Background Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is considered rare in premenopausal women and presents as a transient, nonischemic acute heart failure with relatively fast, spontaneous recovery of myocardial function. It is typically characterized by apical ballooning, or less commonly, akinesia of the midsegments of the left ventricle, commonly triggered by acute emotional stress and therefore also known as “broken‐heart syndrome” and “stress‐induced cardiomyopathy.” Case In this article, we present a case of a 26‐year‐old female patient pregnant with dichorionic–diamniotic twins, who developed TTS peripartum following emergency cesarean section due to premature membrane rupture at 33 weeks of gestation. On the first postoperative day, she suddenly developed dyspnea with desaturation to 80% oxygen on pulse oximetry. She became hypotensive and tachycardic. An electrocardiogram revealed T‐wave inversion in aVL and ST‐segment changes in leads V4–V6. An assay of cardiac enzymes was elevated. In order to exclude acute myocardial infarction and pulmonary thromboembolism, CT angiography of the lungs and coronary arteries was performed. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed akinesia of the midsegments of the left ventricle and a moderately reduced ejection fraction. After the introduction of cardioprotective therapy with bisoprolol 1.25 mg, her ECG normalized. She was normotensive, normocardic, and oxygen saturation on pulse oximetry was within the normal range. The echocardiogram on the 11th postpartum/postoperative day revealed partial spontaneous regression of segmental motion disorders and improvement of left ventricular ejection fraction. On the day of discharge, the patient was eupnoic with normal oxygen saturation without supplemental oxygen. She was normotensive and normocardic. The uterus was appropriately contracted, lochia normal, and the wound was healing normally. She was breastfeeding. She was prescribed with bisoprolol 1.25 mg once daily until follow‐up heart ultrasound 6 months after the discharge. Conclusions In a state that suggests cardiac emergency, TTS should be considered among other differential diagnoses, such as myocardial infarction, acute myocarditis, pulmonary embolism, and peripartal cardiomyopathy. It is very important to differentiate TTS from peripartal cardiomyopathy because of the differences in management and prognosis. The clinical awareness and holistic approach to differential diagnosis are crucial for management of acute heart failure after cesarean section.

In obstetrics, diazepam is commonly used to treat anxiety, insomnia and as a second‐line treatment for seizures in preeclampsia and eclampsia. However, the effects of diazepam on the oxidative balance and vascular function of the umbilical circulation are still insufficiently studied. In this study, we investigated the effects of suprapharmacological concentrations of diazepam in an in vitro model of human umbilical artery (HUA) injury, induced by incubation with 1 mM homocysteine, representing experimental conditions that mimic hyperhomocysteinemia. HUAs were divided into four groups: control (C), diazepam (D) alone (100 μmol/L), homocysteine (Hcy) alone (1 mM), and combined treatment (HcyD). For oxidative stress assays, data were obtained from 8–10 individual HUA samples per group, with lipid peroxidation, nitrite (NO2 −) levels, and SOD, CAT, and GSH activities determined spectrophotometrically. Histological and TUNEL analyses were performed in triplicate (n = 3 per group), whereas vascular reactivity experiments, using an organ bath system, included six individual vessel samples per group. Statistical analysis was performed using the paired Student′s t‐test (p < 0.05). Diazepam alone significantly reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, indicating an apparent impairment of antioxidant defenses. In contrast, concomitant treatment under hyperhomocysteinemia lowered the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARSs) and NO2 −, suggesting partial protection against lipid peroxidation and nitrosative stress. Histologically, diazepam preserved arterial structure with minor subendothelial changes, whereas cotreatment reduced homocysteine‐induced endothelial disruption, smooth muscle disarray, and medial connective tissue loss. Apoptotic index was significantly reduced with cotreatment comparing to hyperhomocysteinemia, whereas diazepam alone showed values similar to control. Functionally, diazepam significantly reduced serotonin‐induced contraction of HUAs, but this vascular effect was attenuated under hyperhomocysteinemic conditions. Overall, concomitant treatment with diazepam partially attenuated oxidative and structural changes induced by hyperhomocysteinemia in our experimental setting, in a preclinical model mimicking selected pathophysiological aspects of preeclampsia.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease that occurs when the body cannot properly use or does not produce enough insulin. This leads to hyperglycemia, or elevated blood glucose levels. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common form of diabetes, accounting for about 90-95% of all diabetic cases. Aim: To examine the association of behavioral factors with the development of chronic complications and the degree of glycoregulation in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: The research was conducted as a descriptive study on a sample of 215 subjects with a diagnosis of T2DM set in accordance with the criteria of the American Diabetes Association (ADA), treated at the Srbac Health Center and the Banja Luka Health Center in the period March-November 2024. The subjects were selected using a random sample method. They filled out a questionnaire with general and sociodemographic data and a questionnaire with medical data and laboratory analyses. Results: Smoking, physical inactivity, inadequate diet and alcohol consumption have a significant impact on the occurrence of certain complications, such as retinopathy, neuropathy, ischemic heart disease and peripheral vasculopathy. Poor blood glucose control and elevated HbA1c values, together with an unfavorable lipid profile and the presence of hypertension, further increase the risk of developing complications. Smoking, physical inactivity and poor diet have a statistically significant association with poorer glycoregulation in patients with type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: The significance of this study lies in the fact that it indicates the necessity of a comprehensive approach to the treatment of diabetes, which must not be focused exclusively on blood sugar regulation, but must include lifestyle changes, monitoring of lipid status and blood pressure, as well as systematic patient education.

