Protonation states of ionizable protein residues modulate many essential biological processes. For correct modeling and understanding of these processes, it is crucial to accurately determine their pKa values. Here, we present four tree-based machine learning models for protein pKa prediction. The four models, Random Forest, Extra Trees, eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM), were trained on three experimental PDB and pKa datasets, two of which included a notable portion of internal residues. We observed similar performance among the four machine learning algorithms. The best model trained on the largest dataset performs 37% better than the widely used empirical pKa prediction tool PROPKA and 15% better than the published result from the pKa prediction method DelPhiPKa. The overall root-mean-square error (RMSE) for this model is 0.69, with surface and buried RMSE values being 0.56 and 0.78, respectively, considering six residue types (Asp, Glu, His, Lys, Cys, and Tyr), and 0.63 when considering Asp, Glu, His, and Lys only. We provide pKa predictions for proteins in human proteome from the AlphaFold Protein Structure Database and observed that 1% of Asp/Glu/Lys residues have highly shifted pKa values close to the physiological pH.

ABSTRACT Since the end of 2017, Bosnia and Herzegovina has experienced a significant increase in the number of migrants transiting through the country. Based on an ethnographic reading of nineteen recollections of ‘personal migration experiences’ of Bosnians during 1992–1995 war, which form the basis for popular perception of migrants in the country, this paper explores how the concept of solidarity is imagined and lived in the context of this significant increase. We argue that Bosnians interpret these recent arrivals as a ‘test of humanity’, having been in a similar situation in the early 1990s. In this regard, the concept of solidarity opens a window onto the interactions with and between migrants and non-migrants, recognizing a shared set of concerns and orientations, rather than exceptionalizing migrants through the lens of ‘crisis’. That said, the concept of solidarity is less popular among those who do not share a so-called ‘migrant’s faith’, resulting in negative perceptions of migrants. In these perceptions, migrants’ presence in the country is criminalized, resulting in various calls for more aggressive, even violent, ‘popular’ handling of migrants transiting or settling in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The heat transfer performances of ionic liquids [C4mpyrr][NTf2] and ionanofluids with Al2O3 nanoparticles under a laminar flow regime, and with constant heat flux on the tube wall is numerically modeled and analyzed for three values of initial/inlet temperature and for two Reynolds numbers. Heat transfer characteristics were considered by analyzing the temperature distribution along the upper wall, as well as by analyzing the Nusselt number and heat transfer coefficient. The results obtained numerically were validated using Shah’s equation for ionic liquid. Thermophysical properties were temperature-dependent, and obtained by curve-fitting the experimental values of the thermophysical properties. Furthermore, the same set of results was calculated for the ionic liquid and ionanofluids with constant thermophysical properties. It is concluded that the assumption that thermophysical properties are constant has a significant influence on the heat transfer performance parameters of both ionic liquid and ionanofluids, and therefore such assumptions should not be made in research.

https://doi.org/10.31952/amha.19.2.6 This review describes the first medical article written by an author from Bosnia and Herzegovina. The article was published by Fr. Franjo Gracić (1740-1799), in Latin, under the title: "Analysis theorico-practica de viribus virus febriferi, pestiferi, atque serpentin", and printed in Padua in 1795, translated as: "A Theoretical and Practical Presentation of the Effects of Fevers, Infectious Diseases, and Snake Poison". From today's standpoint, it may be said that it was a review article about some of the most frequent diseases of that time. The paper is of exceptional importance for the history of medicine in Bosnia and Herzegovina because it is the first documented medical article whose author was from Bosnia and Herzegovina. The paper contains observations of the course of diseases and treatment, in line with the medical insights of the time. The author refers to the authorities of that time, such as Samuel Auguste André Tissot, the Swiss physicist and doctor, Georg Bauer, the German doctor, and Lodovico Antonio Muratori, the Italian scholar, which makes this article a link between Bosnia and Herzegovina and the knowledge of the Europe of that time. This paper represents the beginning of medical writing in Bosnia and Herzegovina and has a very important place in the history of medicine in this country.

