This study investigates flight route optimization in a large airline network by comparing traditional path-finding algorithms with an evolutionary approach under realistic constraints. Using a real-world dataset of 6,817 routes, Dijkstra’s algorithm, the A ${}^{\ast }$ search algorithm with precomputed heuristics, and a Genetic Algorithm (GA) were implemented. All methods were evaluated on identical origin–destination pairs while enforcing an exact number of layovers, and on scenarios where direct flights were removed or newly introduced. The results show that, although Dijkstra’s algorithm always returns the optimal shortest-time route when one exists, its computation time increases rapidly as the number of required layovers increases. A ${}^{\ast }$ improved the efficiency in dense subgraphs but sometimes failed under strict layover constraints owing to heuristic misalignment. In contrast, GA consistently produced near-optimal routes with stable runtimes across varying connectivity levels and constraint settings. Route removal experiments highlighted the vulnerability of sparsely connected regions, whereas adding direct flights mainly benefited airport pairs previously linked only by long multi-stop paths. These findings indicate that evolutionary algorithms are well-suited for large-scale, dynamically changing airline networks, whereas classical algorithms remain preferable for smaller, well-structured subproblems.

Church facilities, with candlestands located within churches themselves or in their courtyards, can represent suitable larval breeding microhabitats for mosquito development. These habitats particularly favor the development of the invasive species Aedes albopictus, whose larvae characteristically inhabit small, confined water reservoirs such as candlestands. During a study conducted from September 2025 to February 2026, encompassing 25 church facilities across the territory of Belgrade, larval presence was recorded in several of these sites, with the highest larval density observed at the church in Žarkovo. These findings confirm that the species successfully develops under conditions typical of church environments, while the elevated larval abundance in September indicates more intense reproductive activity during periods with more favorable temperature regimes. In November, the number of sites with detected larvae decreased, whereas larvae were entirely absent during the December-February period.

Groundwater is the primary source of water in rural areas of Tuzla Canton (TK). Its quality varies significantly due to natural and human-caused factors, which directly affect the design of water treatment systems. This paper analyzes basic groundwater quality data to determine the most common problems and offer appropriate technical solutions. These areas lack centralized water supply systems, so the population relies on local wells and springs. Groundwater quality can be compromised by the presence of iron, manganese, nitrates, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and increased hardness. According to the Water Regulations, increased hardness has no reference value, yet it significantly affects water quality and the health of the population. Additionally, microbiological pollution is often present in water and is one of the most important factors affecting human health. The results show that universal systems are not sustainable; rather, treatment needs to be adapted to local conditions and water quality.

When discussing climate change, we primarily refer to global warming, that is, the increase in air temperature which directly affects other climatic elements. The Sarajevo meteorological station has a homogeneous series of observations and measurements of this climatic elements spanning 136 years (from 1888 to 2024) without interruption, which represents a highly representative period for monitoring changes in air temperature and its fluctuations in the study area. The main characteristic of the thermal regime in the Sarajevo area is warming. The mean annual temperature for the entire instrumental period is 9.8°C, with a linear warming trend of 1.7°C. In addition to the general analysis of air temperature and its fluctuations in Sarajevo over this long-term observational period, special attention will be devoted to projecting this climatic element up to the year 2100 under different climate scenarios.

Background: The aim of the present study was to determine whether differences exist in the expression of the multidimensional components of DF A among school-aged children in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Subjects and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study included mentally and physically healthy participants of both sexes, aged 8-15 years, attending a scheduled dental appointment involving either invasive or non-invasive procedures. Prior to treatment, participants completed IDAF-4C core module and the IDAF-S stimulus module independently. Behavioral responses during treatment were assessed using the Frankl Behavior Rating Scale by an independent observer. Results: The findings were presented descriptively in tables. Differences were identified in the expression of the multidimensional components of DF A assessed with the IDAF-4C module. The behavioural component demonstrated the lowest level of expression, followed by the cognitive and physiological components, whereas the emotional component demonstrated the highest level of expression (Friedman test = 238.963; p < 0.0005). Differences were also observed according to the invasiveness of dental procedures, with all components demonstrating higher (more negative) scores during invasive dental treatments: emotional component (Mann-Whitney U = 21,894.000; p = 0.004), behavioural component (Mann-Whitney U = 21,211.500; p = 0.009), physiological component (Mann-Whitney U = 23,570.500; p < 0.0005), and cognitive component (Mann-Whitney U = 20,749.500; p = 0.048). Conclusion: There were no statistically significant differences in the expression of the multidimensional components of the DF A among school-aged children in BiH between the younger and older age groups of respondents. A statistically higher level of DF A components was observed in association with invasive treatments, indicating a link between the intensity of dental fear and the presence of specific stimuli.

