This study aimed to evaluate the potential of non-conventional techniques in extracting phenolic compounds from tobacco agro-industrial waste. Two fractions of tobacco waste obtained from Virovitički Duhani dd (solid waste and dust) were subjected to ultrasound and subcritical water in a wide temperature range, treatment times and various liquid-solid ratios to determine the changes in the content of phenolic compounds and antiradical activity. Analysis of extracts was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography and spectrophotometric methods. Results showed that UAE is preferable in phenolic compound separation. In contrast, phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid and rutin) were degraded during SWE, which may have increased the amount of undesirable breakdown products or beneficial simple phenolic compounds.

Electron beam radiotherapy is a teletherapy technique utilizing megavoltage electron beams produced by a linear accelerator. These electrons interact with tissue, reaching their maximum dose at shallow depths and rapidly decreasing beyond the target area, minimizing radiation exposure to distal tissues and organs. The clinical application of high-energy electron beams (up to 20 MeV) allows for effective treatment of superficial tumors while preserving deeper healthy tissues. Due to these advantages, electron beam therapy plays a crucial role in both human and veterinary oncology. In veterinary oncology, radiotherapy has become an essential modality for tumor treatment, with two primary techniques: teletherapy and brachytherapy. Teletherapy, including electron beam radiation, is the most commonly used approach in veterinary radiotherapy, offering significant advantages in treating superficial tumors while minimizing radiation exposure to surrounding healthy tissues. Recent studies highlight the growing role of electron beam therapy in the management of tumors in dogs and cats, particularly for oral tumors, soft tissue sarcomas, mast cell tumors, nasal carcinomas, and brain tumors. Additionally, hypofractionated radiation protocols (8–10 Gy per fraction, with total doses of 16–30 Gy) have been explored for palliative treatment in companion animals with short life expectancy, where the risk of late radiation side effects is low. This technique provides symptom relief and improves the quality of life for affected animals. Despite advancements in veterinary radiotherapy, treatment outcomes depend on factors such as total radiation dose, fractionation schedule, and tumor type. While electron beam radiotherapy has demonstrated efficacy in various oncological applications, further studies are needed to optimize treatment protocols and enhance long-term tumor control while minimizing adverse effects.

Cytokines are polypeptides or glycopeptides involved in intercellular communication, functioning as key mediators alongside hormones and neurotransmitters. Acting through specific receptors, cytokines regulate gene activation, influencing cellular function and phenotype. Their activity is modulated by inhibitors that control biological effects and cellular responses. Classified based on function, cytokines include growth factors, proinflammatory cytokines, and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 play a crucial role in inflammation, mediating immune responses, fever, and metabolic changes. They induce leukocyte activation, protein catabolism, and alterations in endocrine function, contributing to immune regulation and systemic effects. Additionally, cytokines influence metabolism by modulating nutrient absorption, energy balance, and acute-phase protein synthesis. This review highlights the fundamental properties, classification, and biological effects of cytokines, emphasizing their central role in immune function, metabolism, and inflammation. Understanding cytokine interactions is essential for developing therapeutic strategies targeting immune and inflammatory disorders.

The efficient functioning of the repo market and repo operations is of essential importance for the financial stability and monetary policy of the country, but on the other hand, excessive use of the repo market can affect the increase of systemic risk, which was demonstrated during the recent financial crisis. The main goal of this research is to investigate the scientific and professional literature in the field of repo transactions, and to analyze the development of repo transactions on the EU market, as well as the current level of development of repo transactions on the financial market in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the stability of repo transactions for commercial banks and other participants in order to maintain liquidity on the repo market.

Project management is one of the most challenging jobs in any organization, as it requires a broad understanding of the various areas that must be coordinated. Over the past few decades, a number of studies have emerged on the correlation between project managers’ and project teams members’ competencies and project success. To improve project success, the organizations have to consider various skills such as communication (internal and external), effective control and monitoring, effective planning, ability to manage risk, etc, and their significance and the role in the project success. The aim of this paper is to use Interpretative Structural Modelling (ISM) and MICMAC analysis in order to analyze contextual interrelationships among the identified skills, divided into clusters, to develop structural relationship among these skills and to classify factors based on their driver and dependence power and their mutual relationships.

This paper analyzes possible approaches and directions for the subsequent alignment of the legal framework for consumer protection in Bosnia and Herzegovina with EU acquis after the adoption of the Consumer Protection Law of BiH in 2006, in which most of the implemented directives have undergone significant changes to date, with some even being repealed with the adoption of entirely new consumer directives aimed at modernizing the existing structures of EU secondary consumer law. The chronic inconsistency of consumer law in Bosnia and Herzegovina, compared to the EU’s secondary consumer law, negatively affects the current level of protection for the rights and obligations of consumers and traders in consumer contracts within the single economic area of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In this context, the trade of goods with a digital element and digital services in the EU’s single digital market requires completely different approaches to the affirmation and development of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s digital market, with the aim of ensuring a high and unified level of consumer protection, as well as creating a legal and institutional infrastructure that will enable more effective implementation of consumer policies and the use of entirely new legal instruments in resolving consumer disputes.“ The objectives of this study are focused on analyzing the current legal framework for consumer protection in BiH, which needs to be amended and aligned with EU secondary consumer law through the implementation of newly adopted consumer directives. These directives introduce entirely new legal concepts, methods of contract formation, types of consumer contracts, and ways to protect consumer rights, which also implies presenting appropriate proposals for legislative interventions and improving the existing legal framework for consumer protection in the BiH market, and its further alignment with the EU acquis in fulfilling the obligations arising from the Stabilization and Association Agreement between BiH and the EU.

