The purpose of this paper is to analyze and compare two different business models called business to business and business to consumer. The first model -business to business or B2B is defined as the transfer of goods and services between businesses or firms without the interference of consumers. The second model, business to consumer or B2C is customer-oriented in which the goods and services are sold immediately to customers in the market. This research focuses on the performance of these two business models in North Macedonia and Serbia. Our analysis tries to provide information regarding the countries’ development in different sectors within B2B and B2C models that are affected by specific indicators such as net salaries, total employment level, investment and exports, and research&innovation. Furthermore, besides the analysis of these indicators separately for each country, the paper will show the results and compare the performance differences among listed developing countries.

Recurrent copy number variations (CNVs) are common causes of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) and associated with a range of psychiatric traits. These CNVs occur at defined genomic regions that are particularly prone to recurrent deletions and duplications and often exhibit variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance. Robust estimates of the population prevalence and inheritance pattern of recurrent CNVs associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD CNVs) are lacking. Here we perform array-based CNV calling in 12,252 mother–father–child trios from the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) and analyse the inheritance pattern of 26 recurrent NDD CNVs in 13 genomic regions. We estimate the total prevalence of recurrent NDD CNVs (duplications and deletions) in live-born children to 0.48% (95% C.I.: 0.37–0.62%), i.e., ~1 in 200 newborns has either a deletion or duplication in these NDDs associated regions. Approximately a third of the newborn recurrent NDD CNVs (34%, N = 20/59) are de novo variants. We provide prevalence estimates and inheritance information for each of the 26 NDD CNVs and find higher prevalence than previously reported for 1q21.1 deletions (~1:2000), 15q11.2 duplications (~1:4000), 15q13.3 microdeletions (~1:2500), 16p11.2 proximal microdeletions (~1:2000) and 17q12 deletions (~1:4000) and lower than previously reported prevalence for the 22q11.2 deletion (~1:12,000). In conclusion, our analysis of an unselected and representative population of newborns and their parents provides a clearer picture of the rate of recurrent microdeletions/duplications implicated in neurodevelopmental delay. These results will provide an important resource for genetic diagnostics and counseling.

Recurrent copy number variations (CNVs) are common causes of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) and associated with a range of psychiatric traits. These CNVs occur at defined genomic regions that are particularly prone to recurrent deletions and duplications and often exhibit variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance. Robust estimates of the population prevalence and inheritance pattern of recurrent CNVs associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD CNVs) are lacking. Here we perform array-based CNV calling in 12,252 mother–father–child trios from the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) and analyse the inheritance pattern of 26 recurrent NDD CNVs in 13 genomic regions. We estimate the total prevalence of recurrent NDD CNVs (duplications and deletions) in live-born children to 0.48% (95% C.I.: 0.37–0.62%), i.e., ~1 in 200 newborns has either a deletion or duplication in these NDDs associated regions. Approximately a third of the newborn recurrent NDD CNVs (34%, N  = 20/59) are de novo variants. We provide prevalence estimates and inheritance information for each of the 26 NDD CNVs and find higher prevalence than previously reported for 1q21.1 deletions (~1:2000), 15q11.2 duplications (~1:4000), 15q13.3 microdeletions (~1:2500), 16p11.2 proximal microdeletions (~1:2000) and 17q12 deletions (~1:4000) and lower than previously reported prevalence for the 22q11.2 deletion (~1:12,000). In conclusion, our analysis of an unselected and representative population of newborns and their parents provides a clearer picture of the rate of recurrent microdeletions/duplications implicated in neurodevelopmental delay. These results will provide an important resource for genetic diagnostics and counseling.

