Background: The objective of this investigation was to assess the oral health (OH) of Bosnia and Herzegovinian adolescents in relation to differences and socioeconomic status (SES). Methods: This cross-sectional study included 306 school children from high schools located in the Tuzla Canton (Bosnia and Herzegovina). The sample consisted of 183 females and 123 males between 15 and 18 years old (mean of 16.82 years old). The study was conducted between December 2019 and March 2020, via an Annex 8 questionnaire from the World Health Organization (WHO), which collected information on OH behaviours, self-perceptions of oral health and dietary factors responsible for the OH of each subject. SES was categorized using five variables (occupation, education, income, place of residence and number of family members). Cross-tabulations were evaluated according to sex and socioeconomic status (SES) via the chi-square test. Results: Over 40% of the participants consumed sweets, cakes and biscuits on daily basis, whereas 41.5% of the participants visited a dentist only in the case of pain. The consumption of sweets (p = 0.024) and cakes and biscuits (p = 0.011) on a daily basis was significantly greater in female adolescents than in male adolescents. Compared with male adolescents, female adolescents reported occasional toothaches more frequently (p = 0.001) and were more dissatisfied with their dental appearance (p = 0.008) but presented a greater frequency of flossing (p = 0.001) and toothbrushing (3–5 times a day) (p = 0.0001). There was no association between the different levels (below average, average, above average) of SES and factors affecting OH status of adolescents. Conclusions: The study revealed significant sex differences in several factors affecting OH status and revealed no relationship between SES and OH behaviours or between perceptions and risk factors affecting OH in 15–18-year-old adolescents. Data obtained from this study might help in the creation of new OH prevention programs aimed at improving the OH status of adolescents in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Abstract This paper examines the key aspects of corporate governance of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) through a comparative survey conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia. The research explores two distinct perspectives: the state’s view on the necessity and governance of SOEs, and the perspective of SOE boards on operational and strategic challenges. From the state’s perspective, the survey addresses issues such as the protection of national economic interests, state ownership in key industries, equitable service provision, and the reinvestment of SOE profits into public projects. Findings suggest a strong alignment among respondents across all three countries, supporting the idea that state ownership ensures economic sovereignty and guarantees fair access to essential services. On the other hand, the board perspective highlights concern about the bureaucratic barriers faced by SOEs, the influence of political interference on financial performance, and the limitations of public ownership in enhancing global competitiveness. Board respondents expressed the need for greater autonomy in decision-making and stressed the importance of partnerships with the private sector to optimise SOE efficiency and market position. The article synthesises these findings to address the broader question: Are SOEs essential in modern economies, or do they require reform to meet contemporary challenges? The results indicate that while SOEs hold strategic importance, reforms focused on reducing bureaucracy, enhancing governance, and promoting public-private partnerships are crucial for their future viability.

Linguistic errors remain a persistent challenge for B2-level EFL learners, with research showing that grammatical misapplication accounts for nearly half of the language inaccuracies. This study investigates 942 errors in argumentative essays written by Bosnian EFL learners, focusing on grammatical, lexical, and typographical challenges that impact their English writing proficiency. The data, consisting of 90 essays with a total word count of 45,786, were collected and analyzed following a structured procedure: collection, identification, description, and evaluation of learners’ errors. A descriptive-qualitative error analysis approach was employed to classify errors and examine their underlying causes systematically. To ensure reliability and consistency in the analysis, three instructors independently reviewed the essays. Inter-rater reliability was achieved through collaborative discussions, where any discrepancies in error classification were resolved through consensus. Errors were categorized into grammatical (50.2%), word-choice (29.3%), and typographical (20.5%) types and further analyzed to determine their origins as intralingual or interlingual. A deeper investigation revealed that 58% of errors were intralingual, resulting from overgeneralization and rule misapplication, while the remaining 42% were interlingual, influenced by Bosnian language interference. These findings highlight the need for focused interventions, particularly in grammar and vocabulary instruction. By uncovering error patterns and their causes, the study contributes to refining pedagogical strategies that support EFL learners’ writing proficiency.

