Background: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) was recognized during the 2020 pandemic of SARS-CoV-2. Because of the relative rarity current knowledge is limited, especially in the European Caucasian population. Objectives: To report the epidemiology, clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with MIS-C in a nationwide cohort study in Slovenia. Methods: This is a nationwide prospective cohort study of all consecutive patients with MIS-C, admitted from the beginning of epidemics to 31st December 2020 to University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slovenia, the only tertiary care pediatric rheumatology center in the country. The inclusion criteria were meeting the CDC criteria for MIS-C. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 was confirmed in all patients by positive antibodies for SARS-CoV-2. Data were collected from the patients' medical records. Data on the COVID-19 epidemics in Slovenia were collected from National Institute of Public Health. Population data were provided by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Results: Twenty-three patients with MIS-C were diagnosed nationwide in Slovenia, all of them in the second wave of epidemics from 14th September to 31st December 2020. All patients were Caucasian and the estimated prevalence of MIS-C was 5.8/100 000 persons younger than 19 years of age. Detailed analyses were available in 20 patients of which 14 were boys (70 %), median age was 12.4 years (4 months to 17.7 years). Two patients (10 %) were treated in the intensive care unit and none of the patients died. Troponin was elevated in 15/20 (75 %) patients during the disease course, and 7/15 (47 %) of these had normal troponin level at admission. The serum level of troponin closely followed the serum level of CRP. Six out of 20 (30 %) patients had elevated pancreatic enzymes in the second week of the disease after treatment was already given,and one patient developed asymptomatic acute pancreatitis with serum lipase level reaching the maximum of 25μkat/L. All patients had elevated levels of D-dimer with no signs of thrombosis. Five patients (5/20;25 %) had pleural effusions and five patients (5/20, 25 %) had ascites. Half of the patients (10/20;50 %) had hepatosplenomegaly and eight (8/20;40 %) had mesenterial lymphadenopathy. Three patients (3/20;15 %) had radiologic signs of cholecystitis. Two patients had thickened lung parenchyma. All patients received IVIG and systemic glucocorticosteroids. Because of resistant or organ threatening disease 4 patients (4/20, 20%) received high dose methylprednisolone pulse therapy. Biologic therapy with anakinra was started in 2 patients. Nineteen patients (19/20, 95%) received acetylsalicylic acid and prophylactic anticoagulation was prescribed in 15/20 (75%) of patients. The mean follow up was 50 days (14 -122). At the last follow-up visit all patients had normal laboratory parameters of inflammation, troponin, pro-BNP, d-dimer values and normal heart function. Conclusion: A very high incidence of MIS-C, estimated 5.8/100 000 persons under the age of 19 with a predominantly cardiac involvement but very good outcome was noted in European Caucasian population in a nationwide cohort study in Slovenia. Attention to newly described pancreatic involvement should be raised.

