Introduction: Medical biochemical laboratory professionals play a critical role in diagnostics, research, and patient care, performing complex tasks that require extensive knowledge, professional attitudes, and adherence to best practices. Understanding their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) is essential for improving laboratory performance, ensuring quality, and enhancing patient outcomes. Despite the importance of quality control systems and international standards, the existing literature reveals a lack of validated instruments to assess KAP among laboratory professionals. This study aimed to develop and validate a comprehensive questionnaire targeting key domains of laboratory practice, with the goal of identifying operational gaps and guiding future interventions. Methods: The questionnaire was developed through a four-phase process: Literature review, item construction, questionnaire distribution, and validation. Psychometric evaluation included internal consistency testing and factor analysis to ensure reliability and validity. Results: The final instrument, titled KAP of Laboratory Professionals on Standards and Work Quality Systems, comprised 73 items across six domains. The overall Cronbach’s alpha was 0.673, indicating moderate but acceptable internal consistency. The questionnaire effectively identifies gaps in KAP related to quality control in medical-biochemical laboratories. Its results can support laboratory managers in recognizing areas for improvement, ultimately enhancing service quality and patient outcomes. Conclusion: This descriptive and analytical study presents a validated and reliable tool for assessing KAP regarding standards and quality control systems in medical-biochemical laboratories. Its application can guide targeted interventions to address deficiencies and strengthen practices in laboratory medicine.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and destruction of cartilage, as well as by extra-articular manifestations. Rheumatoid nephropathy is a common complication of RA and its principal target is the renal corpuscle. Vitamin D and its analogs exert immunomodulatory actions throughout the body due to the widespread of their receptors. Our study aimed to compare the effects of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) and alfacalcidol on renal corpuscle changes in pristane-induced RA model following a 28-day treatment, using geometric morphometrics. Forty female Wistar rats (190–210 g; 12–13 weeks old) were randomly assigned to four groups: the control (Cont) group (n = 10) received saline i.c., the PIA group (n = 10) was administered pristane i.c., PIA-ALF group (n = 10) was administered pristane i.c. and alfacalcidol orally, and the PIA-CH group (n = 10) was injected i.c. with pristane and received cholecalciferol orally. Pristane administration was used for RA induction. At the end of the experiment, the left kidneys were removed and processed by standard histological procedures for geometric morphometric analysis. Geometric morphometric analysis demonstrated that, compared with the control group, the architecture of the renal corpuscles was altered in the PIA (p < 0.0001) and PIA-CH (p = 0.0065) groups. In contrast, no statistically significant differences were observed in the PIA-ALF group (p = 0.3011). Geometric morphometric analysis demonstrated that alfacalcidol, but not cholecalciferol, exertedaprotective effect on the renal corpuscle architecture in pristane-induced rheumatoid arthritis in rats.

Objective: Investigate the relationship between age, gender and dental status with changes in the osseous structures of the TMJ. Material and Methods: The study included 110 CBCT images of patients. According to age, the CBCT images of patients were divided into three groups: 20-40 years old, 40-60 years old, group over 60 years old. According to dental status, the images of patients were divided according to the Eichner's classification I, II and III. Analysis and measurements, vertical, linear and angular were performed on CBCT images: condylar morphology, medio-lateral and antero-posterior width condyles, height and inclination of the articular eminence and depth of the glenoid fossa. Results: One-way ANOVA revealed no statistically significant differences in any TMJ measurements across Eichner classes I, II, and III and between the different age groups. Significant difference was observed for antero-posterior condylar width between the age groups (p = 0.016). Males showed significantly greater medio-lateral condylar width (p = 0.0006), as well as a larger articular eminence height and inclination (p = 0.003, p = 0.006,), and a greater glenoid fossa depth (p = 0.0036) compared to females. Coronal morphology was not significantly associated with sex and age. Sagittal condylar morphology showed a trend toward statistical significance in relation to age (p = 0.055). Conclusion: Antero-posterior condylar width was significantly shorter with increasing age. Men showed significantly greater medio-lateral condyle width, articular eminence height and inclination, and greater glenoid fossa depth in relation to women. Dental status classified according to Eichner showed no measurable association with temporomandibular joint morphology in this sample. Only sagittal condylar morphology showed a trend toward statistical significance with respect to age.

