In this paper, the authors analyse the legal nature of criminal procedure in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with the special emphasis on reform processes of criminal procedure legislation and adoption and acceptance of new legal solutions over the past two decades, acknowledging the aspiration for effectiveness and protection of basic human rights and freedoms. For the purpose of effective criminal procedure, it identifies the main and secondary actors in criminal proceedings whose role is crucial from the aspect of shedding light on and resolving a certain criminal matter, as well as issuing a judicial decision. To that end, the role and importance of those actors in taking procedural actions to carry out a criminal procedure task is emphasised for the purpose of understanding the legal nature, structure and course of the criminal procedure, and achieving the scope of legally prescribed rights of the suspect, that is, the defendant. In addition, special attention is paid to the specific procedural situation and status of an underage person in the criminal law as the perpetrator and injured parties in a criminal case, taking into account their age as the basis for the differentiation and protection in relation to adults.

Bosnia-Herzegovina and southern-coastal/hinterland-region of Dalmatia, Republic of Croatia are a part of the same seismo-tectonic province and share a considerable and real threat of high-magnitude earthquakes. Numerous Magnitude 6 (Richter) and above earthquakes have been recorded in the past 500 years and some of them have resulted in a considerable loss of life, material and even prestige or geopolitical significance (e.g. the demise of Ragusa in the earthquake of 1667). Given the propensity of the region for destructive earthquakes, complex geomorphological framework and challenging infrastructure, still recovering in parts from the Yugoslav civil wars of the 1990s., the region may yield a “perfect” crisis in the aftermath of a major earthquake event. Taking into consideration unchecked development of several metropolitan areas, lack of oversight and permitting, decaying infrastructure as well as unresolved political ambiguities and territorial disputes, a potential destructive earthquake may create several cascading crises, especially if it coincides with some other challenging events (e.g. winter storms). This study is taking into consideration several scenarios, their possible effects and resulting conditions upon which cascading crises may arise in the aftermath of a magnitude 7+ earthquake affecting several major urban areas in southern and central Bosnia-Herzegovina and the southern Dalmatian region of Croatia. These scenarios are intended to provide training aids and risk assessments in countering the destructive forces after the earthquake, expected to test the current crisis-management models.

Bosnia-Herzegovina and Republic of Croatia share 931km of border (494km land and 425km riverine), which has been contentious for the greater part of the modern European history and represented one of the hardest and most-militarized border demarcating the frontiers of the major empires. Nowadays, it is in the process of becoming another hard-border between the Schengen-Zone EU and non-EU Western Balkans. In this study we are considering several strategic elements required for planning of effective and constructive border security, while countering variety of pseudo-hybrid warfare operations as well as tactical considerations when responding to crisis, communications and overall control of the fluid frontier. Strategic elements taken into consideration are:  a) overall contiguity of the border, b) communications network / trafficability at border-crossing and c) geospatial support in the intelligence preparation of the area. Tactical elements considered are a) real-time geospatial support during operations b) alternative communications and vetting of alternative communications c) defensive operations (e.g. drone defense, jamming defense, incursion prevention). We are considering lessons-learned from the hostilities and frozen-conflicts in Yugoslavia, Ukraine, Afghanistan, Yemen and potential future conflagrations in Trans-Dnistria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo* and the Baltics. We are using several criteria in understanding the required geospatial preparations required to undertake or defend against mass-migrations and potential hybrid threats such as unresolved territorial issues, population density information, infrastructure condition, land-use and overall completeness and availability of geospatial data. * Designation without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSCR 1244 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo Declaration of Independence

The online platform is a platform of the future, both in the world and in Bosnia and Herzegovina. “The World Without a Label” is the first counseling center of this kind in BiH, because it brings together experts from behavioral, psychological, and psychiatric problems in one place. As a special problem of sociopolitical context is victims of sexual violence, war rape crimes. A case study shows a young boy is accompanied by a parent due to behavioral problems manifested by extremely bad social interaction with peers and for spending most of his free time on his computer playing video games. The boy’s mother had previously been treated in a psychiatric clinic’s day hospital, where she shared her own trauma of rape in group psychotherapy and the painful problems she faced in her early 20s, where Republika Srpska Army soldiers systematically raped captured Bosniaks. The father is a former member of the Bosnian army, and he himself had lot of war traumas. Experience in working in the Counseling Centers like this one, as well as with all the scientific and technological achievements, we have enabled the development of procedures for solving mental health problems through online platforms and standardization of those procedures.

