ABSTRACT This article situates itself in the theoretical space between the field of genocide, and postcolonial studies, advocating for a closer relationship between the two, particularly in relation to the emerging field of postcolonial genocide. The Rwandan genocide is illustrative of this need, as a case which remains firmly rooted in identity categories that have been imposed on the native populations during the colonial era. The article traces the persistence of the colonial racial hierarchies in Rwanda and the role they played in the Rwandan genocide of 1994. It fosters a particularly significant focus on modernity as the symbolic line that divides the imagined racial categories in the colonial gaze, resulting in a crucial impact of nesting colonialisms in the genocidal rhetoric of the late twentieth century. The Rwandan genocidal project contains within it a desire to fulfil the promise of modernity by facilitating the emergence of an ethnically cleansed nation state, while simultaneously rejecting it as the heritage of violence ridden exploitation colonialism. This paradox of ambivalent modernity presents itself both as a crucial characteristic of the Rwandan genocide as well as a persistent rupture in the formation of contemporary Rwandan identities.

Introduction: The world population is ageing, resulting in increased prevalence of age-related comorbidities and healthcare costs. Limited data are available on intestinal health in elderly populations. Structural and functional changes, including altered visceroperception, may lead to altered bowel habits and abdominal symptoms in healthy individuals and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients. Our aim was to explore age-related changes in gastrointestinal symptoms and underlying mechanisms. Methods: In total, 780 subjects (IBS patients n = 463, healthy subjects n = 317) from two separate studies were included. Subjects were divided into different age groups ranging from young adult to elderly. Demographics and gastrointestinal symptom scores were collected from all participants using validated questionnaires. A subset of 233 IBS patients and 103 controls underwent a rectal barostat procedure to assess visceral hypersensitivity. Sigmoid biopsies were obtained from 10 healthy young adults and 10 healthy elderly. Expression of the visceral pain-associated receptors transient receptor potential (TRP) Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) and Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) genes were investigated by quantitative RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. Results: Both elderly IBS and healthy individuals showed significantly lower scores for abdominal pain (p < 0.001) and indigestion (p < 0.05) as compared to respective young adults. Visceral hypersensitivity was less common in elderly than young IBS patients (p < 0.001). Relative TRPA1 gene transcription, as well as TRPA1 and TRPV1 immunoreactivity were significantly lower in healthy elderly versus healthy young adults (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings show an age-related decrease in abdominal pain perception. This may in part be related to decreased TRPA1 and/or TRPV1 receptor expression. Further studies are needed to reveal precise underlying mechanisms and the associations with intestinal health.

Spirits have proliferated and become an indispensable part of most gastronomic cultures around the world. The production and consumption of fruit brandies, especially plum and grape brandies as well as pear and apple brandies, have a long tradition in the countries of Southeast Europe. The aim of this study was to evaluate 47 fruit brandies produced in small distilleries and industrial plants from five countries. The content of the most common volatile compounds (methanol, higher alcohols and fatty acid esters) and the sensory quality of the fruit brandies were analysed. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using theconcentrations of the main volatile compounds in the spirit samples and sensory evaluation to identify similarities or differences between the spirit samples based on distillery size. The methanol concentration in all samples was below the EU legal limit. Methanol concentration was highest in Williams pear spiritsand lowest in grape pomace spirits. The PCA sample distribution confirms the good quality of samples from both small distilleries (SD) and industrial plants (IP), with some exceptions - samples with identified defects produced in some small distilleries. The results of the sensory evaluation show high sensory quality of fruit spirits from this part of Europe.

Ḥasan ibn Muṣṭafā al-Būsnawī al-Madanī, Hasan Bošnjak, was born in Medina in the last decade of the 12th century AH, and he wrote in the first half of the 13th century (the end of the 18th and the first half of the 19th century). With regards to the year of Hasan Bošnjak’s death, we might assume that he died in the mid-13th century AH. Analyzing his Divan, we come to the conclusion that he wrote tarihs in different periods of life from 1215/ 1800 to 1247/1831 – approximately in the period of thirty years. We do not come across any tarih written after the year of 1247 H, so based on that we assume that the author died in 1247 H/ 1831 or a year or two after. As a famous muhaddith (an expert on hadith, the tradition of the Prophet) he sang, among other things, about Buhari and Muslim, saying that the Mufti of Medina and later Shaykh al-Islam Ahmed Arif Hikmet commented on the works. The most significant source, after the Qur’an, is the Prophet’s tradition (al-sunnah) based on the Prophet’s words, acts, and tacit approval. From the time of the Prophet s.a.w.s. the writing down of the al-sunnah began, and in the 2nd century AH the intensive work on the codification (al-tadwin) of the Prophet’s tradition based on written and oral sources began. It was the time of flourishing the hadith sciences and in the first half of the 3rd century the greatest hadith experts lived and worked. Hundreds of works were written, among which the best-known are two hadith collections called ṣaḥīḥim. The authors are Abū ‘Abd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Ismā‘īl al-Buẖārī (194 / 810-256 / 870) and Abū al-Ḥusayn Muslim ibn al-Ḥağğāğ ibn Muslim al-Qušayrī al-Naysābūrī (- - 261/875). In Divan by Hasan Bošnjak there are, among other things, four songs, one dedicated to Buhari and three to Muslim. Keywords: Hasan Bošnjak, Buhari, Muslim, hadith, poetics, Islamic tradition.