Diesel exhaust is carcinogenic and exposure to diesel particles cause health effects. We investigated the toxicity of diesel exhaust particles designed to have varying physicochemical properties in order to attribute health effects to specific particle characteristics. Particles from three fuel types were compared at 13% engine intake O2 concentration: MK1 ultra low sulfur diesel (DEP13) and the two renewable diesel fuels hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO13) and rapeseed methyl ester (RME13). Additionally, diesel particles from MK1 ultra low sulfur diesel were generated at 9.7% (DEP9.7) and 17% (DEP17) intake O2 concentration. We evaluated physicochemical properties and histopathological, inflammatory and genotoxic responses on day 1, 28, and 90 after single intratracheal instillation in mice compared to reference diesel particles and carbon black. Moderate variations were seen in physical properties for the five particles: primary particle diameter: 15–22 nm, specific surface area: 152–222 m2/g, and count median mobility diameter: 55–103 nm. Larger differences were found in chemical composition: organic carbon/total carbon ratio (0.12–0.60), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content (1–27 μg/mg) and acid-extractable metal content (0.9–16 μg/mg). Intratracheal exposure to all five particles induced similar toxicological responses, with different potency. Lung particle retention was observed in DEP13 and HVO13 exposed mice on day 28 post-exposure, with less retention for the other fuel types. RME exposure induced limited response whereas the remaining particles induced dose-dependent inflammation and acute phase response on day 1. DEP13 induced acute phase response on day 28 and inflammation on day 90. DNA strand break levels were not increased as compared to vehicle, but were increased in lung and liver compared to blank filter extraction control. Neutrophil influx on day 1 correlated best with estimated deposited surface area, but also with elemental carbon, organic carbon and PAHs. DNA strand break levels in lung on day 28 and in liver on day 90 correlated with acellular particle-induced ROS. We studied diesel exhaust particles designed to differ in physicochemical properties. Our study highlights specific surface area, elemental carbon content, PAHs and ROS-generating potential as physicochemical predictors of diesel particle toxicity.

Beer production includes the formation of different by-products such as wastewater, spent grains, spent hops, and yeast. In addition to these well-known by-products, it is necessary to mention germ/rootlets, which also remain after the malting process. Given that a huge amount of beer is produced annually worldwide, by-products are available in large quantities throughout the year. Spent grains, spent hops, and spent yeasts are high-energy raw materials that possess a great potential for application in the branch of biotechnology, and the food industry, but these by-products are commonly used as livestock feed, disposed of in the fields, or incinerated. Breweries by-products can be utilized for microalgae production, biofuel production, extraction of proteins, polyphenolic, antioxidative substances, etc. This paper aims to address each of these by-products with an emphasis on their possible application in biotechnology and other industries.

Prompt identification of acute coronary syndrome is a challenge in clinical practice. The 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is readily available during initial patient evaluation, but current rule-based interpretation approaches lack sufficient accuracy. Here we report machine learning-based methods for the prediction of underlying acute myocardial ischemia in patients with chest pain. Using 554 temporal-spatial features of the 12-lead ECG, we train and test multiple classifiers on two independent prospective patient cohorts (n = 1244). While maintaining higher negative predictive value, our final fusion model achieves 52% gain in sensitivity compared to commercial interpretation software and 37% gain in sensitivity compared to experienced clinicians. Such an ultra-early, ECG-based clinical decision support tool, when combined with the judgment of trained emergency personnel, would help to improve clinical outcomes and reduce unnecessary costs in patients with chest pain. Diagnosing a heart attack requires excessive testing and prolonged observation, which frequently requires hospital admission. Here the authors report a machine learning-based system based exclusively on ECG data that can help clinicians identify 37% more heart attacks during initial screening.

Witnessing domestic violence is a common experience among children, but has only recently been recognized as a specific form of abuse. The purpose of this paper is to present a review of the researchers who have examined the experience of children witnessing domestic violence.,Research papers related to witnessing domestic violence and published in leading academic journals in the UK and abroad from January 1980 to September 2018 were identified and reviewed.,Although there were some inconsistent findings, it was found that most of the available research suggests that witnessing domestic violence is prevalent among children and recognized today as a form of abuse. Results from analyzed studies identified high rates of psychological problems among children exposed to witnessing domestic violence. Furthermore, there is evidence that a variety of child and parent characteristics are important to more fully understand what influences have on exposure children’s witnessing domestic violence. In the end, this data emphasize that to be successful, access is essential to the places where the risks for the occurrence of this form of abuse is most evident, in the family, working with the child and the parents/caregivers.,This is an original paper which draws on different research about children witnessing domestic violence.