Juvenile systemic sclerosis (jSSc) is a rare disease with a prevalence of around 3 in 1,000,000 children. To better capture the clinical manifestations of jSSc the juvenile systemic sclerosis inception cohort (jSScC) has been prospectively enrolling patients with predetermined clinical variables over the past 12 years. One of the goals is to study the demographic, clinical features, and physician and patient reported outcome differences between those with juvenile limited cutaneous (lc) compared to diffuse cutaneous (dc) disease subtypes, to determine if characteristics are similar or different between dc and lc jSSc.Evaluation of the baseline clinical characteristics of jSSc patients in the jSScC. Compare clinical phenotype between diffuse (dcjSSc) and limited cutaneous (lcjSSc) subtypes.Demographic, physical examination, organ system evaluation, autoantibody profile, treatment, and patient and physician reported outcome variables were evaluated from the jSSc Inception cohort and summary statistics applied using chi-square test and Mann Whitney U-test comparing lcjSSc and dcjSSc subtypes.At the time of data extraction, 175 jSSc patients were enrolled in the cohort, 81% were Caucasian and 81% female. Diffuse cutaneous jSSc subtype predominated (73%). Mean disease duration was 3.1 year (±2.7). Mean age at Raynaud´s was 10 years (+3.8) and mean age of first non-Raynaud´s was 10.2 years (±3.8). Significant differences were found between dcjSSc versus lcjSSc, regarding several clinical characteristics. Patients with diffuse cutaneous subtype had significantly higher modified Rodnan skin score (p=0.001), presence of sclerodactyly (p=0.02), presence of Gottron’s papules (p=0.003), presence of telangiectasia (p=0.001), history of digital tip ulceration (p=0.01), and frequency of elevated CK value (p=0.04). Cardiac involvement was significantly higher in limited cutaneous jSSc subtype (p=0.02). Diffuse cutaneous jSSc patients had significantly worse scores for Physician Global Assessment of disease activity (38 vs 25; p=0.002) and disease damage (34 vs 19; p=0.008).Table 1.Comparison of demographic data and significant differences between dcjSSc and lcjSSc at time of inclusionWhole CohortN=175Diffuse SubtypeN=128Limited SubtypeN=47P valueFemale to Male Ratio4.3:1 (142/33)4.1:1 (103/25)4.8:1 (39/8)0.829Cutaneous subtypeDiffuse subtype73% (128)1280Limited subtype27% (47)047Mean Disease duration (years)3.1 (± 2.7)3.3 (± 2.9)2.6 (± 2.2)0.135Mean age of onset of Raynaud´s (years)10.0 (± 3.8)17 non-Raynaud9.8 (± 3.6)10 non-Raynaud10.6 (± 4.3)7 non-Raynaud0.219Mean age of onset of non-Raynaud´s (years)10.2 (± 3.9)10.0 (± 3.7)10.9 (± 4.3)0.173Disease modifying drugs88% (154)89% (114)85% (40)0.446CutaneousMean modified Rodnan skin score14.3 (0-51)17.4 (0-51)6.1 (0-24)0.001Gottron Papules27% (46/171)33% (41/124)11% (5)0.003Sclerodactyly78% (126/162)82% (98/119)65% (28/43)0.020Laboratory valuesElevated CK25% (30/122)30% (26/88)12% (4/34)0.041VascularTelangiectasia36% (56/154)44% (49/111)16% (7/43)0.001History of ulceration53% (91/173)61% (77/127)30% (14/46)0.001CardiacCardiac Involvement6% (10)2% (3)15% (7)0.002Patient Related OutcomesPhysician global disease activity(0-100) min -max35(0-90) n=14138(0-90) n=10825(0-80) n=330.002Physician global disease damage(0-100) min -max31(0-85) n=14034(0-85) n=10819(0-60) n=320.008Results from this large international cohort of jSSc patients demonstrate significant differences between dcjSSc and lcjSSc patients. According to the general organ involvement and physician global scores, the dcjSSc patients had significantly more severe disease. These observations strengthen our previous findings of the unique organ pattern of pediatric patients.Supported by the “Joachim Herz Stiftung”None declared.