Decarbonizing energy-intensive and other hard-to-abate sectors remains essential for meeting climate targets, yet these sectors continue to depend on fuels for high-temperature heat, chemical feedstocks, and energy-dense transport applications. This roadmap assesses the potential role of renewable synthetic fuels (RSFs) in supporting this transition, with a primary focus on the European context and on sectors including steel, cement, glass, aviation, shipping, and power generation. It reviews the current status of RSF combustion science, the high-fidelity experimental and numerical data needed to understand fuel behavior under relevant conditions, and the emerging hybrid physics-based and data-driven modeling approaches that can accelerate progress. Particular attention is given to digital twins and related cyber-physical tools as enabling technologies for process optimization, monitoring, scale-bridging, and industrial implementation. The roadmap also examines practical deployment barriers, including fuel availability, infrastructure, safety, regulatory and policy barriers, and data integration challenges. Developed in the framework of the CYPHER COST Action (CA22151), it highlights that large-scale RSF deployment will require coordinated action across research, industry, and policy, together with stronger business cases, policies that stimulate demand, and workforce development.

Introduction: Cesarean delivery (CS) has been associated with altered neonatal physiological transition due to the absence of labor-related hormonal and mechanical stimuli, which are essential for effective cardiopulmonary and metabolic adaptation after birth. Aim: To evaluate the association between cesarean delivery and early neonatal transition disorders in term and late preterm newborns. Methods: This prospective observational study included 230 newborns ≥ 35 weeks of gestation over a 12-month period. Infants were divided into CS (n = 100) and vaginal delivery (VD) groups (n = 130). Outcomes included respiratory disorders (TTN, RDS), need for respiratory support (CPAP/HFNC, oxygen therapy), NICU admission, as well as metabolic disturbances such as hypoglycemia. Results: Cesarean delivery was associated with significantly higher rates of TTN (28% vs 9%, p < 0.001) and RDS (12% vs 4%, p = 0.02). Infants in the CS group more frequently required CPAP/HFNC (22% vs 7%, p < 0.001), oxygen therapy (34% vs 12%, p < 0.001), and NICU admission (26% vs 10%, p < 0.001). Hypoglycemia was also more common following CS (18% vs 7%, p = 0.01). Conclusion: Cesarean delivery is associated with an increased risk of early neonatal transition disorders, particularly respiratory and metabolic complications. Optimizing the timing and indications for CS, along with structured postnatal monitoring, may reduce neonatal morbidity.

Introduction: Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) are a common cause of hospitalization, while the empirical use of antibiotics increases the need for reliable biomarkers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in bacterial exacerbations. Methods: This retrospective study included 50 patients hospitalized due to AECOPD during the period from August to December 2025. PCT and CRP levels, as well as clinical outcomes including the need for mechanical ventilation and mortality, were analyzed. Results: Bacterial etiology was confirmed in 82% of patients, with significantly higher PCT and CRP levels (p < 0.001). PCT ≥ 0.25 ng/mL was associated with a greater need for NIV (35.3% vs. 6.1%; p = 0.013) and a trend toward higher mortality. ROC analysis demonstrated better prognostic value of PCT for in-hospital mortality (AUC 0.80) compared to CRP (AUC 0.75). Discussion: PCT and CRP play an important role in the triage of patients with AECOPD. CRP demonstrates good sensitivity, whereas PCT is a more specific marker of bacterial infection and a more accurate prognostic indicator. Conclusion: Procalcitonin and CRP are useful biomarkers in the evaluation of AECOPD, with PCT showing greater specificity and better prognostic value.

Emerging fifth-generation (5G) capabilities such as network slicing and network-exposed application programming interfaces (APIs) aim to support vertical industries with stringent Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. However, current solutions lack per-user observability and real-time adaptation, limiting their effectiveness in dynamic, safety-critical environments. This paper introduces Enricher, a modular edge-based framework that autonomously optimizes application-level QoS by leveraging standardized APIs such as CAMARA. Enricher operates as middleware between vertical applications and 5G infrastructure, combining localized telemetry, artificial intelligence (AI)-based forecasting, and intent-driven control, without requiring telecom-specific logic from vertical developers. We validated Enricher’s performance in a real-world 5G standalone (SA) deployment for teleoperated vessel control at the Port of Antwerp-Bruges. Compared to baseline approaches, Enricher reduces Service-Level Agreement (SLA) violations by 84% and resource overprovisioning by 36%, achieving 97.3% SLA compliance. These results position Enricher as a deployable and domain-agnostic solution for per-application QoS adaptation in 5G and beyond.