Background: The relationship between the morphometric characteristics of the incisive papilla and dental arch width represents an important aspect in assessing anatomical and prosthetic relationships in the anterior maxilla. The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between maxillary dental arch width and morphometric characteristics of the incisive papilla (length, width, shape). Materials and Methods: A total of 180 subjects of both sexes, aged 20-40 years, with complete dentition and different skeletal classes were included in the study. Results: The results indicate that the transverse dimensions of the maxillary dental arch (13-23, 14-24, and 16-26) are significantly associated with the morphological parameters of the palate and the incisive papilla. The width of the incisive papilla emerged as the most significant predictor in all regression models, confirming its importance as a stable anatomical landmark in prosthetic rehabilitation of edentulous patients. The shape of the incisive papilla did not show a statistically significant influence on dental arch width, nor was there a significant interaction between sex and papilla shape. Conclusion: The width of the incisive papilla represents the most significant predictor of the transverse dimensions of the maxillary dental arch. This correlation has important implications in prosthodontics for understanding individual anatomical variations and improving clinical practice.

Background: Early risk stratification in hospitalised patients with coronavirus disease 2019 is clinically important, where management relies on routinely available laboratory data. This study evaluated the association of conventional inflammatory, coagulation, hematologic, and oxygenation-related parameters, together with derived thrombo-inflammatory indices, with in-hospital mortality. Methods: This retrospective single-centre cohort study included 78 hospitalised patients with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 and documented in-hospital outcomes. Variables included oxygen saturation, leukocyte differential parameters, C-reactive protein, D-dimer, ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase, urea, and creatinine. Derived indices included neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, systemic immune-inflammation index, systemic inflammation response index, D-dimer-to-lymphocyte ratio, C-reactive protein-to-lymphocyte ratio, and an exploratory scaled thrombo-inflammatory hypoxemia-lymphopenia index. Group comparisons, receiver operating characteristic analysis, and age-adjusted logistic regression were performed. Results: Of the 78 patients, 66 survived, and 12 died. Non-survivors had lower oxygen saturation and higher C-reactive protein, D-dimer, ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase, neutrophil percentage and count, and lower lymphocyte percentage and count. Among the derived indices, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, systemic immune-inflammation index, systemic inflammation response index, D-dimer-to-lymphocyte ratio, C-reactive protein-to-lymphocyte ratio, and the exploratory scaled thrombo-inflammatory hypoxemia-lymphopenia index were higher in non-survivors. C-reactive protein, D-dimer, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, D-dimer-to-lymphocyte ratio, C-reactive protein-to-lymphocyte ratio, and the exploratory scaled thrombo-inflammatory hypoxemia-lymphopenia index remained associated with mortality in age-adjusted models. Conclusion: In hospitalised patients with coronavirus disease 2019, in-hospital mortality was associated with higher systemic inflammation, greater coagulation activation, more pronounced lymphopenia, and lower oxygen saturation. Routine laboratory biomarkers and derived thrombo-inflammatory indices may support early mortality-oriented risk stratification.