In the aim of this study was to analyze oral hygiene maintenance habits and the correctness of applying oral hygiene methods among students of the Faculty of Dentistry and students of other faculties at the University of Sarajevo, with focus on assessing the importance of oral hygiene in the prevention of gingivitis. Materials and methods: The study included 30 students from the Faculty of Dentistry and 30 students from other faculties. The age of participants ranged from 21 to 26 years. All participants signed informed consent for voluntary participation prior to the examination. Data were recorded on specially designed forms. Inclusion criteria were systemic health and absence of ongoing therapy. All participants answered questions regarding harmful habits, oral hygiene practices, and regular dental visits. A clinical examination of the gingiva was performed, including the assessment of periodontal indices and diagnostic tests. Results: Dental students demonstrated better oral hygiene habits and gingival health compared to students from other faculties. Plaque, calculus, and gingival index values were lower among dental students, while signs of gingival inflammation—such as redness, smooth surface, and a positive Pitting test - were more common among students of other faculties. Dental students more frequently used interdental cleaning aids and regularly visited the dentist, indicating a higher level of knowledge and awareness regarding oral health. Conclusion: The results confirm that education plays a key role in maintaining oral health and highlight the need for preventive and educational programs even among populations not belonging to the dental profession.

Introduction: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease leading to the loss of the supporting apparatus of the tooth, and tooth mobility is a common complication of advanced stages of the disease. Splinting is a therapeutic measure stabilizing mobile teeth and improves function in the patient. Aim: To present the clinical procedure and therapeutic outcome of splinting of mobile lower incisors in a patient with stage 3, class B periodontitis. Methods: A case of a 40-year-old patient with pronounced gingival recessions, moderate plaque index, subgingival calculus and mobility of the lower frontal teeth is presented. After initial non-surgical therapy and subgingival curettage, splinting of the lower incisors was performed using Ribbond fibers. The procedure included etching, adhesive preparation, adaptation of the fibers to the contour of the tooth and finishing with composite material, with occlusion check and polishing. Clinical effects were monitored through multiple visits. Discussion: Splinting with fiber-reinforced composite materials is an effective and aesthetically acceptable method of tooth stabilization in patients with periodontitis. In this case, stabilization of mobile teeth and reduction of subjective symptoms of hypersensitivity after treatment were achieved. The literature confirms that adequately planned and timely splinting can contribute to the improvement of periodontal parameters, bone remodeling and increased oral health quality of life. An individualized approach and estimation of optimal intervention timing are key to achieving stable long-term outcomes.

Arc conductance decay is a well-established performance indicator for thermal interruption in SF6, with a narrow range of known limit values. It is also shown that conductance decay can also serve as a performance indicator in CO2-based mixtures, although different limit values for successful thermal interruption apply. In this publication, values of arc conductance 200 ns before current zero are presented for a large number of experiments performed in CO2/O2 90/10 mixture under short line fault-like conditions. These measurements are used to establish limit values for the CO2/O2 mixture, and to investigate the pressure dependence of conductance decay.

The aim of this research was to examine the current state of speech therapy work in the context of bilingualism in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a special emphasis on diagnostic techniques, assessment measures for bilingual speakers, and the preparedness of speech therapists for such assessments. The research was conducted through a survey entitled "The State of Speech Therapy Practice in the Context of Bilingualism in Bosnia and Herzegovina", which was answered by 61 speech therapists from Bosnia and Herzegovina. The results show that speech therapists most often rely on interviews with family members to collect information about the language abilities of bilingual individuals, while informal assessment of both languages is the dominant assessment measure. The most common problem in working with bilingual speakers is the lack of developmental norms and standardized assessment measures for other languages. The results obtained indicate the need for further professional development of speech therapists, as well as the necessity of improving diagnostic approaches and treatments in order to characterize speech therapy practice in this specific context.Keywords:bilingualism, diagnostic techniques, professional readiness, speech therapists.

