Professional burnout represents a significant occupational risk among healthcare professionals due to high work demands, emotional strain, and the continuous responsibility associated with patient care. Organizational factors, including management practices and work organization, play an important role in maintaining employees’ well-being and preventing burnout. The aim of this study was to examine the role of management practices in the prevention and management of professional burnout among healthcare professionals. A cross-sectional study design was applied. The sample consisted of 30 healthcare professionals employed in secondary and tertiary healthcare institutions. Data were collected using the standardized Job Demands–Resources Questionnaire (Schaufeli, 2015). Descriptive statistical, correlation, and reliability analyses were used to evaluate the collected data. The majority of participants were female (83.2%), with a mean age of 30.83 years. Nurses constituted the largest professional group (56.7%), with an average work experience of 12.2 years. Overall satisfaction with work organization and human resource management was moderate. The mean burnout score was 2.24 ± 0.23, indicating a relatively low level of professional burnout among the respondents. The findings suggest that organizational factors and management practices play an important role in maintaining employee well-being. In particular, supportive interpersonal relations within healthcare teams appear to be associated with lower levels of professional burnout. Strengthening leadership practices, improving work organization, and providing adequate institutional support for healthcare professionals may contribute to the prevention of professional burnout and improvement of healthcare service quality.

Particularly as health systems seek to improve efficiency, service quality and innovation, the entrepreneurial intention of health professionals has become an area of growing interest. However, particularly in transitional healthcare systems such as that of the Republic of Srpska, little research has focused on the entrepreneurial intention of family physicians. The purpose of this study is the investigation of the level of entrepreneurship intent among general practitioners in the Republic of Srpska, and the identification of key psychological and background factors that influence entrepreneurship intent. A 121-sample of general practitioners practising in the Republic of Srpska was surveyed using a quantitative cross-sectional survey. The survey instrument is based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and regression modelling. Attitude, subjective norm and perceived control factors explained the intention of family medicine doctors (FMDs) to start a private Family Medicine Specialist Clinic (FMSC). There was a significant negative correlation between the intention of setting up a private FMSC and years of experience in family medicine and the job title of FMDs. The study highlights the potential and barriers to promoting entrepreneurship among family physicians in the Republic of Srpska. The entrepreneurial readiness of this key health workforce could be enhanced by addressing systemic barriers and providing targeted training and policy support. The findings provide valuable insights for policy makers, health care administrators and educators who wish to promote innovation and the sustainable development of the health care system in transition economies.

Road traffic injuries remain a major contributor to premature mortality, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This study quantified the burden of premature mortality attributable to road traffic injuries in the Republic of Srpska by calculating Years of Life Lost (YLL) and Potential Years of Life Lost (PYLL), and assessed changes following the 2021 amendments to traffic safety legislation. A quasi-experimental before–after design compared the periods 2011–2020 and 2021–2024. Mortality data were sourced from official demographic statistics and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The results indicate a substantial decline in premature mortality. The mean number of road traffic deaths decreased by 27.9%, while YLL and PYLL were reduced by approximately 70%. Reductions occurred across all age groups, with the most pronounced decline among individuals aged 15-24 years and among vulnerable road users, particularly pedestrians and bicyclists. The Haddon matrix was used as the primary analytical framework, organizing findings across pre-crash, crash, and post-crash phases. The observed changes were primarily associated with system-level interventions in the pre-crash phase, particularly legislative and enforcement measures. Improvements in crash and post-crash determinants also likely contributed to reduced mortality. In conclusion, the reduction in premature mortality observed after 2021 is temporally associated with legislative amendments and aligns with a broader system-based road safety framework rather than isolated policy measures. Further research is warranted to quantify the contribution of individual interventions and to assess long-term trends.

: Next-generation networks aim to provide a wide range of services which require high level of performance and security. In some services, security is particularly important and lack of it can lead to critical consequences due to sensitivity of the information being transmitted. Therefore, research in the field of security has significantly increased and a number of security solutions for next-generation networks are already developed. For every security solution, there is a need for a trusted test environment which can be used for its functional verification and performance evaluation. Existing security testbeds do not provide reproducible testing and evaluation of hardware-based cryptography solutions, which are especially important for high-speed next-generation networks. To overcome this limitation, we present a modular, flexible testbed which comprises several tasks: traffic generation, traffic processing (i.e. performing desired network or security functions) and analysis of traffic obtained after its processing. Suitability of our testbed for hardware-based cryptography solutions is demonstrated on an example of selective encryption through RTL simulation using ModelSim simulator.