Despite significant advances in knowledge and the development of guidelines, the management of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) remains highly variable. A structured questionnaire was circulated across European Association of Paediatric & Congenital Cardiology (AEPC) affiliated centres. The aims were to evaluate standards in pre-operative assessment, types of surgery, follow-up and medical practices in children with HLHS. Thirty-one centres from 20 countries completed the survey. Delivery of babies with HLHS occurred in co-located maternity hospitals in 74% of centres; 29% were planned for spontaneous onset of labour, while 54% decided on a case-by-case basis. The preferred initial palliation was a right ventricle-pulmonary artery conduit in 55% of cases, modified Blalock-Thomas Taussig shunt (mBTTS) in 35%, and hybrid in 15% of cases. Timing for Glenn varied from 3 to 6 months of age and preoperative examination varied greatly: 65% performed cardiac catheterization and only 19% performed cardiac magnetic resonance. Stage III palliation was performed at a highly variable interval (2—6 years of age), nearly always employing an extracardiac conduit. Fenestration was routinely performed in 61% and reserved for borderline cases in 39%. All the centers adopted warfarin for the first 3–12 months after Fontan completion, and continued if a fenestration was present, while in non-fenestrated aspirin was left by most centers (e.g. 68%). However, there was a high disparity in the use of heart failure medications (e.g. in interstage I-II 35% use ACE-inhibitors, and only 26% digoxin). Follow-up practice also varied widely with only 60% employing specific protocols. Conclusion: This first multi-centre European survey from 31 centres from 20 different European countries highlighted a high practice variation in HLHS management across all the stages of Single Ventricle (Fontan) palliation. Major variations pertained to pre- and post-surgical investigations, surgical strategy for stage I and III, medical treatment regimens, and follow-up programs. What is Known: • Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) remains one of the most complex and challenging congenital cardiac defects to manage. • Investigating the management of children with HLHS across different European centres can facilitate study of the most effective management strategies. What is New: • Significant variation in HLHS management were reported in relation to pre- and post-surgical examinations, surgical strategy at stage I and III, medical treatment regimens, and follow-up programs. • Greater standardisation of imaging and diagnostic evaluation, medical treatment and follow-up surveillance may improve outcomes for these vulnerable patients and warrants further study. What is Known: • Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) remains one of the most complex and challenging congenital cardiac defects to manage. • Investigating the management of children with HLHS across different European centres can facilitate study of the most effective management strategies. What is New: • Significant variation in HLHS management were reported in relation to pre- and post-surgical examinations, surgical strategy at stage I and III, medical treatment regimens, and follow-up programs. • Greater standardisation of imaging and diagnostic evaluation, medical treatment and follow-up surveillance may improve outcomes for these vulnerable patients and warrants further study.

This research investigates the efficiency of two methods for extracting bioactive compounds from fig leaves (Ficus carica) using different solvents. Dried fig leaves were used as  extraction material. The focus is on Soxhlet extraction and Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) methods. Also, two different solvents, methanol and ethanol, were used for extractions. Given that the enzyme ficin is one of the significant bioactive compounds in fig leaf latex, the aim was to explore and determine which method and solvent gives a higher extraction yield and better preservation of thermolabile components such as this enzyme. The results show that Soxhlet extraction provides a higher total extract yield and requires a longer extraction time. In this study, the highest yields of 12.3% were obtained using the methanol solvent using the Soxhlet method compared to ultrasonic extraction which showed a lower yield of 6.4%. In contrast to that, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) yields a higher-quality extract in a shorter extraction time. However, due to the high temperatures required for Soxhlet extraction, denaturation of ficin occurs, which leads to the formation of a dry extract without the presence of this enzyme. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method does not require high temperatures, which enables the preservation of ficin and the formation of a mucilaginous extract due to the presence of enzymes. Due to the temperature sensitivity of bioactive compounds, the choice of extraction method significantly affects the stability and quality of the final extract.

Objectives: To assess amide proton transfer weighted (APTw) MR imaging capabilities in differentiating high-grade glial tumors across alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation X-linked (ATRX) expression, tumor-suppressor protein p53 expression (p53), O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase promoter (MGMTp) methylation, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) status, and proliferation marker Ki-67 (Ki-67 index) as a preoperative diagnostic aid. Material & Methods: A total of 42 high-grade glioma WHO grade 4 (HGG) patients were evaluated prospectively (30 males and 12 females). All patients were examined using conventional MRI, including the following: T1w-MPRAGE pre- and post-contrast administration, conventional T2w and 3D FLAIR, and APTw imaging with a 3T MR scanner. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated for the APTw% mean, median, and max signal for the different molecular biomarkers. A logistic regression model was constructed for combined mean and median APTw% signals for p53 expression. Results: The whole-tumor max APTw% signal could significantly differentiate MGMTp from non-MGMTp HGG, p = 0.035. A cutoff of 4.28% max APTw% signal yielded AUC (area under the curve) = 0.702, with 70.6% sensitivity and 66.7% specificity. The mean/median APTw% signals differed significantly in p53 normal versus p53-overexpressed HGG s: 1.81%/1.83% vs. 1.15%/1.18%, p = 0.002/0.006, respectively. Cutoffs of 1.25%/1.33% for the mean/median APTw% signals yielded AUCs of 0.786/0.757, sensitivities of 76.9%/76.9%, and specificities of 50%/66.2%, p = 0.002/0.006, respectively. A logistic regression model with a combined mean and median APTw% signal for p53 status yielded an AUC = 0.788 and 76.9% sensitivity and 66.2% specificity. ATRX-, IDH- wild type (wt) vs. mutation (mut), and the level of Ki-67 did not differ significantly, but trends were found: IDH-wt and low Ki-67 showed higher mean/median/max APTw% signals vs. IDH-mut and high Ki-67, respectively. ATRX-wt vs. mutation showed higher mean and median APTw% signals but lower max APTw% signal. Conclusions: APTw imaging can potentially be a useful marker for the stratification of p53 expression and MGMT status in high-grade glioma in the preoperative setting and potentially aid surgical decision-making.