Social communication plays a crucial role in children’s social, emotional, and academic functioning, while difficulties in this domain may result in long-term developmental consequences. Increasing attention in contemporary research has been directed toward the role of biological risk factors in the development of social communication disorder, particularly those present during the prenatal, perinatal, and early postnatal periods. The study initially included 200 primary school students of both sexes, within which participants with social communication disorder were identified and constituted the experimental group. The aim of this study was to determine the presence and frequency of biological risk factors in children with social communication disorder, to examine differences between children with and without social communication disorder in relation to selected biological indicators, and to explore their association with the occurrence of the disorder. The research was conducted on a sample of 60 primary school students aged 7 to 11 years, including 30 children with social communication disorder and 30 children without the disorder. The criterion for forming the experimental and control groups was performance on a standardized test for the assessment of social communication. Data on biological risk factors were collected using a specially designed questionnaire completed by parents, encompassing prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal variables. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods, with the level of statistical significance set at p < 0.05. The results showed that social communication disorder was statistically significantly more prevalent among boys. Children with social communication disorder were more frequently bornprematurely, had lower Apgar scores, deviations in birth weight, shorter duration of breastfeeding, and a higher frequency of prenatal complications and maternal medication use during pregnancy. No statistically significant differences between groups werefound with regard to mode of delivery, postnatal hospitalization, or the presence of diagnosed illnesses. The obtained findings confirm the significant role of biological risk factors in the development of social communication disorder and highlight the need for early identification of children exposed to biological risks, as well as the planning of timely and targeted early intervention.Key words: social communication disorder; biological risk factors; prenatal and perinatal factors; children; early development

Objectives: Our work aimed to compare two strategic approaches in defining efficient personal dietary and physical activity plans based on available data. Methods: Energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended is the elementary cause of obesity and overweight and can be addressed with population based guidelines and recommendations for personalized dietary and physical activity plan methodologies. Two independent professionals in nutrition and physical coaching made a parallel set of personal plans for 15 participants who voluntarily asked for their dietary and physical activity plan. One professional used physical measurement and self-reported data while the second used genetic profiling data in addition. Main differences were observed in more specific plans for dietary restrictions in calorie type intake and type of endurance training that was feasible only when genetic data were taken into account.  Results: Out of 15 participants, 9 of them were into the category of obese or overweight. 46,7 % of them did not have any specific dietary regime, 73,33 % hade sedentary job while 53,3 % of them had regular physical activities 2 or 3 times per week. Discussion: Compared to the parameter "frequency of exercise" (using Interrater kappa agreement test), the value of the kappa parameter of -0.15 was obtained, which indicates a negative match between the two tested methods. Conclusions: Our study implies that informed and guided use of widely accessible genetic profiling and its standardized use could significantly contribute to the specificity of personalized dietary and physical activity plans.

We explicitly construct a heat kernel as a Neumann series for certain function spaces, such as $L^{1}$, $L^{2}$, and Hilbert spaces, associated to a locally compact Hausdorff space $\mathfrak{X}$ with Borel $\sigma$-algebra $\mathcal{B}$, and endowed with additional measure-theoretic data. Our approach is an adaptation of classical work due to Minakshishundaram and Pleijel, and it requires as input a parametrix or small time approximation to the heat kernel. The methodology developed in this article applies to yield new instances of heat kernel constructions, including normalized Laplacians on finite and infinite graphs as well as Hilbert spaces with reproducing kernels.