Bosnia and Herzegovina has witnessed continuous depopulation since 1991. Depopulation was foreseen even without the emergence of war, but not nearly to that extent or that early. Bosnia and Herzegovina is in a worse demographic position than the European Union countries that show similar demographic trends. Very low birth rates, low fertility and low natural population growth have been recorded in the time of weaker economic development, which increasingly accelerates the emigration of the educated population in particular, and permanently adversely affects the reproductive potential of the country. This paper considers a hidden mutual relationship between the demographic situation (natural change, population ageing) in Bosnia and Herzegovina and its citizens' system of values. According to the survey conducted on 614 respondents, Bosnia and Herzegovina's citizens have fewer children than they would like.

Project management frameworks describe the preferred approaches to project quality management, as well as applicable methods and tools. Despite this, quality problems in the construction project are still widespread. This study aimed to identify crucial quality-related factors in construction project management and find relations between them, to help researchers and project managers better respond to quality issues. A systematic literature review (SLR) was used to identify previous studies on quality-related factors. Literature review and further quantitative analysis revealed that quality-related factors are related to three categories: Quality of project process, quality of organisational processes, and quality of results (products), which together create the quality of the whole construction project. The results highlight quality-related factors (14 related to the quality of processes, 6 to quality of an organisation, and 13 to quality of products) that should be taken into account in further research, as well as planning and executing construction projects. Their inclusion at the planning stage should help project managers, sponsors, and steering committees avoid or minimise quality-related problems. Moreover, this study sheds an interesting light on quality. We found that the quality of processes and quality of an organisation has precedence over the final product quality. Based on the results of the study, structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to create a null model that will be the starting point for further research in the construction enterprises.

Embora reconhecida como comportamento de extrema importância na saúde da população, a prática de atividade física regular ainda é um grande desafio. Objetivo: verificar o nível de atividade física no lazer e possíveis fatores correlatados em uma comunidade acadêmica do nordeste brasileiro. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo transversal, constituído por discentes, docentes e técnicos administrativos, utilizou-se como instrumento “Mapa de Atividade Física e Saúde-MAFIS”, realizou-se estatística descritiva, teste de Qui quadrado, com posterior montagem do modelo de regressão logística. Resultados: 52,1% atingiram as recomendações de atividade física (AF), os homens apresentam 65,3% (OR: 1,65; IC95%: 1,29-2,11) mais chance de serem ativos, quem gosta de AF tem duas (OR: 2,02; IC95%: 0,82-4,96) a 4,8 (OR: 4,84; IC95%: 1,99-11,8) vezes mais chance de praticar AF, achar importante fazer AF (OR: 2,23; IC95%: 0,48-10,4) e menos dias sentado aumenta de 48,3% (OR: 1,48; IC95%: 1,032- 2,130) a 53,3% (OR: 1,53; IC95%: 1,09-2,13) a chance de fazer AF e quem pensa em fazer AF (OR: 0,362; IC: 0,203-0,645) tem menos chance de ser ativo. Conclusão: Gostar, considerar importante e menos dias sentados aumentam as chances de fazer atividade física, já pensar sempre em fazer, diminui a chance de ser ativo no lazer.

Total Factor Productivity (TFP) is the portion of the country's output not explained by the amount of inputs used in production. The main goal of the present paper is to estimate the Total Factor Productivity levels and then determine the long-term impact of Economic freedom on the TFP in ten former socialistic countries, which are full EU members since 2000. To estimate the TFP we have applied the fixed effect panel on standard Cobb-Douglas production function in per capita terms. In the second iteration we have used PMG ARDL model to estimate the long-term impact of economic freedom on the TFP. This research has proven that higher level of economic freedom, which is used as a proxy of the quality of the institutions and institutional framework, caused higher level of total factor productivity in the period 2000-2018 in the case of ten former socialistic countries which are full EU members since 2000. The obtained results enable us an insight in policies which are important for efficiency increase and economic performance. Our finding could be very useful for policymakers, stressing which policies are contributing to efficiency, and which are not. So that policymakers could intervene in the way to increase the quality of institutional framework and economic institutions. Many other studies investigate the TFP and growth, or growth and institutional framework for the countries of Central and East Europe. Our survey is among the first to investigate the long-term impact of the institutional framework and economic institutions on the countries efficiency for this countries. Our survey enables us an insight into the mechanism through which the institutions can positively impact the TFP through increasing the predictability and reducing the uncertainty for CE countries.

