Swallowing physiology includes numerous biomechanical events including displacement of the hyoid bone, which is a crucial component of airway protection and opening of the proximal esophagus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential relations between the trajectory of hyoid bone movement and the risk of airway penetration and aspiration during a videofluoroscopic swallowing study. Two hundred sixty-five patients were involved in this study, producing a total of 1433 swallows of various volumes consisting of thin liquid, nectar-thick liquid, and solids during a fluoroscopic exam. The anterior and posterior landmarks of the body of the hyoid bone were manually marked in each frame of each fluoroscopic video. Generalized estimation equations were applied to evaluate the relationship between penetration–aspiration scores and mathematical features extracted from the hyoid bone trajectories, while also considering the influence of other independent variables such as age, bolus volume, and viscosity. Our results indicated that penetration–aspiration scores showed a significant relation to age. The maximum anterior (horizontal) displacement of the anterior hyoid bone landmark was significantly associated with the penetration–aspiration scores. Differences in the displacement of the hyoid bone are useful observations in airway protection. In this work, the potential relations between the trajectory of hyoid bone movement and the risk of airway penetration and aspiration during a videofluoroscopic swallowing study were evaluated. We extracted features from the hyoid bone trajectories and applied generalized estimation equations to investigate their relationship to penetration–aspiration scales. The results showed that the maximum anterior (horizontal) displacement of the anterior hyoid bone landmark was significantly associated with the penetration–aspiration scales. In this work, the potential relations between the trajectory of hyoid bone movement and the risk of airway penetration and aspiration during a videofluoroscopic swallowing study were evaluated. We extracted features from the hyoid bone trajectories and applied generalized estimation equations to investigate their relationship to penetration–aspiration scales. The results showed that the maximum anterior (horizontal) displacement of the anterior hyoid bone landmark was significantly associated with the penetration–aspiration scales.

The activities related to medical device market can be divided into pre-market and post-market surveillance. Pre-market processes have been defined by Medical Device Directives since 1992. These directives define all aspects of medical device design, production, testing, approval and certification. Appropriate standards have been adopted to support these activities. The CE mark issued by European Notified Bodies confirms that the medical device complies with safety and performance standards related to its class and that is therefore safe for intended usage. Post-market surveillance is not as well defined, so the new Medical Device Regulation addresses the identified gap and emphasizes the importance of standardizing and harmonizing the system for surveillance of medical devices already in use. The MDRs require stakeholders to monitor the quality, performance and safety of a device throughout its life cycle and to take corrective or preventive action when necessary. In this paper, we discuss the possibility of using artificial intelligence on Big Data structures resulting from the comprehensive methodology of post-market surveillance.

Concrete is one of the most used materials in the world, second only to water. One of the key advantages of this versatile material is its workability in the early stages before setting. Here, we use in situ underwater Raman microspectroscopy to investigate and visualize the early hydration kinetics of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with submicron spatial and high temporal resolution. First, the spectral features of the C-S-H gel were analyzed in the hydroxyl stretching region to confirm the coexistence of Ca-OH and Si-OH bonds in a highly disordered C-S-H gel. Second, the disordered calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is experimentally identified for the first time in the mixture before setting, suggesting that Ca(OH)2 crystallization and growth are essential in the setting of cement paste. Finally, the phase transformations of clinker, C-S-H, and Ca(OH)2 are spatially and temporally resolved, and the hydration kinetics are studied by analyzing the spatial relationships of these phases using two-point correlation functions. The results quantitatively validate that the setting occurs as a percolation process, wherein the hydration products intersect and form an interconnected network. This time-space-resolved characterization method can map and quantitatively analyze the heterogeneous reaction of the cementitious colloidal system and thus provide potential application value in the field of cement chemistry and materials design more broadly.

The goal of this paper is to determine the injury frequency rate in professional football players in leagues and national competitions by analyzing existing papers. We have chosen 21 articles according to the PRISMA method from the Google Scholar, ResearchGate Scopus, and Web of Science databases that fit both inclusion and exclusion criteria. We have discussed the following four segments based on the content of the selected papers: 1) An analysis of the injury frequency rate on the level of national teams, 2) An analysis of the injury frequency rate in club leagues, 3) A comparison of the injury frequency rate in matches and in practice, and 4) An analysis of the injury frequency rate in male versus female football players. The paper concludes that major national team tournaments have the highest injury frequency rate and that the probability of injury is four to five times higher in a match than in practice. The injury frequency rate in female players is lower than in male players regardless of the type of competition (national teams or leagues).