Background: Negative symptoms are core features of schizophrenia and very challenging to be treated. Identification of their structure is crucial to provide a better treatment. Increasing evidence supports the superiority of a five-factor model (alogia, blunted affect, anhedonia, avolition, and asociality as defined by the NMIH-MATRICS Consensus); however, previous data primarily used the Brief Negative Symptoms Scale (BNSS). This study, including a calibration and a cross-validation sample (n = 268 and 257, respectively) of participants with schizophrenia, used the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS) to explore the latent structure of negative symptoms and to test theoretical and data-driven (from this study) models of negative symptoms. Methods: Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was carried out to investigate the structure of negative symptoms based on the CAINS. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) tested in a cross-validation sample four competing theoretical (one-factor, two-factor, five-factor, and hierarchical factor) models and two EFA-derived models. Result: None of the theoretical models was confirmed with the CFA. A CAINS-rated model from EFA consisting of five factors (expression, motivation for recreational activities, social activities, vocational, and close/intimate relationships) was an excellent fit to the data (comparative fix index = 0.97, Tucker–Lewis index = 0.96, and root mean square error of approximation = 0.07). Conclusions: This study cannot support recent data on the superiority of the five-factor model defined by the NMIH-MATRICS consensus and suggests that an alternative model might be a better fit. More research to confirm the structure of negative symptoms in schizophrenia, and careful methodological consideration, should be warranted before a definitive model can put forward and shape diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia.

In this paper, we propose variations of Willems’ fundamental lemma that utilize second-order moments such as correlation functions in the time domain and power spectra in the frequency domain. We believe that using a formulation with estimated correlation coefficients is suitable for data compression, and possibly can reduce noise. Also, the formulations in the frequency domain can enable modeling of a system in a frequency region of interest.

We study emulation-based state estimation for non-linear plants that communicate with a remote observer over a shared wireless network subject to packet losses. To reduce bandwidth usage, a stochastic communication protocol is employed to determine which node should be given access to the network. We describe the overall wireless system as a hybrid model, which allows us to capture the behaviour both between and at transmission instants, whilst covering network features such as random transmission instants, packet losses, and stochastic scheduling. Under this setting, we provide sufficient conditions on the transmission rate that guarantee an input-to-state stability property for the corresponding estimation error system. We illustrate our results with an example of Lipschitz non-linear plants.

With the COVID-19 outbreak at the beginning of 2020, many language teachers worldwide who were successfully implementing face-to-face teaching had to abruptly switch to online education, which was not something they were trained for or had experience with. Were they successful? The present study asked students from Turkey (TUR), Poland (POL), the Republic of North Macedonia (RNM), and Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) to evaluate their teachers’ professional adaptation and success during the first emergency online teaching semester. The results of the study showed that there were important similarities in the ways students in the examined four countries approached and evaluated the level of professionalism of their teachers in the first COVID-19 period regarding their teachers’ computer literacy, online teaching skills, creation of materials appropriate for online teaching.

Significance Our current understanding of how sleep is regulated is based upon the model of sleep homeostasis, which defines a variable called Process S as a measure of sleep need, and a so-called “flip-flop” model of state switching, which builds on a notion of a mutually antagonistic relationship between subcortical sleep-promoting and wake-promoting circuits. The neurobiological substrates of the interaction between the sleep switch and Process S are unknown. Our study identifies a previously unrecognized role of hypothalamic circuitry in tuning within-state brain activity or levels of arousal, which in turn determine the homeostatic drive for sleep. Sleep and wakefulness are not simple, homogenous all-or-none states but represent a spectrum of substates, distinguished by behavior, levels of arousal, and brain activity at the local and global levels. Until now, the role of the hypothalamic circuitry in sleep–wake control was studied primarily with respect to its contribution to rapid state transitions. In contrast, whether the hypothalamus modulates within-state dynamics (state “quality”) and the functional significance thereof remains unexplored. Here, we show that photoactivation of inhibitory neurons in the lateral preoptic area (LPO) of the hypothalamus of adult male and female laboratory mice does not merely trigger awakening from sleep, but the resulting awake state is also characterized by an activated electroencephalogram (EEG) pattern, suggesting increased levels of arousal. This was associated with a faster build-up of sleep pressure, as reflected in higher EEG slow-wave activity (SWA) during subsequent sleep. In contrast, photoinhibition of inhibitory LPO neurons did not result in changes in vigilance states but was associated with persistently increased EEG SWA during spontaneous sleep. These findings suggest a role of the LPO in regulating arousal levels, which we propose as a key variable shaping the daily architecture of sleep–wake states.