Introduction/Objective. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment is an ophthalmic emergency which can result in vision loss. The aim of our study was to evaluate the demographic, epidemiological, clinical characteristics and treatment method of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Methods. This retrospective study was conducted at the Department of Vitreoretinal Surgery and Eye Trauma in the period between January 1, 2024 and December 31, 2025. The data included sex, age, season, onset of symptoms, presence of myopia, previous cataract surgery, as well as the method of treatment. Results. Out of 275 patients, there were 177 males (64.36%) and 98 females (35.64%). The majority of the study population was between 61 and 80 years old (n = 140, 50.91%). The most commonly selected surgical procedure was PPV (n = 226, 81.88%). Silicon oil was the preferred tamponade (n = 191, 75.2%). Best corrected visual acuity on admission was worse than 0.1 in the majority of the affected eyes (n = 177, 64.13%), while one month after surgery nearly half (n = 130, 47.1%) achieved visual acuity between 0.1 and 0.5. Recurrent detachment had 29 patients (10.32%). Conclusion. In conclusion, our study emphasizes that rhegmatogenous retinal detachment primarily affects males and individuals over 60 years of age within our region. Consequently, there is an urgent need to implement targeted public health initiatives to educate high-risk individuals on early symptoms, optimize primary ophthalmic triage, and establish efficient referral pathways to ensure timely surgical intervention and preserve functional vision.

Aronia is known for its medicinal properties due to its unique chemical characteristics, which are influenced by various factors, including growing conditions, soil quality and harvest time. Like most fruit species with high water content, aronia has a low caloric value. The specific composition of aronia may vary slightly in different ecological conditions due to influencing factors. The research included the most common aronia variety Nero, at three different growing locations: Mostar (Gornji Jasenjani), Bugojno and Kupres. The research results indicate that the average height and width of the Nero variety fruit was the highest at the Kupres location with 10.92 mm and 12.01 mm, and the lowest at the Mostar (Gornji Jasenjani) location with 9.19 mm and 10.02 mm. The chemical composition of the Nero variety fruits varied at different locations. The Nero variety had the highest content of total sugars at the Kupres location (6.35%) and total acids (1.36%), while at the Mostar location (Gornji Jasenjani) it had slightly lower values of total sugars (5.59%) and total acids (1.06%). Regarding the content of dry matter, minerals and pH values, the Nero variety had higher average values at the Mostar location (Gornji Jasenjani) compared to Bugojno. The lowest pH value (3.45) was recorded for the Nero variety at the Kupres location. The results of morphological and chemical characteristics of chokeberry in different agro-ecological conditions indicate the potential for increased production of this attractive fruit species in the mountainous areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Quantum key distribution and post-quantum cryptography represent the backbone for tackling security challenges in the quantum era. Although each of them has its own shortcomings, their practical implementation raises the question of their possible combination and synergy. In this context, the paper considers mixing established cryptographic keys at key management layer, using both approaches to optimize the available key resources in a quantum network, also balancing the provided security. We provide analytical model, security analysis, and optimal contribution of keys in the mixed cryptographic key. Extensive simulation results demonstrate the validity of this approach in point-to-point and network environments.

