Laboratory investigations revealed vitamin D deficiency. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy was performed and ganglioneuroma was confirmed histologically. At follow-up, the vitamin D supplements improved the vitamin D levels followed by a gradual regression of alopecia areata. However, it recurred 18 months later despite the normal levels of serum vitamin D and no tumor recurrence. Conclusion: Further studies should reveal the relationship between alopecia areata and ganglioneuroma as well as the role of vitamin D in alopecia areata.

With great interest we have read the letter by De Giorgi et al. in which they express their disagreement with the conclusions of our study on the potential value of a Raman spectroscopy device in the clinical diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma. In our paper, we tested the diagnostic accuracy of Raman spectroscopy, expressed as sensitivity, specificity and number needed to treat, in a set of pigmented skin lesions that were deemed suspicious for melanoma by dermatologists. Whereas current clinical diagnosis and dermoscopy rely on recognition of morphological characteristics, Raman spectroscopy provides information about the molecular composition of pigmented skin lesions. Our results indicate that Raman spectroscopy constitutes a valuable diagnostic tool: all melanomas that were analyzed tested positive with Raman spectroscopy (sensitivity 100%), and the estimated number needed to treat was 2.7 (ratio between the number of lesions tested positive by Raman spectroscopy and the total confirmed melanoma). De Georgi et al. disagree with our conclusions which state that the diagnostic model based on Raman spectroscopy has enabled greater sensitivity and specificity in melanoma diagnosis, detecting all thin melanomas and reducing the number of unnecessary excisions by more than two-fold compared with the current clinical practice. They object to the fact that pigmented skin lesions were enrolled in the study after a dermatologist performed a clinical assessment and had excised lesions that were clinically suspicious for melanoma, and state that this does not reflect clinical practice. They furthermore state that such “lesion pre-selection frequently includes many melanomas that are easy to diagnose, and which often have an exceedingly high frequency of malignancies within the lesions examined, thus creating an “artificial” diagnostic setting compared to real practice”. De Giorgi et al. have misinterpreted the objective of our study and our data set. Our results are based on the use of Raman spectroscopy as an add-on to diagnose dermatologist-selected lesions. We do not want to by-pass the dermatologist. The selection of suspicious lesions by a dermatologist is part of the intended clinical practice. This must not be confused with a bias in the case series used. The sample set mostly consisted of difficult to classify lesions, including melanoma in situ and dysplastic nevi, deemed suspicious for melanoma based on visual inspection by dermatologists specialized in pigmented skin lesions. This selection of lesions was in line with the objective of our study; namely to investigate the diagnostic use of Raman spectroscopy as an adjunct technique to distinguish between melanoma and unnecessary diagnostic excisions. This is fully in line with the main conclusion drawn from the results regarding the diagnostic accuracy in an independent validation set, and the possible reduction of the number of unnecessary diagnostic excisions if the Raman instrument were used as an add-on to classify lesions considered suspicious by dermatologists. De Giorgi et al. also criticize the fact that amelanotic lesions were excluded from analysis. All lesions that were excised by the dermatologist for suspicion for melanoma were subjected to Raman spectroscopy. This included unpigmented lesions suspicious for amelanotic melanoma. After histopathological evaluation, the lesions diagnosed as non-melanocytic were excluded from analysis (basal cell carcinoma, seborrheic wart, lichenoid keratosis, dermatofibroma, haemangioma, scar), because the aim of the study at this stage was to distinguish between melanoma and non-melanoma melanocytic lesions. De Giorgi et al. furthermore state that only a melanoma left unexcised represents a clinically relevant false negative diagnosis and that in their experience this does not frequently occur, and likely limited to subjects harboring a clinically “featureless” tumor. We can only refer to the literature. The accuracy and reproducibility of melanocytic skin lesion diagnosis is poor, in particular among general practitioners, as has been demonstrated in several studies. More evidence-based studies are required to provide data about the role of Raman spectroscopy to improve clinical diagnosis of melanoma in different medical settings, including screening of inconspicuous melanocytic skin lesions. With this study we provide evidence that accurate diagnostic results can be obtained by Raman spectroscopy on pigmented skin lesions selected by dermatologists as suspicious for melanoma. We believe that these results represent an important step towards accurate clinical diagnosis of melanoma.

Constructed wetlands, as an alternative to conventional methods, are systemsdesigned on the basis of the application of natural purification processes that take placein watery and swampy overgrown habitats, with certain microbiological groups. In thewastewater treatment process various types of constructed wetlands can be combinedto achieve a higher efficiency of the purification.In this study, the removal effectiveness of the organic substances from municipalwastewater was monitored, using a horizontal pilot - scale constructed wetlandutilizing Typha latifolia and Phragmites australis. In addition to the measurement oforganic substances content through COD, BOD and KMnO4 consumption, and totaldissolved substances (TDS) in influent and effluent, microbiological sample analysis wasperformed, monitored by total number of coliform bacteria.The aim of this study was to calculate the effectiveness of removing organicsubstances from municipal wastewater, depending on the season, as well as theeffectiveness of eliminating total coliform bacteria.The results of one-year research have shown that the removal effectiveness ofthe organic substances from municipal wastewater, expressed as the chemical oxygendemand (COD), was the highest in summer - 87.82% ± 2.83%, and the lowest in thewinter - 64.51% ± 5.89%. During the study, effectiveness of elimination of total coliformbacteria was 97.88 ± 0.80% and total dissolved substances 71.27% .