Labelling products as “mountain products” provides producers in hilly and mountainous areas with effective tools to improve marketing of their products and reduce the risk of confusion among consumers regarding the hilly and mountainous origin of products on the market. The European Union has adopted legal framework regarding optional quality schemes for hilly - mountain products. The definition of a hilly-mountainous area should be based on the general classification criteria used to identify the hilly-mountainous area. For third countries, mountain areas include areas that third countries have officially designated as mountainous or that meet the same criteria as those in the European Union (EU). Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), as well as some other countries in its vicinity, has not yet normatively prescribed criteria for the possibility of protecting the optional quality label “mountain product”. The main aim of this paper is to analyse and propose criteria for “mountain product” label in BiH and to evaluate potential of this scheme for three traditional cheeses. The authors used the desk research method and secondary data for this research, as well as the results of empirical research and comparison with regional countries. Taking into account the experiences of countries with similar geographical characteristics, but also following the production of the three most widespread indigenous cheeses, Herzegovina cheese in a skin sack, Livno cheese, and Vlašić/ Travnik cheese, an attempt was made to find the best model for Bosnia and Herzegovina where the label “mountain product” can be used for agricultural and/ or food products originating from mountainous areas.

This article discusses the use of prepositions zbog and radi in the Bosnian language as translation equivalents of the German preposition wegen based on a selected literary corpus. It is often the case in everyday speech that the difference in the meaning between these two prepositions is not noticed and often not understood by the native speakers of the Bosnian language. However, this sometimes also happens in the literary language, i.e., in the translation of literature, to which this paper pays attention. The starting point for the contrastive analysis between the two languages is the use of the preposition wegen in the prepositional phrase functioning as an adverb phrase in German, when it shows several nuances of meaning. Namely, the primary meaning of the preposition wegen is causal, but it is also used with the meaning of goal or intention. Consequently, in the translation to the Bosnian language we follow the difference in the use of the preposition zbog with the meaning of cause and radi with the meaning of goal or intention. Keywords: prepositions, meaning of prepositions, genitive case, prepositional-case phrase, position of the preposition, contrastive analysis.

The subject of the research is the application of GIS in geoecological evaluation of terrain–case study Nature Park Hutovo blato. Geoecological evaluation of terrain is strongly relevant methodological procedure, which can be used for acquiring results about real value of particular areas. Method of terrain evaluation is also used, through five categories: hypsometric characteristics, angle of slopes, vertical dissection, terrain mobility and vegetation cover. The aim of the research is to clarify how valuable and useful certain segments of the terrain are for the purpose of spatial planning–for the tourism valorization, construction of various objects etc.Paper consists of several parts. First part defines the exact area of exploration. In the second part geomorphological characteristics of the researched area were analyzed. Geoecological evaluation of terrain, performed in third part was based onprevious geomorphological analysis as well as bonity categories. Methods used in this paper are: analysis, synthesis, statistical method and cartographic method. Complete analysis was conducted using GIS.

In this prospective study, we presented the effect of isokinetic training on the clinical outcome of rehabilitation in relation to the reduction of the torque deficit in thigh muscles (DEF) after anterior cruciate ligament (LCA) reconstruction. The prospective study followed 144 subjects, 72 women and 72 men, with a mean age of 28.20 ± 4.52, four months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a hamstring graft. Subjects were divided into two groups according to the type of rehabilitation treatment they underwent. Subjects of the isokinetic group (72 subjects, 36 males and 36 females), underwent kinesitherapy according to the isokinetic exercise protocol which consisted of a one-day isokinetic training lasting for thirty minutes, five times a week for six weeks. Subjects of the classical group (72 subjects, 36 males and 36 females) underwent kinesitherapy based on standard isotonic exercises to increase muscle strength, i.e. exercises with weights and in the gym. The difference in the outcome of rehabilitation was objectified by a concentric-concentric isokinetic test at an angular velocity of 60 °/s before the start, after three weeks and after six weeks of rehabilitation. The monitoring parameters were: torque deficit of the injured leg knee extensor in relation to the uninjured leg (EXDEF) -% and torque deficit of the knee flexor of the injured leg in relation to the uninjured leg (FLDEF) -%. 

ABSTRACT Background Data on renal replacement therapy (RRT) for end-stage renal disease were collected by the European Renal Association (ERA) Registry via national and regional renal registries in Europe and countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea. This article provides a summary of the 2019 ERA Registry Annual Report, including data from 34 countries and additional age comparisons. Methods Individual patient data for 2019 were provided by 35 registries and aggregated data by 17 registries. Using these data, the incidence and prevalence of RRT, the kidney transplantation activity and the survival probabilities were calculated. Results In 2019, a general population of 680.8 million people was covered by the ERA Registry. Overall, the incidence of RRT was 132 per million population (p.m.p.). Of these patients, 62% were men, 54% were ≥65 years of age and 21% had diabetes mellitus as primary renal disease (PRD), and 84% had haemodialysis (HD), 11% had peritoneal dialysis (PD) and 5% had pre-emptive kidney transplantation as an initial treatment modality. The overall prevalence of RRT on 31 December 2019 was 893 p.m.p., with 58% of patients on HD, 5% on PD and 37% living with a kidney transplant. The overall kidney transplant rate was 35 p.m.p. and 29% of the kidney grafts were from a living donor. The unadjusted 5-year survival probability was 42.3% for patients commencing dialysis, 86.6% for recipients of deceased donor grafts and 94.4% for recipients of living donor grafts in the period 2010–14. When comparing age categories, there were substantial differences in the distribution of PRD, treatment modality and kidney donor type, and in the survival probabilities.

Educational approach known as Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) has become one of the most popular approaches in foreign language teaching, especially in countries with developed educational systems. One of its main aims is to help learners develop thinking skills through their simultaneous studying of the foreign language and the content of a particular subject. Since CLIL promotes the development of cognitive skills, many researchers and psychologists proposed a variety of techniques and activities which could be used for this purpose. Some of these techniques shall be discussed in this paper, along with the ways of applying them at different levels of education. Key words: CLIL, education, thinking skills, techniques