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a rare complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the pediatric population, caused by extensive activation of immune system. The understanding of the distorted immune response is still in the early stages.To analyze comprehensively immune profile in MIS-C patients including detailed serologic response to SARS-CoV-2 in comparison with control groups.Blood samples of consecutive MIS-C patients were collected at admission. Flow cytometric analysis of all lymphocyte populations including T and B cell differentiation was performed. Immunophenotyping was performed by six-color panels for the detection of lymphocyte subpopulations. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies were measured in the patients serum. The IgA and IgG antibodies against S protein, the IgG S1 and S2 specific antibodies, antibodies against nucleoprotein and neutralising antibodies were measured. Patients were assessed for a wide range of auto-antibodies, namely ANA, anti-ENA (Jo-1, PL-7, PL-12, SRP, Mi-2, Ku, Pm/Scl 100, Scl-70), myositis specific antibodies (EJ, MDA-5, TIH-Y, Ro52, SAE-1, SAE-2, NXP-2), anti-dsDNA, anti-phopholipid antibodies (aCl IgA, IgG, IgM, antiβ2GPI IgG, IgM) and ANCA. Control groups to compare specific antibody response consisted of 14 healthy children and 19 healthy adults, who had SARS-CoV-2 infection in the last 2 months.Samples of 20 patients were included (14/20 boys, median age 12.4 years). Patients had higher percentage of double negative T cells and low numbers of of cytokine producing T cells Th1, Th2 and Th17. . Numbers of immune competent and CD21+ transitional B cells were also lowered. All patients had positive antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 including neutralising antibodies. Nine (9/19; 47 %) patients had high titer (≥1:160) of neutralising antibodies. Results were compared with 2 control groups; 14 healthy children (7/14 boys; median age 8 years,) and 19 healthy adults, who all experienced SARS-CoV-2 infection in the last two months. Patients with MIS-C had significantly higher levels of anti-S IgA (p<0.0001), patients with MIS-C and healthy children had significantly higher titers of anti-S1 (p=0.001) and significantly lower titers of anti-S2 (p=0.016) in comparison to adults (Figure 1). No differences were found in the titers of neutralising antibodies and anti-N antibodies. All patients were ANA negative, 19/20 patients were anti-ENA negative, whereas 1 patient had anti-Ro antibodies in low titre. Three patients had aCL IgG in medium titre and 2 patients anti-beta2GPI IgG in low titre. Patients were negative for all other autoantibodies.The immune response in MIS-C patients is specific with most prominent differences in elevated percentage of double negative T cells and low numbers of Th1, Th2, Th17 and CD21+ transitional B cells. MIS-C patients have distinct serologic response with high anti-S IgA, high anti-S1 and low anti-S2 titres.Figure 1.Antibody titres in patient group and control groups. Mean value with SEM s shown.None declared.

A growing number of professional societies in clinical and medically related disciplines investigate evidence, make recommendations, and take action to advance gender equity. Evidence on women’s advancement and leadership in the context of the European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology, EULAR, is limited [1].The objective of the EULAR Task Force on Gender Equity in Academic Rheumatology was to establish the extent of the unmet need for support of female rheumatologists, health professionals and non-clinical scientists in academic rheumatology and develop a framework to address this through EULAR and Emerging EULAR Network (EMEUNET).Potential interventions to accelerate gender-equitable career advancement in academic rheumatology were gathered from a narrative review of the relevant literature, expert opinion of a multi-disciplinary Task Force (comprised of 23 members from 11 countries), data from the surveys of EULAR scientific member society leaders, EULAR and EMEUNET members, and EULAR Executive Committee members. These interventions were rated by Task Force members, who ranked each according to perceived priority on a five-point numeric scale from 1 = very low to 5 = very high.A framework of 29 potential interventions was formulated, which covers six thematic areas, namely, EULAR policies, advocacy and communication, EULAR Congress and associated symposia, training courses, mentoring/peer support, and EULAR funding (Figure 1).Figure 1.A framework of potential interventions with the levels of priority, mean and standard deviation (SD)The framework provides structured interventions for accelerating gender-equitable career advancement in academic rheumatology.[1]Andreoli L, Ovseiko PV, Hassan N, et al. Gender equity in clinical practice, research and training: Where do we stand in rheumatology? Joint Bone Spine 2019;86(6):669-72.The task force is grateful to EULAR for funding this activity under project number EPI 024.None declared