Background: Wound healing is a complex physiological process involving hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Erythrocyte and platelet parameters, along with erythrocyte morphology including poikilocytosis, are valuable indicators of systemic responses to injury and therapeutic interventions. Manuka honey and chlorine dioxide (ClO2) are known for their antimicrobial and reparative properties, yet systemic hematological effects following topical application remain poorly characterized. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate systemic hematological responses in Wistar rats with surgically induced wounds following the topical application of manuka honey and ClO2, compared with gentamicin treatment and untreated controls, focusing on erythrocyte and platelet parameters and poikilocytosis. Methods: Sixty Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups: control (C, n=15), gentamicin (AB, n=15), manuka honey (MH, n=14), and chlorine dioxide (ClO2, n=15). Under full anesthesia, a 4 cm abdominal incision was surgically induced in all rats, followed by twice-daily topical treatment for 14 days. On day 14, peripheral blood samples were collected for hematological analysis, including red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin concentration (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), platelet count (PLT), plateletcrit (PCT), and poikilocytosis. Statistical comparisons were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Most hematological parameters remained within expected physiological ranges. Significant intergroup differences were observed for HGB, HCT and PLT. Post hoc Dunn comparisons showed that HGB was significantly higher in the AB group than in the C group (p=0.011), ClO2 (p=0.015), and MH (p=0.006) groups. HCT was significantly higher in the AB group compared with the C (p=0.037), ClO2 (p=0.015), and MH (p=0.011) groups. PLT was significantly higher in the ClO2 group compared with the C (p=0.041), AB (p=0.019) and MH (p=0.014) groups. Poikilocytosis was minimal in all groups, primarily absent to mild, with the most frequent forms being anulocytes and stomatocytes. Conclusion: At the evaluated endpoint, topical application of manuka honey and ClO2 did not reveal marked systemic hematological disturbances in Wistar rats with surgical wounds. ClO2 had the most pronounced effect on platelet parameters among the tested treatments. Minimal poikilocytosis further supports the relative hematological stability observed at the evaluated endpoint. These findings provide valuable insights into systemic responses to topical treatments applied to surgically induced wounds and support further studies incorporating leukocyte profiling, complementary hematological, immunological, and histopathological assessments.

: This paper presents the simulation model “Simulation of Technological Knowledge Recovery in a Post - Apocalyptic Scenario”, designed to explore the key question of how widely technological knowledge must be distributed to survive a cataclysmic event. The model is implemented in the NetLogo environment using an agent-based approach to simulate a complex system of education and knowledge distribution related to electrical grid infrastructure. The study focuses on critical factors affecting technological sustainability and applies the Knowledge Survival Formula (ZP) to evaluate system resilience. The formula incorporates four main components: knowledge distribution, center availability, critical mass of experts, and internal resources. The simulation results offer insight into strategies for preserving technological knowledge under crisis conditions and show that greater decentralization of knowledge significantly improves resilience and long-term survival.

The aim of this study is to analyse the affect of climate aridity impact, through to the climate indices - Forest Aridity Index (FAI) and Ellenberg climate quotient (EQ), on the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) content and N/P, N/K ratio in leaves of European beech in Serbia. The analysis of the macroelements concentration in the leaves shows that beech leaves contain: N - 9.82-19.62 mg/g, P - 0.82-1.53 mg/g, K - 4.83-11.11 mg/g. N/P ratio is 8.61-16.39 and N/K ratio 0.95-2.81. FAI index was in a range of values 3.19-7.10, and EQ quotient was in a range of values 15.27-30.24. Based on the research of the macronutrient content in beech leaves and the FAI and EQ at different altitudes, it can be concluded that FAI and EQ were statistically significant correlated with N and P content, and with N/K, respectively. An increase in indices values linearly causes a decrease in the concentration of key macronutrients N and P. The only parameter examined on which warmer and drier climate (through to the FAI and EQ index), did not have a statistically significant effect was the concentration of K.

Dendroflora as a basic element of a green area plays a key role in the fulfilment of ecosystem services in all landscape architecture structures within a city. The objective of this paper is to show dendroflora diversity through the analysis of dendrofloristic elements of Mali Park in Obrenovac. In the studied area of 0.65 ha 28 taxonomic categories were identified including 10 Gymnosperms and 18 Angiosperms, with 218 trees recorded in total. The most dominant species in the park are Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) G.Manetti ex Carrière (Gymnosperms) and Betula pendula Roth (Angiosperms). According to origin, the taxa are divided into four categories with different share: allochthonous taxa (13), autochthonous taxa (12), cultivars (2), hybrid taxa (1). The research indicates the importance of increasing the share of resistant species in the dendrofund, with an emphasis on autochthonous species, in order to maintain ecological stability and improve quality of life.