Accurate downlink channel state information (CSI) is required to be fed back to the base station (BS) in frequency division duplexing (FDD) massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems in order to achieve maximum antenna diversity and multiplexing. However, downlink CSI feedback overhead scales with the number of transceiver antennas, a major hurdle for practical deployment of FDD massive MIMO systems. To solve this problem, we propose a compressive sampled CSI feedback method based on deep learning (SampleDL). In SampleDL, the massive MIMO channel matrix is sampled uniformly in time/frequency dimension before being fed into neural networks (NNs), which will reduce the computational resource/time at user equipment (UE) as well as enhance the CSI recovery accuracy at the BS. Both theoretical analysis and normalized mean square errors (NMSE) results confirm the advantages of the proposed method in terms of time complexity and recovery accuracy. Besides, a suitable CSI feedback period is explored by link level simulations, which aims to further reduce the overhead of CSI feedback without degrading the communication quality.

Antibody-drug conjugates represent a new class of highly potent antineoplastic drugs built by attaching a small molecule of an anticancer drug (payload) or another therapeutic agent to an antibody recognizing an epitope on the targeted cells. Trophoblast cell-surface antigen-2 (Trop-2) was originally described in trophoblasts and fetal tissues, but subsequently its overexpression has been demonstrated in various solid malignancies. Sacituzumab govitecan (SG), a conjugate of anti-Trop-2 antibody and SN-38 payload (an active metabolite of irinotecan), is the first in the class that has been clinically validated and approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of metastatic triple-negative breast (2020) and urothelial carcinomas (2021). In the current review, we summarize and critically appraise the most recent advances with regard to SG, emphasizing the predictive biomarker analysis.

This paper proposes a systematic literature review on ethics and CoviD-19, aiming to understand the impact and the perception of the pandemic during the first wave (January-June 2020) and the consequences one year later. PubMed was systematically searched up May 2020 to identify studies that took into consideration various ethical issues that have been arising from the Covid-19 outbreak. The eligibility of the papers was determined by two authors, who screened the results mediated by a third author. In order to facilitate the screening, the titles were divided into five sub-thematic macro-areas, namely allocation, policy, specialist, clinical trials, and technology and, when possible, per geographical area. Specifically, a posteriori, we decided to focus on the papers referring to policies and technology, as they highlighted ethical issues that are not overused and worthy of particular attention. Thus, 38 studies out of 233 met our inclusion criteria and were fully analysed. Accordingly, this review touches on themes such as fairness, equity, transparency of information, the duty of care, racial disparities, the marginalisation of the poor, and privacy and ethical concerns. Overall, it was found that despite the increased awareness of interdisciplinarity and the essential reference to ethics, many scientific articles use it with little competence, considering it only a "humanitarian" enrichment. In fact, as we understand, reflecting a year after the outbreak of the pandemic, although Covid-19 is leading scientists to increasingly recognise the importance of ethical issues, there is still a lot of confusion that could be helped by establishing international guidelines to act as a moral compass in times of crisis.

ABSTRACT Vaccination coverage in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in Bosnia and Herzegovina, has been declining since 2014. This qualitative study aimed to identify barriers and drivers to childhood vaccination for parents. The COM-B (capability-opportunity-motivation-behavior) model was the underpinning theoretical framework. Face-to-face interviews with 22 parents of fully (n = 6), delayed/partially vaccinated (n = 9) and unvaccinated (n = 7) children were conducted. Interviews explored individual factors (capability–knowledge and skills; motivation–attitudes, confidence and trust) and context factors (physical opportunity–information, access, health systems; and social opportunity – social support, norms). Data were analyzed in NVivo using content analysis exploring differences in COM factors by vaccination status and location. Parents of fully vaccinated children typically reported individual and context drivers to vaccination. They accepted vaccination, trusted health workers, and were content with services. Parents of delayed/partially vaccinated children fell into two subgroups: (1) Those who accepted vaccination and attributed delays to their organizational skills or frustration with appointment times. (2) Those fitting the profile of “vaccine hesitant” – generally valuing vaccination and health worker advice, yet with concerns often triggered by media/social media. Parents of unvaccinated children mentioned individual and context barriers to vaccination, notably significant concerns about safety, some distrust of health workers and resentment of mandatory vaccination. Urban/rural differences included urban parents being more likely to report experiences with vaccine shortages and very few had received information leaflets. The study identified complex and inter-related barriers and drivers to parents’ childhood vaccination behaviors. These insights have informed the development of tailored interventions to improve coverage.