Abstract We propose a novel method for enforcing AI fairness with respect to protected or sensitive factors. This method uses a dual strategy performing training and representation alteration (TARA) for the mitigation of prominent causes of AI bias. It includes the use of representation learning alteration via adversarial independence to suppress the bias-inducing dependence of the data representation from protected factors and training set alteration via intelligent augmentation to address bias-causing data imbalance by using generative models that allow the fine control of sensitive factors related to underrepresented populations via domain adaptation and latent space manipulation. When testing our methods on image analytics, experiments demonstrate that TARA significantly or fully debiases baseline models while outperforming competing debiasing methods that have the same amount of information—for example, with (% overall accuracy, % accuracy gap) = (78.8, 0.5) versus the baseline method's score of (71.8, 10.5) for Eye-PACS, and (73.7, 11.8) versus (69.1, 21.7) for CelebA. Furthermore, recognizing certain limitations in current metrics used for assessing debiasing performance, we propose novel conjunctive debiasing metrics. Our experiments also demonstrate the ability of these novel metrics in assessing the Pareto efficiency of the proposed methods.

This paper explores the use of the meshfree computational mechanics method, the Material Point Method (MPM), to model the composition and damage of typical renal calculi, or kidney stones. Kidney stones are difficult entities to model due to their complex structure and failure behavior. Better understanding of how these stones behave when they are broken apart is a vital piece of knowledge to medical professionals whose aim is to remove these stone by breaking them within a patient’s body. While the properties of individual stones are varied, the common elements and proportions are used to generate synthetic stones that are then placed in a digital experiment to observe their failure patterns. First a more traditional engineering model of a Brazil test is used to create a tensile fracture within the center of these stones to observe the effect of stone consistency on failure behavior. Next a novel application of MPM is applied which relies on an ultrasonic wave being carried by surrounding fluid to model the ultrasonic treatment of stones commonly used by medical practitioners. This numerical modeling of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) reveals how these different stones failure in a more real-world situation and could be used to guide further research in this field for safer and more effective treatments.

Old masonry towers, in all their variety – be it a bell tower, a city tower, clock tower, inhabited residential towers, and/or guard/watchtowers – can be found all around the world representing typical urban centre feature, and in some cases –they are the countryside panorama landmark. Statics analysis and calculation are the first steps towards engineering interventions on cultural and historical heritage buildings. In the structural analysis of clock towers, the typical critical points and places where crucial damages that could lead to the collapse, are expected are in the top sections of the building - where the oscillation amplitude reaches its maximal value. Effect on building structure is observed concerning the oscillation frequency and building’s own frequency and energy, which can explain why minaret towers and high slim towers, in some cases, can better withstand earthquakes than extremely rigid buildings; given that the resonance, low-quality materials and other factors can lead to the vulnerability of a building structure. This type of building is designed on a simple, regular shape ground plan, or, in other words, the towers have a symmetrical ground plan and uniformly distributed mass and height. The second statement provides that, depending on building materials used and the cross-section dimensions, towers can be very heavy, which can cause the appearance of significant inertia forces during earthquake oscillations. If there’s mass eccentricity, the horizontal loads could tip the building over. Gradačac clock tower’s load-bearing structural walls are built with masonry stone blocks. The vertical loads are, via slabs and wooden beams, conducted to the walls and down to the foundations. Foundation structure consists of a slab, 80cm thick, positioned at -8.25m which sits on a well-compacted layer of soil. Wooden staircases are used for vertical transportation between storeys. Structural analysis calculation is based on a 3D model of a building and is performed by using the finite elements method (FEM) in Tower calculation software. The requirements for the authenticity in preservation actions imply that the interpretation and the presentation must correlate with basic authenticity principles, in compliance to Nara document (ICOMOS, 1994), protecting cultural values, from both – the hazardous influences of intrusive infrastructure and load of visitors, and incorrect and inappropriate interpretations.