Juvenile systemic sclerosis (jSSc) is an orphan disease with a prevalence of around 3 in 1, 000,000 children. It is known that in pediatric jSSc cohorts, there are a significant number of patients with overlap features, such as arthritis and myositis. However, the disease burden between those with and without overlap features in jSSc has not been defined.Compare the clinical phenotype between children with and without overlap features in the juvenile systemic scleroderma inception cohort (jSScC).A cross-sectional study was performed using baseline visit data. Demographic, organ system evaluation, autoantibody profile, treatment, and patient and physician reported outcome variables were extracted from jSScC. Comparison between patients with and without overlap features was performed using chi-square test and Mann Whitney U-test.At the time of data extraction, 175 jSSc patients were enrolled in the cohort, 81% were Caucasian and 81% female. Mean disease duration was 3.1 year (±2.7). Mean age at Raynaud´s onset was 10 years (±3.8) and mean age of first non-Raynaud´s was 10.2 years (±3.8). Overlap features occurred 17% (n=30) of the cohort, 12.5% in the diffuse cutaneous (dc) jSSc and in 30% in the limited cutaneous (lc) jSSc. Significant differences in clinical characteristics were found between those patients with compared to without overlap characteristics. Patients with overlap features presented more frequently with Gottron papules (p=0.007), swollen joints (p=0.019), muscle weakness (p=0.003), and lung involvement documented by decreased DLCO < 80% (p=0.06) and/or abnormal high resolution computed tomography (p=0.049). Anti-PM/Scl autoantibodies were also more common in this group (p=0.001). Significantly more patients without overlap features had Raynaud´s (p=0.006). Physician Global Assessment of disease activity was significantly higher in patients with overlap features (41 vs 34; p=0.041). (Table 1.)Table 1.Demographic and clinical characteristics of jSSc patients with and without overlap features.Whole CohortN=175Patients without overlapN=145Patients with overlapN=30P valueFemale to Male Ratio 4.3:1(142/33)4:1(116/29)6.5:1(26/4)0.395Cutaneous subtypeDiffuse subtype (N)73% (128)11216Limited subtype (N)27% (47)3317Mean disease duration (years)3.1 (± 2.7)3.2 (± 2.8)3.1 (± 2.2)0.291Mean age of onset of Raynaud´s (years)10.0 (± 3.8)17 non-Raynaud10.0 (± 3.8)10 non-Raynaud10.0 (± 3.7)7 non-Raynaud0.931Mean age of onset of non-Raynaud´s (years)10.2 (± 3.8)10.2 (± 3.9)9.8 (± 3.7)Disease modifying drugs (N)88% (154) 89% (129)83% (25)0.388Raynaud´s phenomenon90% (158)93% (135)77% (23)0.006Anti-PMScl18% (12/68)9% (5/53)47% (7/15)0.001Gottron Papules (N)27% (46/171)23% (33/144)48% (13/27)0.007DLCO <80% (N)44% (39/88)39% (28/71)65% (11/17)0.06Abnormal findings in HRCT (N)44% (59/133)40% (43/107)62% (16/26)0.049Proportion of patients with swollen joints 18% (32) 14% (21) 37% (11)0.019Muscle Weakness (N) 21% (31/149)16% (20/123) 42% (11/26)0.003Physician global disease activity(0-100) min -max35 (0-90) n=14134 (0-90) n=11441 (0-80) n=270.041Results from this large international cohort of jSSc patients demonstrate significant differences between patients with and without overlap features. Patients with overlap have significantly more interstitial lung disease and more physician rated disease activity and should not be considered to have more “mild disease”.Supported by the “Joachim Herz Stiftung”None declared

Background According to available scientific references and textbooks, there are contradictory views concerning the etiology of signs and symptoms of TMD. Objectives The aim of this study was to determine a correlation between the incidence of signs and symptoms of TMD in children aged 12-18 who do not wear a fixed orthodontic appliance and the incidence of signs and symptoms of TMD in children who wear a fixed orthodontic appliance. Material and Methods The total number of 120 subjects were included in this survey and divided into two groups. There were 60 respondents in the experimental group that consisted of 30 boys and 30 girls with different types of malocclusion, who were treated with a fixed orthodontic straight wire technique. The remaining 60 respondents, which was a group that also consisted of 30 boys and 30 girls, were patients with neutroclusion. Results The results of the study have shown that the TMJ clicking sound symptom, the most common symptom of TMD, occurs with almost equal prevalence in both groups of respondents; specifically, 56.4% in orthodontic patients, and 46.6% in the control group respondents. A statistically significantly higher percentage of female respondents in both groups have experienced headache problems (p <0.03). Conclusion On the basis of the statistics obtained as a result of this research, we can come to the conclusion that there is no correlation between the fixed orthodontic treatment and the development of signs and symptoms of TMD.

Abstract The aim of this paper is to present a patient with the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), with an overview of the modality of diagnosis, and the treatment of the patient. Exome analysis showed two variants in exon 6 of the 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) gene have been determined: missense variant 1) NM_001360.2: c.470T>C (p.Leu157Pro) and 2) nonsense variant c.452G>A (W151*). Therefore the DHCR7 genotype of the patient is NM_001360.2: c.[470T>C; c.452G>A]. The proband, aged 6 years, has global developmental retardation with missing contact gaze and lacking motor development for her age and with peripheral spastic-enhanced muscle tone, and is under the supervision of children neurologists, gastroenterologists, nephrologists and cardiologists.