Background: The aim of this study is to compare the antenatal care, body weight, and weight gain in pregnancy between the adolescent and adult pregnancies and, thus, examine the impact of adolescence on the studied parameters. Methods: This prospective study includes 300 pregnant women who were the patients of University Clinical Center Tuzla, Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics from January 2011 to December 2014. The women were divided into two groups: an experimental group consisted of 150 adolescent pregnant women aged 13–19 years and a control group consisted of 150 adult pregnant women aged 20–35 years. The following parameters were analyzed: age of pregnant women, number of antenatal controls in pregnancy, prepregnancy body weight, weight gain in pregnancy, parity, and obstetric history data. Results: A significantly higher number of adolescent pregnant women belongs to a subgroup from one to two examinations during pregnancy (P < 0.000013) and to subgroups from three to five examinations (P < 0.000001). A significantly smaller number of adolescent pregnant women performed their first antenatal control in the first 2 lunar months (P < 0.01). A subgroup with optimal body weight (from 51 to 69 kg) are the most prevalent among adolescent pregnant women (P < 0.000001). A significantly larger number of adolescent pregnant women had an optimal weight gain of 7.8 to 12.99 kg (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The adolescent pregnant women have suboptimal antenatal care, which could lead to adverse maternal and birth outcomes, but have optimal body weight and weight gain during pregnancy.

Background COVID-19 is a global pandemic affecting all aspects of life in all countries. We assessed COVID-19 knowledge and associated factors among dental academics in 26 countries. Methods We invited dental academics to participate in a cross-sectional, multi-country, online survey from March to April 2020. The survey collected data on knowledge of COVID-19 regarding the mode of transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, protection, and dental treatment precautions as well as participants’ background variables. Multilevel linear models were used to assess the association between dental academics’ knowledge of COVID-19 and individual level (personal and professional) and country-level (number of COVID-19 cases/ million population) factors accounting for random variation among countries. Results Two thousand forty-five academics participated in the survey (response rate 14.3%, with 54.7% female and 67% younger than 46 years of age). The mean (SD) knowledge percent score was 73.2 (11.2) %, and the score of knowledge of symptoms was significantly lower than the score of knowledge of diagnostic methods (53.1 and 85.4%, P  <  0.0001). Knowledge score was significantly higher among those living with a partner/spouse than among those living alone (regression coefficient (B) = 0.48); higher among those with PhD degrees than among those with Bachelor of Dental Science degrees (B = 0.48); higher among those seeing 21 to 30 patients daily than among those seeing no patients (B = 0.65); and higher among those from countries with a higher number of COVID-19 cases/million population (B = 0.0007). Conclusions Dental academics had poorer knowledge of COVID-19 symptoms than of COVID-19 diagnostic methods. Living arrangements, academic degrees, patient load, and magnitude of the epidemic in the country were associated with COVD-19 knowledge among dental academics. Training of dental academics on COVID-19 can be designed using these findings to recruit those with the greatest need.

This work investigates the level of exposure to cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) via fish and seafood products in adult population in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). Metals content was determined in seven commercial species of fish and seafood products widely available and consumed in BiH. Analysis of Cd and Pb was performed by GFAAS (Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry), and analysis of Hg by FIAS AAS (flow injection cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry) in accredited laboratory for food analysis. The health risk was determined by the estimated weekly intake, hazard index, target hazard quotients, and percent of tolerable weekly intake or percent of benchmark dose lower confidence limit. Concentration above the maximum residue level (MRL) set in the European Union was found in only one sample (Hg in mackerel). Cd content was generally high in squid, approaching the corresponding MRL in two samples. The hazard index was close to 1 in bluefin tuna and mackerel, mostly due to Hg content. These two fish species should be consumed in moderation, especially by pregnant women. While consumption of various fish and seafood on average is not of significant concern, health risk could not be ruled out for high consumers.