Background: Endodontic treatment is an essential procedure for preserving natural teeth and preventing further oral health complications. However, patients' perceptions, knowledge, and anxiety related to root canal treatment may influence their willingness to undergo the procedure and their overall satisfaction with dental care. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the association between demographic characteristics-such as gender, age, and educational level-and patients' perceptions, attitudes, and expectations regarding endodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using an anonymous online questionnaire among patients residing in Sarajevo Canton. A total of 171 participants who had previously undergone endodontic treatment completed the questionnaire. The questionnaire collected demographic data and information about patients' knowledge of endodontic treatment, previous treatment experience, satisfaction with the information provided by the dentist, perceived pain or discomfort, communication with the dentist, and overall treatment experience. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 22. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, while the independent samples Student's t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were applied to assess differences between groups. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The majority of participants were female (80.1%), and most had a university degree (60.8%). Male participants reported significantly higher satisfaction with the information provided, the dentist's professionalism, and comfort during treatment compared to female participants (p < 0.05). Participants aged 41 years and older reported significantly higher satisfaction with communication, information provided, and overall treatment experience than younger age groups. Participants with a lower level of education reported significantly higher levels of pain or discomfort during or after treatment (p < 0.004). Conclusion: Patients generally showed a positive perception of endodontic treatment. Effective communication, adequate patient education, and the dentist's professionalism play an important role in reducing anxiety and improving patient satisfaction and treatment experience.

Aim: This study examined the associations between preschool attendance, socioeconomic status (SES), gender, and early academic skills, and fourth-grade mathematics achievement in Serbia using data from a nationally representative TIMSS 2023 sample. Method: Mathematics achievement was analyzed using plausible values, and regression models were estimated in the IEA International Database Analyzer while accounting for sampling weights. Predictors were entered in four successive regression models, with socioeconomic background entered first, followed by gender and preschool attendance, and finally early literacy and numeracy skills. Results: Socioeconomic background emerged as the strongest predictor of achievement, while gender and preschool attendance showed smaller but still statistically significant effects. Early literacy and numeracy did not account for additional variance once these factors were considered. Supplementary analyses indicated that longer preschool attendance was particularly beneficial for students from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds, whereas differences were minimal among high-SES students, suggesting a compensatory effect of early childhood education. Conclusion: The results suggest that, while longer preschool attendance can partially compensate for disadvantaged socioeconomic status and contribute to better mathematics achievement, it alone cannot fully offset the strong influence of socioeconomic background, highlighting the need for broader policies that enhance educational quality and reduce educational inequalities.

: The growing demand for mental health services has led to the rapid emergence of digital mental health applications. Simultaneously, recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have enabled the development of high-performance chatbots powered by large language models (LLMs). Our paper explored the potential of an LLM-based mental health counselling chatbot for university students. We developed the chatbot using the QLoRA fine-tuning approach of a lightweight open-source LLM on curated counselling transcript data. We evaluated the system in a user study, with 30 university students, and found that a single chatbot counselling session reduced negative emotions significantly. Overall, our results suggested that LLM-based counselling chatbots present promising opportunities for AI-driven mental health interventions.

This article examines the development of criminal procedure in the Roman Imperial period, with particular emphasis on the relationship and gradual transition between the accusatorial model (accusatio) and the extraordinary imperial procedure (cognitio extra ordinem). Starting from the institutional and procedural changes caused by the decline of republican judicial bodies and the strengthening of imperial authority, the paper analyses the transformation of judicial power holders, the initiation of criminal proceedings, the role of the judge, the shift from public to secret hearings, the law of evidence, and the emergence of legal remedies such as appeal (appellatio) and asylum (asylum). Special attention is devoted to the issue of proof and to a critical reassessment of the long-standing doctrinal misconception concerning the existence of a formal and binding system of evidentiary rules in Roman law. The conclusion highlights the importance of Roman imperial criminal procedure for the development of the continental legal tradition, emphasizing its ambivalent legacy between enhanced state repression and the early formation of procedural safeguards.