The bone healing process following osteotomy may vary according to the type of surgical instrumentation. The aim of the present in vivo study was to determine thermal changes of the bone tissue following osteotomies performed by Er:YAG laser ablation in contact and non-contact modes, piezoelectric surgery, and surgical drill using an infrared thermographic camera. For each measurement, the temperature before the osteotomy-baseline (Tbase) and the maximal temperature measured during osteotomy (Tmax) were determined. Mean temperature (ΔT) values were calculated for each osteotomy technique. The significance of the difference of the registered temperature between groups was assessed by the ANOVA test for repeated measures. Mean baseline temperature (Tbase) was 27.9 ± 0.3 °C for contact Er:YAG laser, 29.9 ± 0.3 °C for non-contact Er:YAG laser, 29.4 ± 0.3 °C for piezosurgery, and 28.3 ± 0.3 °C for surgical drill. Mean maximum temperature (Tmax) was 29.9 ± 0.5 °C (ΔT = 1.9 ± 0.3 °C) for contact Er:YAG laser, 79.1 ± 4.6 °C (ΔT = 49.1 ± 4.4 °C) for non-contact Er:YAG laser, 29.1 ± 0.2 °C (ΔT = −0.2 ± 0.3 °C) for piezosurgery, and 27.3 ± 0.4 °C (ΔT = −0.9 ± 0.4 °C) for surgical drill. Statistically significant temperature changes were observed for the non-contact laser. The results of the study showed beneficial effects of the osteotomy performed by the Er:YAG laser used in the contact mode of working as well as for piezosurgery, reducing the potential overheating of the bone tissue as determined by means of infrared thermography.

A popular design framework for networked control systems (NCSs) is the emulation-based approach combined with Lyapunov-based analysis techniques for hybrid systems. In virtually all papers that use this framework, bounds in terms of the maximal allowable transmission interval (MATI) are provided to guarantee stability, and performance properties of the NCS. However, having only such a MATI condition is rather restrictive, and unrealistic in practice due to various network effects such as packet losses, leading to conservative bounds. In this article, we therefore consider an alternative condition on the communication instants to better capture the time-varying properties of the transmission intervals. In particular, we propose, in addition to the existence of a MATI, to also impose a bound on the average allowable transmission interval, expressed in terms of a reverse average dwell-time condition on the transmission intervals. We demonstrate by means of a novel Lyapunov-based analysis that stability of the NCS can still be guaranteed under this different condition on the transmission intervals, which can, in addition, lead to a significant improvement of the MATI. The strengths of these new results will be illustrated on a numerical example.

Background: EMVI is a direct invasion of a vein by a tumor. As a predictor of hematogenous metastasis, it is a poor prognostic factor in rectal cancer and can be accurately identified on MRI prior to surgical procedure. Objective: To evaluate the role of contrast-enhanced T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (CET1WI) in addition to high-resolution T2-weighted imaging (HRT2WI) in assessing extramural venous invasion (EMVI) of rectal cancer. Methods: In all 195 patients with rectal cancer, HRT2WI and CET1WI sequences were produced within pre-operative MRI for the purpose of assessing for the presence of EMVI (mrEMVI). CET1WI sequences were produced following administration of Gadolinium contrast medium. mrEMVI assessment results were classified into two groups. Group A consisted of mrEMVI assessment results obtained using HRT2WI sequences only. Group B consisted of mrEMVI assessment results obtained using a combination of HRT2WI + CET1WI sequences. Results obtained for each group (A and B) were correlated with a histopathological finding (pEMVI) as a reference standard. Results: Out of a total of 195 rectal cancer patients, mrEMVI was positive in 41 (21%) patients in group A, and in 45 (23%) patients in group B. Histopathological finding demonstrated pEMVI in 54 (27.7%) patients. A statistical analysis of group A (HRT2WI sequences) resulted in 75.9% sensitivity to mrEMVI and 96.4% specificity, Positive Predictive Value of 89.1% and Negative Predictive Value of 91.2% (95% confidence interval (CI), p< 0.05). Statistical analysis of group B (HRT2WI + CET1WI sequences) resulted in 83.3% sensitivity to mrEMVI and 98.5% specificity, Positive Predictive Value of 89.1% and Negative Predictive Value of 91.2% (CI 95%, p< 0.05). Conclusion: T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (CET1WI) in addition to high-resolution T2-weighted imaging (HRT2WI) increased evaluation of extramural venous invasion (EMVI) of rectal cancer.