In the protection of historical heritage evaluating the current state of a facility is a very important phase since it provides for the project framework and the decision-making guidelines, which is all crucial for the final goal – protection of Gradačac Old Town complex. There are several historical layers encompassed by Gradačac Old Town - starting from the medieval fortification system, expanding to the Ottomans’ period where main buildings (a residential tower, a clock tower, and a mosque) were added by the Ottomans, extending and continuing the works on adding a library and a gymnasium in the Austro-Hungarian period. The overall Complex flows with the natural morphology of the terrain; nowadays these green areas are used as the main city park. Complex of Gradačac has two separate fortification zones, the main area of around 33 000 m2, and the accentuated part with the tower, of around 3 000 m2. The fortification (The Old Town) ground plan is approximately a square one, with sides from 180 to 200 m, consisting of the two main parts: The Lower and the Upper City. In the north-west area, there’s the Upper City (fortification inside the fortification, namely Husein-Captain Gradaščević’s Tower). The Old Town is accessed through three gates: The North (the main gate), the South, and the West gate. Upper City with Husein-Captain Gradaščević’s tower is positioned on the topmost point in the north side of the fortification complex. It rests on a terrace which encloses it from the south and the east side. On the north side of the Upper City, there are outer perimeter walls constituent to the whole of the Complex. Architectural heritage preservation and valorisation are increasingly important social and economic issue in many countries. The issues encountered in these undertakings range from defining and choosing required level of safety, via the question of electing methodologies relevant for contracting reliable structural analyses and safety check-ups, up to choosing the design and installation of suitable materials, and the intervention.

The unexpected loss of values, as one result of the total destruction during the armed conflicts and war, put us on the challenge to properly decide about methods of rehabilitation, and integrating and understanding values and actions that could vary from restoration to, in many cases, even full reconstruction. During the 1992-1995 war in BiH, many valuable assets of cultural heritage like national monuments, historical places, and historical structures were damaged and/or destroyed. After the aggression, the first step has been to regain and/or establish the function of the places destroyed, while for the cultural heritage assets these attempts called for the approaches more careful. It is not only that the importance or the significance of places and structures destructed is different, the level of destruction also is. These inputs are essential in having preparedness for any action when without possibilities to rely on unique methodology. Even though it is now 20 years after the conflict, Bosnia is still faced with the post-war recovery efforts, with problems newly occurred that are the outcomes of unsuccessfully implemented methods of rehabilitation. This paper aims to present an overview of the interventions implemented within Bosnia and Herzegovina given in respect to the typology of a building, its importance including intangible values and the level of its destruction. Giving examples of Ferhadija/Ferhat Pasha Mosque in Banja Luka and the Old Bridge in Mostar – the examples of total reconstruction, will guide one to understand aspects of choosing the reconstruction action as the appropriate intervention. There are also valuable examples of post-war recovery and rehabilitation for the historical places, such as is the Old town of Počitelj with its entire valuable structures, where after the urban reconstruction – we now have the new challenge of managing the historic place. The inside view shall be more oriented on the case of the Handanija Mosque in Prusac where correct methodology approach had been applied regarding the diagnostic, identifying and/or determining the nature and causes of damage and deterioration of the facility through the inspection and examination, but some rather improper conclusion and decision have been derived from that investigation works. In addition, some analyses of Index of shifts of minaret have been conducted too. Index of shift represents the relation of minaret height – h and width of its layout (D or 2r) or the diameter of circular cross-section. Analyses of conducted work could provide us with a better understanding of the damaged buildings potential weaknesses and weak spots. Reinforcement and strengthening of damaged construction structure has been among the most important tasks. In some cases, improper interventions on heritage structures may have been damaging - in sense of impairing the authenticity, while sometimes it was an insufficient knowledge on structural behaviour and the materials used in historic structures that brought unexpected additional damages. The use of traditional crafts, techniques, and materials is one of the most important elements in the process of architectural heritage protection, contributing to the adequate protection, restoration, conservation, as well as its maintenance.