Tekija (tekke, khanqah) is an Islamic institution where dervishes (Sufis) gather, reside, and perform religious rites. The word tekke is of Persian origin. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, tekkes appeared with the advent of Islam in the 15th century. However, some were built before the arrival of the Ottomans, such as the Mevlevi tekke in Bentbaša built by Isa-beg Ishaković in 1461 in Sarajevo. Tekkes were usually the first buildings that were constructed and located at the entrance of the city. Usually, they were built by dervishes, most often sheiks. Besides religious purposes, they also served as resting places or lodgings for casual travelers. There are numerous tekkes throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina from west to east, from north to south. Some of the most famous tekkes in Bosnia and Herzegovina are the tekke at the Buna spring in Blagaj, the Hadži Sinan’s tekke, Nadmlini tekke in Sarajevo, tekke in Kaćuni, tekke in Jajce, tekke in Živčići, and others. Among these, one of the most distinguished tekke in Bosnia and Herzegovina is the one at the Buna spring in the city of Blagaj. The paper aims to elaborate on the most important characteristics and main features of this tekke and other structures within this complex.

Recent years have seen a rapid rise of artificial neural networks being employed in a number of cognitive tasks. The ever‐increasing computing requirements of these structures have contributed to a desire for novel technologies and paradigms, including memristor‐based hardware accelerators. Solutions based on memristive crossbars and analog data processing promise to improve the overall energy efficiency. However, memristor nonidealities can lead to the degradation of neural network accuracy, while the attempts to mitigate these negative effects often introduce design trade‐offs, such as those between power and reliability. In this work, authors design nonideality‐aware training of memristor‐based neural networks capable of dealing with the most common device nonidealities. The feasibility of using high‐resistance devices that exhibit high I‐V nonlinearity is demonstrated—by analyzing experimental data and employing nonideality‐aware training, it is estimated that the energy efficiency of memristive vector‐matrix multipliers is improved by almost three orders of magnitude (0.715 TOPs−1W−1 to 381 TOPs−1W−1) while maintaining similar accuracy. It is shown that associating the parameters of neural networks with individual memristors allows to bias these devices toward less conductive states through regularization of the corresponding optimization problem, while modifying the validation procedure leads to more reliable estimates of performance. The authors demonstrate the universality and robustness of this approach when dealing with a wide range of nonidealities.

Necrotizing stomatitis is a rare, acute-onset disease that is usually associated with severely malnourished children or diminished systemic resistance. We describe a 1-year-old girl who developed necrotizing stomatitis, vasculitic rash, skin desquamation on the fingers and toes, and persistent hypertension after serologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Her laboratory investigations revealed positive IgG anticardiolipin and IgG anti-β2 glycoprotein antibodies, and biopsy of the mucosa of the lower jaw showed necrosis and endothelial damage with mural thrombi. Swollen endothelial cells of small veins in the upper dermis were confirmed also by electron microscopy. As illustrated by our case, necrotizing stomatitis may develop as a rare complication associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and can be considered as a part of the clinical spectrum of COVID-19 vasculopathy. The pathogenic mechanism could involve a consequence of inflammatory events with vasculopathy, hypercoagulability, and damage of endothelial cells as a response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Irreversible arrest of brain functions including the brain stem is defined as Brain Death (BD). A bibliographic search was carried out on platforms PUBMED, LILACS, UpToDate, during the period 2017 – 2021. We have included 9 articles, from which only 45% used the graphic examination (EEG) as an aid to the assessment of brain death. Only one single article discussed quantitative results, and none of the papers discussed noise issues. The findings were classified according to a Scale of Scientific Evidence by Type of Study "Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine", pointing out a few number of meta-analysis articles and integrative reviews, thus prevailing study control and case series, demonstrating the need for further studies on this subject. Consequently, the lack of systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the BD diagnosis protocol involving the EEG is clear.