Agency, pertaining to planning and executing actions, is a core feature of the political landscape. Our study examines the temporal dynamics of agentic language in political online discourse during the 2020 U.S. Congressional Elections, spanning 180 days before and after Election Day, and before the Capitol Hill riots. We coded 495,252 messages posted by Democratic and Republican candidates on Twitter for agentic language, which was more prevalent in tweets of politicians who won elections. Temporal analyses revealed increased agency as critical political events approached, whether a planned democratic event (Election Day) or a sudden disruptive protest (Capitol riots). The study enhances our understanding of the role of agency expression in political social media communication. Politicians may strive to evoke agency among voters to encourage political engagement, and voters may be cautioned by our results about this subtle (possibly unaware) manipulative strategy.

This study explores Sn‐doped CsPbBr3 perovskites as advanced semiconductor materials for radiation detectors. Using density functional theory, we reveal tunable band gaps from 2.803 eV (undoped) to 1.139 eV ( Sn), enabling broad‐spectrum detection from visible light to gamma rays. Optical analysis highlights high absorption coefficients in the 4‐ to 6‐eV range and enhanced visible‐light absorption, ensuring efficient photon‐to‐electron conversion. Anisotropic dielectric properties, with increasing refractive indices and dielectric constants, improve directional sensitivity and photon capture. Phonon analysis confirms dynamic stability, ensuring robustness under operational stresses and high radiation flux. The substitution of Sn for Pb reduces toxicity, offering an eco‐friendly alternative for sustainable detector technologies. These findings establish Sn‐doped CsPbBr3 as a versatile material for ‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray imaging, and directional photodetectors, combining tunable optoelectronic properties, structural stability, and environmental sustainability to advance next‐generation radiation detection applications.

Effects of hydro-and aromatherapy on rehabilitation of patients with myocardial infarction (MI) have not yet been sufficiently investigated. This pilot study explores the anti-inflammatory effects of a combined hydro-and aromatherapy protocol in MI patients targeting inflammation. A prospective study included 22 post-MI patients undergoing 28 days of hydro-and aromatherapy at the Institute "Dr Simo Milosevic" in Montenegro. Biochemical assessments, including complete blood count and cytokine analysis, were conducted before and after treatment. Following therapy, patients exhibited increased leukocytes neutrophils, and platelets, and reduced monocytes. Fibrinogen levels significantly increased, aligning with the expected post-MI healing process. C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations significantly decreased. The therapy also led to a drop in nitric oxide (NO), cortisol, dopamine, and Beclin-1 levels, highlighting potential cardiovascular benefits. These findings encourage further research with larger cohorts and extended follow-up to elucidate the long-term benefits of this protocol.

Being physically active is probably one of the most important decisions that any person can make in order to improve their own health, regardless of gender or age. For the student population, regular physical exercise is of great importance due to excessive learning and sitting. The aim of this research was to show how many students are playing sports in their leisure time, through a survey conducted on a sample of undergraduate students from the Džemal Bijedić University in Mostar. From total number of 142 participants, 76.8% of them are playing sports (63.4% recreational and 13.4% competitive), and most of them are playing team sports with the ball (23.9%) or doing sports activities in the gym (31.7%). 95.8% of students think that sports have positive impact on students life quality, which is less from the percentage of students who play sports (76.8%), so we can conclude that despite the knowledge of importance of physical activity, students don't behave regarding to what they think about sport and physical activity.

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems streamline business operations, yet many projects fail due to complexity. This research aims to predict ERP project outcomes using machine learning to identify key success and failure factors. The dataset initially contained 1,000 rows and 9 columns, but it was preprocessed to enhance data quality for machine learning analysis. It includes ERP project data from various industries, covering industry type, project scale, budget and time overruns, team experience, and technical challenges. The study applies logistic regression, decision trees, support vector machine and random forests to evaluate predictor significance. Findings reveal patterns that help forecast high-risk projects, providing project managers with a proactive decision-making framework. The results of this research offer insights into ERP project risk assessment and mitigation, enhancing strategic planning in enterprise environments.

ABSTRACT In this paper, the results of indoor radon level measurements in thirteen single-family houses, on different floors, are presented. The measurement was performed using the AlphaE radon metre device, and in each house, the measurements lasted six days, on average. The mean values of the radon activity concentration were in the range of 32.32–525.65 and 18.41–185.25 Bq m−3 for the ground floor and first floor rooms, respectively. The results of the statistical analyses on the variation of the radon level have shown that in nine houses (69 %), there is a significant difference in radon levels, with higher levels on the ground floor compared to the first floor. The variations of the radon levels during the night and daytime hours were also statistically analysed.