Penalties in judo result from negative actions that are not in line with judo combat regulations. The aim of the research was to determine the differences in penalties between winner and non-winner competitors in judo. A total of 1799 (men=1133 and women=666) matches with penalties were evaluated during 2017, 2018 and 2019 World Judo Championships. The variables were expressed as proportions and compared with the Chi-Square test with pairwise Z-tests. The ratio of receiving the first and second shido was the same in men and women athletes ( p >.05), but it was different for weight categories ( p .05), the ratio of forbidden actions in the first and second shido differed ( p <.05). The difference in the penalty ratios in winner and non-winner athletes, especially the difference in forbidden actions leading to first and second shido may reflect some tactical differences. The results of this research can significantly contribute to the understanding of the significance of judo penalties both in training and in competition, as well as to the further study of judo penalties.

Conflict is an integral part of sport, and it implies a normal occurrence in communication and relationship between athletes and coaches. The main aim of this paper was to present a conflict analysis of the coach-athletes relationship, but also its impact on the achievement of sports results. The review article analysed nine works that directly studied interpersonal relationships between coaches and athletes. Research results suggest that conflict is evident and inevitable, as well as expected since coaches spend a lot of time with athletes, and pass through the training process, but also the competition period, when athletes are exposed to greater pressure because of the competition itself. Timely response and adequate response to conflict can greatly contribute to improving relations and even better sports results.

The advantages of massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques depend heavily on the accuracy of channel state information (CSI). In frequency division duplexing (FDD) massive MIMO systems, the user equipment (UE) needs to feed downlink CSI back to the base station (BS) through the feedback link. The excessive feedback overheads and low reconstruction accuracy are the main obstacles for actual deployment of FDD massive MIMO systems. In recent years, deep learning (DL) has been widely used to address the above problems. In this letter, we propose a neural network by utilizing the self-attention learning and dense refine (SALDR), which improves the accuracy of CSI feedback. Furthermore, a unified decoder named SALDR-U is designed to realize different compression ratios for CSI feedback without changing any parameter. Simulation results show that the proposed SALDR and SALDR-U outperform the state-of-the-art network in terms of accuracy and overhead of CSI feedback. The source code for all the experiments is available at GitHub.The code of this letter can be downloaded from GitHub link: https://github.com/XS96/SALDR.

Abstract The field of business ethics has received considerable attention from the corporate, academic, and public sectors over the past several decades. A key purpose of this paper is to examine existing research and knowledge creation in the field of business ethics. The paper includes systematic literature review using bibliomteric analysis which covers 50 articles, published in 11 peer-reviewed journals from 1994 to 2019, examining the methodological and theoretical approaches, as well as the main research focus areas. We found significant amount of studies concerning business ethics appeared mostly in business ethics journals. We identified seven areas of research covered by numerous authors in the observed period, of which three predominate: corporate culture; education; and national (cultural) approach to business ethics.

International Accounting Standard 19 - Employee Benefits outlines the accounting requirements for employee benefits, including short-term benefits, post-employment benefits, other long-term benefits and termination benefits. The standard establishes the principle that the cost of providing employee benefits should be recognized in the period in which the benefit is earned by the employee, rather than when it is paid or payable, and outlines how each category of employee benefits is measured. Aim of the paper is to determine the degree of IAS 19 implementation in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and its impact on financial performance of public enterprises. Since no significant negative impact of the implementation of IAS 19 on the financial performance has been proven, it could be recommended that the observed entities consider all its advantages and thus realize the potential benefits for both, the company and the employees.