This paper examines the level of alignment between procedural safeguards for children in criminal proceedings in the Republic of Srpska and the standards established by Directive (EU) 2016/800 on procedural safeguards for children who are suspects or accused persons in criminal proceedings. Recognising children as a particularly vulnerable category of participants in criminal proceedings, the paper analyses whether the domestic normative framework ensures effective and child-appropriate procedural protection, taking into account the child’s age, maturity and specific needs. The analysis is based on a normative-dogmatic approach and focuses on the Law on the Protection and Treatment of Children and Juveniles in Criminal Proceedings of the Republic of Srpska, with the subsidiary application of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Srpska. Directive (EU) 2016/800 is used as the primary reference standard, interpreted in the light of the European Convention on Human Rights and the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights. The findings indicate that the domestic legal framework is largely aligned with European standards, particularly regarding the right to legal counsel and the basic limitations on the deprivation of liberty of children. However, the analysis also reveals notable normative shortcomings, especially concerning the individual assessment of the child, the right to information in a child-appropriate manner, and the comprehensive protection of the child’s privacy and identity. The paper concludes that targeted legislative improvements are necessary in order to achieve full and consistent compliance with the standards set by Directive (EU) 2016/800.

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Neutral stochastic dierential equations represent an important class of mathematical models in which the present dynamics depend on both the current state and delayed memory eects under random perturbations. In this paper, a class of neutral stochastic dierential equations with delay is studied through an eective-state formulation. Instead of analyzing only the original process x(t), the neutral expression  z(t) = x(t)-u(x(t-δ(t)), t)  is introduced as the main dynamic quantity. This eective state separates the current state, the delayed state and the neutral memory term, which makes it suitable for stability analysis. A Lyapunov-type approach is used to formulate sucient conditions for boundedness and mean-square stability of the eective state. A scalar neutral stochastic model with delay is also considered as a motivating example. The proposed framework provides a basis for further numerical approximation and computational stability testing of neutral stochastic systems.

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This paper examines country-level determinants of venture capital investment (VCI) across 22 European economies from 2013 to 2020. We combine Invest Europe VCI totals with 14 indicators from the Global Innovation Index (GII) and classify each indicator into quintile tiers. Using one-way ANOVA with Tukey HSD post-hoc tests, we assess whether VCI differs systematically across tiers for each determinant. VCI is highly concentrated: France and Germany form a persistent upper tail, followed by the Netherlands, while Romania, Bulgaria, and Greece sit at the lower end. Eleven of fourteen indicators display significant between-tier differences in VCI: business environment, government effectiveness, gross expenditure on R&D, human capital and research, ICT access, ICT use, knowledge & technology outputs, knowledge creation, patent applications, PCT applications, and university–industry collaboration. By contrast, creative goods & services, ICT services exports, and political/operational stability do not discriminate VCI within this European sample. Results are robust to alternative binning, log-VCI transformation, and exclusion of the largest ecosystems. We interpret the patterns as consistent with VCI concentrating where institutional quality is strong, innovation inputs are deep, digital readiness is advanced, and knowledge/IP outputs are abundant. The findings offer actionable priorities for policy aimed at strengthening SME finance ecosystems, while acknowledging the study’s associative design and the aggregation of VCI across stages and sectors.

Since the radiation effect manifest itself in association with other macroscopic phenomena (temperature, voltage, noise), the central topic examined in this paper is the influence of the dose of gamma radiation on macroscopic characteristics, i. e. on the ideality factor. The physical phenomena under consideration are complex because, in addition to high-energy gamma radiation, there is also a 1/f noise of low-energy radiation. In addition, in the semiconductor detector of electromagnetic radiation, all the microscopic effects characteristic of the behavior of the diode structure in the synergy of high-energy and low-energy radiation field come to the fore. Since all the effects that occur are of a stochastic nature, their influence on the macroscopic properties of the detector is expressed by the ideality factor. In the paper, stochastic phenomena of microscop discharges in a semiconductor (p-n) detector are connected with macroscopic phenomena, as well as the possibility of their statistical correlation.