In Bosnia and Herzegovina, black alder appears in scattered smaller forest stands, fragments and patches that are still not spatially separated and allocated in management plans, despite its high ecological importance. The objective of this study is to model a black alder ecological niche considering combined effects of climate, hydrological and air quality determinants to support decision-making of conservation and restoration activities on a local/regional level. Black alder occurrence was registered on 72 temporary sample plots representing about 1500 trees in the Bosna River basin corresponding to Level 6, EU-Hydro River Network Database. Six climatic variables (average annual temperature, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, sum of temperature above 5°, sum of precipitation, maximum precipitation), five hydrological variables (average annual flow, minimum flow, maximum flow, flow between 1961–1990 and water level) and five air quality variables (average annual concentration of air particulate matter of PM2.5 and PM10 mm, SO2, NO2, maximum CO2) were interpolated spatially on 10 m grain size based on hydro-meteorological data from 13 national stations. The MaxEnt method was used to predict spatial distribution model, where predicted occurrence probabilities are classified in habitat suitability classes. The MaxEnt model revealed high-quality spatial prediction (AUC=0.95). The most significant determinants were average annual sum of precipitation and average annual 24-hour maximum CO2 concentration (cumulative about a 72% contribution). The highest occurrence probabilities were related to areas with less than 1400 mm of annual sum precipitation and elevated CO2 linked to low NO2. The areas with high species occurrence are mainly located in continental Bosnian Internal Dinarides in the valley and partly on hilly and sub-mountainous positions overlapping pedunculated oak-hornbeam and Illyrian sub-mountainous beech forests. Modeled ranges of precipitations and air variables concentrations indicate that black alder prefers continental low hilly and plane positions covering forest edges, although some suitable ecological niches are predicted in sub-urban and peri-urban green areas. The obtained model of species distribution determined spatially ecological niches important for conservation and restoration to maintain ecological services and biodiversity as well as aesthetic and recreational roles of black alder, which are important for local communities.

Background: Assessment of the fetal nervous system - both in its anatomical structure and functional behaviour - has long been a challenge in perinatal medicine. Recent advances in ultrasound technology, especially 3D and 4D ultrasound, now allow detailed real-time observation of fetal anatomy and behavior. The development and maturation of the fetal brain in utero (and its continuity into extrauterine life) is a complex dynamic process: fetal neurobehavior is thought to follow a reproducible, gestational-age–dependent pattern that reflects neurological integrity. If normative fetal neurodevelopmental stages could be recognized and standardized, then deviations - abnormal neurobehaviors - could be identified, enabling prompt prenatal diagnosis of nervous-system pathology. Objective: The aim of this study was to emphasize the potential of 4D ultrasound–based fetal neurobehavioral evaluation (specifically with the Kurjak Antenatal Neurodevelopmental Test, KANET) in detecting abnormal neurobehavior prenatally, and to underline how this method may allow early identification of fetuses at risk for neurodevelopmental impairment. Methods: Review of the concept of fetal neurobehavioral assessment using 4D ultrasound. The KANET test applies 4D ultrasound to observe fetal behavior (movements, facial expressions, general/isolated movements) across gestation, akin to how neonates are neurologically assessed postnatally. By standardizing a scoring system for fetal behaviors relative to gestational age, KANET distinguishes between normal, borderline, and abnormal fetal neurobehavior. Evidence from multicenter studies and clinical/practice settings is considered to assess the feasibility and predictive value of KANET. Results: a) 4D ultrasound makes it possible to observe a wide repertoire of fetal behaviors (limb movements, facial expressions, mouth movements, hand-to-face, general movements), with increasing complexity and organization through gestation - reflecting central nervous system (CNS) maturation. PubMed+2De Gruyter Brill+2; b) Application of KANET in both low-risk and high-risk pregnancies (including growth-restricted and diabetic pregnancies) has shown significant differences in fetal behavior patterns. PubMed+2journaljammr.com+2; c) Postnatal follow-up in some studies found that fetuses with abnormal prenatal KANET scores indeed displayed adverse neurological outcomes - suggesting KANET’s potential as a predictive tool. PubMed+2PubMed+2; d) A recent systematic review (2025) found consistent evidence that behaviors observed via 4D ultrasound (e.g., yawning, hand-to-face, startle, general movements) increase in complexity between approx. 24–34 weeks gestation, coinciding with known neurodevelopmental milestones (e.g., thalamocortical connectivity). PubMed+1; e) However, despite growing evidence for structured fetal behavior as a marker of neural integration, the review cautions that such behaviors cannot yet be equated with consciousness or subjective awareness. PubMed+1.- Conclusion: The advent of 3D/4D ultrasound - and standardized tools like KANET - enables non-invasive prenatal assessment not only of fetal anatomy but also of functional neurodevelopment. Observing and scoring fetal behavior provides a promising avenue for early detection of neurodevelopmental abnormalities. While current evidence supports the use of KANET in clinical practice to identify fetuses at risk for neurodevelopmental impairment, interpretation should remain cautious: observed behaviors likely reflect maturation and neural integration but do not equate to consciousness. Further large-scale, long-term follow-up studies are needed to solidify the predictive validity and clinical utility of prenatal neurobehavioral assessment.

The functional performance and in-service quality of products are strongly influenced by surface roughness, which is a direct outcome of material removal processes. In general, surface roughness is function by the input parameters of the machining process and the extent of tool wear, the increase of which leads to an increase cutting forces, torque, acoustic emission level, vibrations, and temperature. Finding the dependence between machining parameters, tool wear indicators, and surface roughness parameters enables real-time prediction of surface quality and contributes to appropriate processing quality. In this study, based on data obtained through experiment conducted using the Taguchi design of experiment, predictive models were developed using multiple regression analysis and artificial neural networks (ANN). These models establish a relationship between input drilling parameters, axial drilling force, and the maximum height of the surface roughness profile.