This study was conducted with the aim of developing fruit spirits by utilizing old (autochthonous) apple and pear cultivars that can be attractive to both consumers and producers. Consumers of spirits could enjoy the unique flavor, and producers could gain an opportunity for brand development. In total, eight old apple cultivars (Sarija, Žuja, Samoniklica, Prijedorska zelenika, Bobovec, Masnjača, Lijepocvjetka, and Šarenika) and three pear cultivars (Budaljača, Krakača, and Kalićanka) from Bosnia and Herzegovina were used for the spirits production and for characterizing the flavor of distillates. Golden Delicious was used as a representative of commercial apple cultivar. The aroma profile was conducted through the identification of minor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the sensory perception of spirits. Analysis of the VOCs was performed by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) techniques after enrichment via solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Sensory evaluation was performed by 12 trained panelists. Overall, 35 minor volatile compounds were found in spirits: 13 esters, 7 alcohols, 6 acids, 5 terpenes, and 4 aldehydes. Significant differences were detected in the distribution and quantity of the VOCs, which were fruit cultivar-dependent. Spirits made from Šarenika apple cultivar showed the largest amount of all acids, especially short- and medium-chain fatty acids; however, this richness was not correlated with pleasant sensory attributes. Spirits obtained from Prijedorska zelenika and Masnjača apple cultivars had the best sensory attributes. Budeljača and Krakača pears are promising cultivars as flavoring in spirits production.

© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. No commercial reuse. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. We come from Bosnia and Herzegovina, a small country in western Balkans. Our Faculty of Pharmacy at the University of Sarajevo was opened in 1973, but from then on there was no kind of online teaching. So when the COVID-19 pandemic broke out, and when the university decided to stop all kinds of ‘inclass’ teaching (12 March 2020), we were faced with something new. We work at the Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, where we teach regular courses on ‘Drug Formulation’ and ‘Industrial Pharmacy’. Students take classes in these subjects in the seventh, eighth and ninth semesters. The exercises are practical and last several hours. On 25 March 2020, classes in the lecture hall were suspended until further notice by the decision of the Senate of the University of Sarajevo, and then we realised that we must embark on the adventure of organising online classes. We carried out short research on available online teaching platforms to find basic information on the platform’s capabilities, identify their advantages and disadvantages, and check their commercial prices. We studied the following platforms for online courses: Google Meet, Adobe Connect, Zoom and BigBlueButton, and the following platforms for online examinations: Exam. net, Virtualx, Google Forms, Skillsbook, Papershala, Edbase, Kaldin and TCExam. After examining the possibilities of the available online teaching platforms, we agreed that Zoom and Google Meet provide the best results for running online courses. Adobe Connect, Blackboard Collaborate and BigBlueButton work on the same principle, but professional versions of these platforms were quite unaffordable to us. The results for the online examination platforms are summarised in table 1. Given the security and price of the platforms, we concluded that Exam. net currently meets our criteria, but that it would be necessary to use two platforms simultaneously during the examination, one of which would allow an established video connection with students during the examination (eg, a combination of Exam. net and Zoom). Students accessed the examination platform from their laptop while simultaneously established a video connection with the teacher on their mobile device. At the end of the semester, we conducted an online survey in which 60 (70.93%) of 86 students participated, and for 98.4% of the students this was their first online learning experience. Although it is assumed that current students (digital natives) have adequate information and communications technology competence, they differ in their computer and information literacy as they come from different socioeconomic backgrounds. Of the students, 21.3% had technical difficulties (ie, unstable connection). One of them said she/he has problems with misunderstanding from parents who required help with housework at the time of the lecture because she/he comes from the countryside. Of the students, 75% were satisfied with the conducted online classes at our department. Onethird found it easier to follow theoretical lectures online. Here are some comments from the students:

The thematic conception of the work consists of legal issues of special forms of control of state administrative in Bosnia and Herzegovina (at the state level, the level of federal units and districts). The paper analyzes the structure of bodies that perform this type of control, starting with the ombudsman institutions (Ombudsman for Human Rights of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ombudsman for Children of Republic of Srpska), and with special reference to the institutions of auditors (of which there are four in Bosnia and Herzegovina). The author will present the organization of these institutions, the election of their members (ombudsmen and auditors), the way they act, and the possibilities they have, as well as the legal mechanisms they can use to protect both citizens and the public interest.

Bosnia and Herzegovina represents a very suitable experimental space for the analysis of integrative policy in the conditions, war and long-lasting crisis, of a devastated society which, due to the challenges of history, is deeply divided. In such a space, applying the analytical model designed and used by Seymour Lipset and Stein Rokan, the paper deals with the detection of social divisions that underlie party preferences in the 1990 elections for the Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Analyzes of pre-election and post-election activities of political entities show the existence of an important link between ethno-confessional characteristics and attitudes on political issues and party preferences, which in accordance with the used theoretical model creates preconditions for talking about social divisions that have turned into party divisions. It can be determined that they are bh. political parties formed, with all their specifics, on the basic lines of Bosnia and Herzegovina social divisions. In the analysis of the relationship between social and political space and the influence of the structure of society on political relations and divisions, it is possible to determine that party divisions and divisions, their segmentation and polarization are conditioned, above all, by the depth and dynamics of fundamental Bosnia and Herzegovina social divisions. The divisions that emerged in the pre-election period of 1990 (we can conditionally define them as divisions communism vs anti-communism) were pushed into the background in the first post-election year and priority was given to the split that S. Lipset and S. Rokan defined as the center-periphery split. (or the territorial-cultural split as, after adaptation, Professor Nenad Zakošek called it). The second part of the paper presents an overview of the most important political parties in the 1990 elections and continues to examine the applicability of S. Lipset and S. Rokan's theory of turning social divisions into party divisions, this time in the first year of ethno-confessional parties in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Analyzing the basic lines of historical ethnic and confessional divisions in Bosnia and Herzegovina society and in the sphere of political (sub) system through indicators such as: predominant (ethnic, confessional, linguistic, cultural and regional) identifications, the relationship between ethno-confessional and civil, the relationship to the rights and freedoms guaranteed in Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to the Constitution, the attitude towards different solutions to the state question (remaining in the common state of Yugoslavia vs. the independent Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina) tested the hypothesis that historical lines of ethno-confessional splits represent the basic determinant of political goals. It can be seen that the territorial-cultural divide (primarily in the form of center-periphery conflict) is actually a kind of complete split, given that it is a split that involves conflict between stable social groups (residents of the center and periphery but also members of different ethnic and confessional communities). In the Bosnia and Herzegovina case, these are (ethnic and confessional) communities that have different views on the most important issues of the social organization of the common state, which results in open conflict on the political scene in the form of voting for different political options, which can be transformed by ethnopolitical elites. (very easily) into various forms of violence against others and different in the territory that is under their political (and police) control.

The aim of this research was to examine the impact of aircraft noise on communities near the Belgrade Airport by conducting short-term noise measurements. Apart from the noise abatement procedure published in the Aeronautical Information Publication for Belgrade Airport, there are still neither publicly available reports of the actual efforts made towards the aircraft noise reduction nor the description of the current noise situation. In order to estimate the current noise situation, eighteen aircraft overflight noise measurements were taken in two settlements in specific sound-sensitive community areas around the Belgrade Airport. The results showed that level differences between background noise and aircraft overflights were higher than 10 dB for each measurement and could be considered significant. Furthermore, preliminary compatibility analysis with acoustic zoning was performed. Average daily noise levels were estimated from these short-term measurements and were compared to legal noise limits for different acoustic zones. The results indicate that in some cases noise levels exceed the legal threshold, which should encourage land use planners to include the issue of Belgrade acoustic zoning on the agenda, but also prompt Belgrade Airport to implement continuous noise and flight tracks monitoring.