Savremeni ekonomski razvoj sve snažnije je usmjeren ka principima održive ekonomije, što zahtijeva redefinisanje uloge računovodstva i kompetencija koje računovodstveni profesionalci treba da posjeduju. U tom kontekstu, računovodstveno obrazovanje dobija strateški značaj kao ključni mehanizam za razvoj znanja i vještina neophodnih za povezivanje ekonomskih, ekoloških i društvenih ciljeva. Cilj rada je analiza usklađenosti studijskih i profesionalnih programa iz oblasti računovodstva u zemljama bivše Jugoslavije sa savremenim kompetencijama relevantnim za održivu ekonomiju. Istraživanje je zasnovano na teorijsko-analitičkom pregledu konceptualnih okvira održivog razvoja, međunarodnih obrazovnih standarda i dominantnih zahtjeva računovodstvene profesije. Posebna pažnja posvećena je stepenu integracije održivosti, digitalnih vještina i etike u postojeće kurikulume. Rezultati analize pokazuju da, uprkos vidljivim pomacima u pojedinim segmentima, sistemska integracija ovih sadržaja ostaje ograničena. Nalazi ukazuju na potrebu daljeg unapređenja računovodstvenog obrazovanja kako bi obrazovni ishodi efikasnije odgovarali zahtjevima održivog razvoja i savremenog poslovanja.

Rad analizira izazove i specifičnosti primjene metode diskontovanog slobodnog novčanog toka (DCF) na nelikvidnim tržištima kapitala, sa fokusom na Banjalučku berzu. Motivi istraživanja proističu iz potrebe za objektivnijim vrednovanjem kapitala u uslovima visoke tržišne volatilnosti i informacione asimetrije, te neophodnosti usklađivanja domaće prakse sa novim globalnim okvirom IVS 2025. Centralni predmet rada je utvrđivanje unutrašnje vrijednosti akcionarskog društva Telekom Srpske a.d. Banja Luka, uz kritički osvrt na kvantifikaciju neopipljivih rizika. Poseban doprinos rada ogleda se u integraciji ESG faktora (ekoloških, socijalnih i upravljačkih) kroz specifične premije rizika unutar WACC modela. Rezultati analize, uz primjenu svjesno konzervativne diskontne stope od 14,42%, ukazuju na unutrašnju vrijednost od 1,70 KM po akciji. Ovako postavljen visok WACC, iako iznad industrijskog prosjeka, služi kao neophodan filter za institucionalne rizike i nelikvidnost. Analiza osjetljivosti je potvrdila da je cijena akcije veoma volatilna, sa rasponom od 1,43 KM do 2,04 KM, što opravdava napuštanje statičnih procjena. Preporuke istraživanja usmjerene su na obavezno uvođenje standardizovanog ESG izvještavanja za listirana društva kako bi se smanjila subjektivnost procjenitelja. Takođe, afirmiše se upotreba profesionalnog skepticizma i analiza osjetljivosti kao nezaobilaznih elemenata u procesu donošenja investicionih odluka na nerazvijenim tržištima. Rad zaključuje da na malim berzama transparentnost nije samo regulatorni zahtjev, već direktan generator tržišne vrijednosti, dok IVS 2025 standardi pružaju neophodan okvir za zaštitu integriteta profesije.

Digital culture is recognised as one of the key company competencies associated with a sustainable competitive advantage. Leaders play a vital role in creating a digital culture that enhances the company’s digital competencies by investing in individual and company knowledge to increase its innovation capacity. The study indicates that combining transformational and transactional leadership is essential for shaping digital culture successfully. The positive correlation between the level of development of digital culture and competitive advantage highlights the strategic importance of digital culture in raising a company’s digital maturity and ability to compete. The findings that companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bulgaria invest more in company knowledge than individual knowledge open new perspectives in strategic planning. Companies should balance knowledge investment at individual and company levels to foster innovation. As leadership, digital culture, and balanced knowledge investment collectively contribute to innovation and sustainable competitive advantage, there is a need for a holistic approach to address this issue.