The aim of this study was to examine the extentto which parents use artificial intelligence (AI) as a source of information about child health and development, as well as to analyze the influence of age and educational level on the frequency of AI use. A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sampleof 400 parents using a structured electronic questionnaire. The study analyzed the frequency of AI use, trust in AI and experts, and the association between demographic characteristics and the use of digital information sources. Overall, 52.5% of parents reported using AI tools to obtain information about child development. Younger parents and those with higher levels of education used these tools significantly more often. Parents with higher education had a fourteen-fold higher likelihood of using AI compared to respondents with only primary education. Most parents expressed moderate to high trust in AI, but at the same time, 83.8% believed that AI cannot replace professionals. The findings indicate that AI is becoming an important source of information among parents, particularly among younger and highly educated individuals. Based on the obtained results regarding parents’ attitudes toward AI technologies, these tools have potential as a supplementary resource for initial information seeking; however, professional judgment remains irreplaceable. The data provided by parents also highlight the need for the development of medically validated and regulated AI tools, as well as education on their safe and responsible use.Keywords: artificial intelligence, parents, education, trust, digital information-seeking.

The aim of this retrospective study was to examine the association between the quality of life of mothers of children with cerebral palsy and various sociodemographic characteristics, as well as to analyze the relationship between mothers’ subjective assessments of their quality of life and the psychosocial functioning of their children.The sample consisted of 61 mothers and their children diagnosed with cerebral palsy. Data were collected using the PedsQL™ 2.0 Family Impact Module and the PedsQL™ 4.0 Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, both completed by the mothers. Socioeconomic status was assessed using the Hollingshead Index. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and nonparametric tests, including Spearman’s correlation, and were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics 25.The results indicated that sociodemographic factors had a limited impact on mothers’ quality of life, whereas the psychosocial functioning of the child significantly influenced the mothers’ daily lives. These findings highlight the need for comprehensive support that addresses the emotional and social dimensions of children's health in order to improve the overall well-being of their mothers.Keywords: cerebral palsy, mothers, quality of life, psychosocial functioning, socioeconomic factors, caregivers.

Introduction: Job satisfaction of nurses is an important indicator of the safety and quality of healthcare and professional efficiency. Its level directly affects employee motivation and patient satisfaction. It is determined by financial and organizational factors, job content, and interpersonal relationships. The aim of this research is to assess the level of job satisfaction among nurses in public health institutions in Canton Sarajevo and to identify the factors that shape job satisfaction in this professional group to the greatest extent. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from May to June 2025 on a sample of 504 nurses. The job satisfaction survey questionnaire was used to collect data. The overall score was classified into dissatisfaction, ambivalence, and satisfaction, and the associations with sociodemographic and work characteristics were assessed with the Chi-square test (p < 0.05). Results: Almost half of the respondents were dissatisfied with their job (47.6%), whereas 38.5% reported ambivalent attitudes and 13.9% were satisfied. Job satisfaction was significantly associated with length of service, compatibility of work with education, management function, working hours, type of institution, psychological job demands, and income level (p < 0.05). No statistically significant associations were found with gender, age, marital status, number of children, level of education, or job changes (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Job satisfaction among nurses stems from job content and relationships, and dissatisfaction from financial and organizational factors. Priority measures include fair valuation of work, clear reward systems, and development support to improve healthcare outcomes.

This scientific research paper examines the connection between the use of social networks and the presence of internalized and externalized behavioral disorders in children and adolescents. By using multiple regression analysis, the effects of addiction tothe Internet and social networks, time spent on the Internet and the frequency of using social networks on the problems of children and young people were investigated. The results show that predictors related to the use of social networks explain 12% of the variance of internalized behavioral disorders and 10% of externalized ones. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the abuse of the Internet and social networks has a significant impact on the appearance of anxiety, depression, aggressiveness and impulsivity. The work points to the need for preventive measures and education of children, parents and teachers about the responsible use of digital technologies. Key words:social networks, internet addiction, behavioral disorders, internalized problems