The objectives of this study are focused on a comparative legal analysis of the importance of achieving consistency between the legal, tax and accounting qualifications of financial leasing transactions within the economic and legal system of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), as well as offering an assessment of the potential of transposing different economic-legal concepts and the development of relevant practices based on examples from Germany, England, and the USA. The issue of congruence between civil law and tax qualifications of financial leasing transactions presents a significant challenge in providing consistent answers for national economic systems, both of continental and common law traditions. Furthermore, the civil law qualifications of financial leasing transactions in B&H are not complementary with the qualifications adopted in national and relevant international accounting standards (IAS 17 and FASB 13). Some national accounting frameworks do not recognize leasing capitalization criteria at all, while others wrongly classify most leasing transactions under the treatment for operating leases. This opens up broad opportunities for the development of undesirable practices, such as the disappearance of financial leasing assets from the lessee’s balance sheet, as well as the duplication of leasing assets in the balance sheets of both the lessor and the lessee. The answers to the questions raised in this paper are of multiple importance for achieving a more creative development of the leasing industry in B&H and formulating appropriate proposals for improvements based on the results of the comparative legal analysis of the reference examples from Germany, England and the USA.

This paper explores the impact of performance expectancy (PE) and effort expectancy (EE) on the behavioral intention (BI) of managers to implement environmental, social, and governance (ESG) practices in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Us ing the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the study analyzes how these factors influence decision-makers’ engagement in sustainable business activities. A survey of 247 managers was conducted to assess their BI, PE, and EE for each ESG component. The collected data were ana lyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) to construct a second-order latent model that measures the combined effects of these factors. The study fills a gap in the literature by examin ing sector-specific differences in the factors influencing ESG implementation. The results reveal that both PE and EE significantly affect an organization’s intention to adopt ESG practices, with varying impacts between the manufacturing and service industries. The findings highlight the different challenges and complexities each industry faces in implementing ESG practices. While focusing on PE and EE, it is acknowledged that other factors such as organizational culture, stakeholder pressure, and industry-specific dynamics also play roles in ESG adoption. The main contribution of this work is the use of a second-order latent construct within the TAM model for ESG practices, offering a unique perspective on understanding behavioral intention.

Introduction Renal angiomyolipomas (AMLs) are neoplasms that can rarely rupture, causing hemorrhagic shock as the most serious complication. This pathological condition, (referring to AML) is classified as a benign tumor arising from the proliferation of epithelioid cells, consisting of fat tissue, blood vessels, and smooth muscle. Wunderlich syndrome describes a spontaneous, nontraumatic bleeding into the subcapsular or perirenal space. Most individuals with renal AML exhibit no symptoms and are often diagnosed incidentally, however, some may experience life-threatening complications such as rupture, hemorrhage, and circumstantial hypovolemic shock. Case outline Description of the clinical presentation of AML with rupture in a female patient with a brief overview of other cases of AML in the literature. Female patient, 68 years old, admitted for examination due to sudden severe pain in the abdomen with propagation to the right lumbar region accompanied by nausea and fatigue. After a complete physical examination, an abdominal ultrasound, and a CT scan, surgery was performed during which the right kidney was removed alongside the hematoma and the kidney envelopes, which were sent for pathohistological analysis. The result of the histopathological analysis confirmed that it was AML. Conclusion AMLs are benign neoplasms with potentially serious complications. The most serious complication of AML is rupture, leading to retroperitoneal hemorrhage, with tumor size being a significant risk factor. Considering the clinical importance of this potential complication, it is important to establish a swift and accurate radiological diagnosis, with the aim of timely therapeutic intervention and reduction of potential additional complications.

Timely and accurate defect detection is essential in the leather industry, as the quality of raw leather directly impacts both the usability and value of finished products. This paper provides a systematic overview of state-of-the-art solutions and proposes a novel approach for automated detection of leather surface defects using deep neural networks based on the Inception-V3 architecture. Five defect categories are introduced, focusing on their impact on leather quality. In addition, two deep neural network architectures were analyzed and implemented for defect detection and classification: a single-channel model and a multi-channel model with arbitration. The evaluation was carried out using a combination of a custom-developed dataset and publicly available datasets, assessed with standard performance metrics. Moreover, an image annotation tool was developed to facilitate precise defect labeling and the creation of variable-size datasets. Both models demonstrated promising results on the custom dataset, achieving accuracy rates exceeding 93%. The suggested methodology enhances the research domain of leather inspection automation by creating an openly accessible image dataset, performing a comparative analysis of detection models and creating software tools for data preparation. These contributions lay the foundation for further research in leather defect detection and potential industrial implementation.