This paper examines the implementation of Industry 4.0 elements in enhancing the quality of cables and connectors in the automotive industry, with a focus on meeting ISO 16949 requirements. Modern quality control solutions are presented, including smart sensors, digital twins, and predictive analytics. Special emphasis is placed on multi-stage testing methods and process digitalization for quality monitoring. Through a case study from the company Leoni, the impact of QRQC, Q4.0, and Q-Loop systems on defect reduction in the production of BMW components is analyzed. The paper demonstrates how the integration of Industry 4.0 technologies enhances reliability, efficiency, and compliance with automotive industry standards.

Background: The clinical manifestations of cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) depend on the localization of the damaged region in the brain. Cognitive functions are often impaired following a stroke. Initially, CVD was referred to as atherosclerotic dementia, and was distinguished from senile dementia. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine how stroke severity and localization influence the development of vascular dementia (VD) and to identify which cognitive functions are impaired in certain types of VD. Methods: This prospective study included patients with acute stroke who were hospitalized at the Department of Neurology Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina, over a one-year period. Patients were divided into the following groups: dementia of strategic infarct (DSI), cortical dementia (CD), subcortical dementia (SCD), haemorrhagic dementia (HD) and non-demented patient (NDP). Stroke localization, side and number of lesions were analyzed. Results: A total of 274 stroke patients were analyzed, of whom 190 (69%) were diagnosed with some type of VD. The odds ratio (OR) for the occurrence of dementia per point increase in NIHSS on admission was 1.131 (95% CI; 1.056 – 1.210). CD was more common in patients with right hemisphere lesions (p<0.000), whereas SCD was more frequent in those with bihemispheric lesions (p<0.0001). All assessed cognitive functions were significantly associated with CD and SCD (p<0.000). Visual perceptual (p=0.007) and visual constructive (p=0.016) functions were significantly impaired in patients with DSI. Executive functions were significantly impaired in all demented patients (p<0.0001). Conclusion: Stroke localization has a significant impact on the development of vascular dementia. All analyzed cognitive functions are significantly impaired in cortical and subcortical dementia. Visual perceptual and visual constructive functions are particularly impaired in patients with dementia of strategic infarct.

Background: Aphasia is an acquired communication disorder that affects language comprehension and production, typically occurring after brain damage. It is a frequent clinical manifestation of both benign and malignant brain tumors, particularly when lesions are localized in language-dominant areas. Objective: To assess the prevalence and characterize the types of aphasia in patients with intracranial tumors, emphasizing its clinical significance and the importance of early speech-language evaluation. Methods: This prospective study included patients with confirmed brain tumors diagnosed through neuroimaging (CT or MRI of the neurocranium), who were hospitalized at the Clinic of Neurosurgery, University Clinical Center Tuzla, over a one-year period. Patients with pre-existing aphasia of any etiology, as well as those who had not acquired reading and writing skills, were excluded. All assessments were performed prior to surgical intervention using the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination. Results: Aphasia was diagnosed in 25 patients (27.5%). The most common type was anomic aphasia in 10 patients (40%), followed by Broca’s aphasia in 7 patients (28%), transcortical motor aphasia in 3 patients (12%), and transcortical sensory aphasia in 1 patient (4%). The highest number of patients with aphasia had tumors localized in the left temporal lobe, followed by the parietal and temporoparietal regions. Conclusion: Aphasia is a common clinical finding in patients with intracranial tumors, affecting more than one-quarter of the studied population. The distribution of aphasia types is consistent with the localization of lesions in language-dominant areas, particularly the left temporal lobe. Early recognition and detailed speech-language assessment are essential for timely intervention, rehabilitation planning, and optimizing functional outcomes.

Background: The role and influence of a positive psychotherapeutic relationship on the outcome of psychotherapy has been widely documented. Ruptures in the psychotherapeutic relationship are defined as a deterioration in the collaborative relationship between the psychotherapist and the client. Objective: The aim of the research is to shed light on the issue of subjective experiences of psychotherapists regarding the perception of the meaning and interpretation of rupture, to discover the unique ways in which psychotherapists work to identify, manage and overcome them during the psychotherapy relationship, and to discover the psychotherapist\'s strategies for dealing with successful or unsuccessful processes of resolving the process of rupture in the psychotherapy process. Methods: The sample of respondents consisted of a total of 6 qualified psychotherapists with different psychotherapy orientations, who have completed accredited psychotherapy training programs with at least two years of psychotherapy experience, and are actively conducting psychotherapy sessions. The research was conducted according to the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) methodology of qualitative studies. Semi-structured interview questionnaire - When conducting research in focus groups, a semi-structured interview questionnaire was used, which contains the domains provided by the Theoretical Domains Framework and open-ended questions related to the research objective. Results: The role of the therapeutic relationship in working with clients is assessed as the most important component without which there is no psychotherapy treatment, and a good therapeutic relationship as a predictor of psychotherapy success. The following indicators are crucial in the identification of psychotherapy rupture according to therapists: lack of mutual respect, feeling of being let down, presence of conscious or unconscious transference or countertransference, failure to meet expectations and compliance. On the emotional level, in the identification of psychotherapy rupture, the feeling of fatigue and anger, helplessness is identified. Conclusion: The results of the theoretical review and data analysis indicate the existence of several unique points for creating an integrative approach to the resolution of a psychotherapeutic rupture: Identification of the rupture, open discussion about the situation and relationship that has arisen, negotiation, and establishment of a new relationship. Further studies in this direction are needed.