Victims and witnesses may be reluctant to give information and evidence because of perceived or actual intimidation or threats against themselves or members of their family. This concern may be exacerbated where people who come into contact with the criminal justice system are particularly vulnerable. For instance, by virtue of their age and developing levels of maturity, children require that special measures be taken to ensure that they are appropriately assisted and protected by criminal justice processes.Victims who receive appropriate and adequate care and support are more likely to cooperate with the criminal justice system in bringing perpetrators of crime to justice. However, inadequacies of criminal justice systems may mean that victims are not able to access the services they need and may even be re-victimized by the criminal justice system itself.

In this paper, we strive to point out the special protection of children with developmental disabilities and invalids as victims of crime and violence, in accordance with international and national law. Through the analysis of the judgment of the European Court against Bosnia and Herzegovina, we want to point out the secondary victimization of such persons who have been mistreated by civil servants and responsible for the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the law on civil servants, it is necessary to incorporate responsibility for the execution of secondary victims of victimization in a manner that is personally liable for these violations of citizens' rights and that the damages caused are borne by themselves and that they are removed from the civil service.

Communication between two or more participants is obtained through a non ideal transmission medium. Such medium is usually characterised by different types of distortions which affect transmitted signal. Many of them are not completely avoidable. In order to minimize their effect at the receiver end, adequate performance measure of distortion-to-signal influence is needed. As the one of the most reliable measures for evaluating total distortion on transmitted signal, from transmitter to receiver end, we consider a bit error rate. In this paper, we propose a low-cost bit error rate measuring system constructed as RTL-SDR based wireless Hardware-In-The-Loop system. The proposed measuring system is tested in indoor environments on BPSK modulated signals. Obtained results show high matching with theoretical expectations. Also, for the proposed system adequate graphical user interface is created in the Matlab.

The advancement of LED technology in the last 10 years has completely put other light technologies into the fore-ground. LED has almost entered all spheres of life. When it comes to products that use LED technology, one of the most important issues is lifetime. This paper contains a detailed overview of the research in the field of lifetime testing of LED components and products which have an LED element. Mathematical models for accelerated LED ageing tests are given in this paper. Ageing tests with constant temperature and constant current were analyzed. In this paper a simplified model of the lifetime of LEDs in products is proposed. The results of testing several samples for a product with an LED based technology are given.

O objetivo do estudo é apresentar uma revisão integrativa sobre métodos de avaliação de equilíbrio postural em pessoas com AR. Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos randomizados e não-randomizados, estudos transversais com a temática de equilíbrio postural em pessoas com AR em português, espanhol e inglês publicados nas duas últimas décadas nas bases PubMed, SCOPUS e plataforma PEDro. Foram incluídos os estudos que apresentavam no título ou resumo termos mencionados nas estratégias de busca. A descrição dos artigos selecionados indicou: autor, ano de publicação, número de participantes, objetivos, instrumentos ou método utilizados para avaliar o equilíbrio postural, outras avaliações além do equilíbrio postural e principais resultados. De 70 estudos encontrados, foram selecionados 22 para discussão e análise. A maioria não apresenta avaliações com testes específicos para as diferentes dimensões de controle do equilíbrio postural empregando testes-extra às avaliações. Frente às limitações encontradas nos instrumentos avaliados, verifica-se que para melhor determinar os déficits é necessário empregar um conjunto de avaliações que incorporem as principais dimensões de controle do equilíbrio postural, fornecendo informações mais completas e abrangentes a programas de reabilitação e prevenção de quedas na AR.

In limited resources settings, Health Technology Management (HTM) presents specific challenges, which significantly differ from those faced in higher income settings. In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), HTM requires holistic approaches based on reliable information on medical devices operationalized in local medical locations, which may differ significantly from the USA or European ones. Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS) tools offer unprecedented opportunities to optimize medical device organization and management in SSA. Nonetheless, CMMS for SSA should be designed to meet real local needs and facing local economic and organizational constraints. This paper describes the results of a project aimed to design and deploy a context-driven CMMS tool, called “GMaint-KM Benin”, which was designed, developed, tested, validated and deployed in the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique d’Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin. The methods followed to design the CMMS, was inspired by closed-loop control theory. It is based on the idea that an effective CMMS could have been designed using as reference international standards and best practices, while controlling and optimizing CMMS inputs and outputs basing upon information and data measured in Beninese medical locations, following a closed-loop feedback control strategy. The tool is currently fully functional in three Beninese hospitals. The successful method used to design this tool represents a best-practice of optimal co-design for Sub-Saharan Africa, which could be adapted and reused in similar projects aiming to design and deploy health technologies for low-income settings. In perspective, the project aims to enhance “GMaint-KM Benin” and scale it up at the national level. The adoption of such a tool could represent an effective base for comparative studies among African countries.