The Angle-of-Arrival (AoA)-based approach is an appealing solution for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) positioning, and has received significant interest recently. In this article, we propose a novel framework for UAV three-dimensional (3-D) positioning, the core of which is to measure the two-dimensional (2-D) Angle-of-Departure (2D-AoD) and 2D-AoA via a bistatic multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar. Unlike the existing positioning architectures, the MIMO radar is equipped with polarized array antennas. An estimator based on the parallel factor (PARAFAC) decomposition is developed. It first obtains the direction matrices via performing the PARAFAC decomposition of the array data. Thereafter, the rotational invariance characteristic is utilized to form a normalized polarization response vector, from which the 2D-AoD, 2D-AoA, and polarization status of the UAVs are achieved via incorporating the vector cross-product method and the least squares (LSs) technique. Finally, the 3-D positions of the UAVs are easily calculated via the location relationship between the 2D-AoD, 2D-AoA, and the coordinates of transmitting/receiving (Tx/Rx) array. The proposed framework is computationally friendly, and is capable of positioning anonymous UAV. Moreover, it is insensitive to the geometry of the Tx/Rx array, indicating that the proposed framework supports configurable Tx/Rx antennas. Simulation results are provided to verify our theoretical advantages.

In this study, the authors summarize the current knowledge on epidemiology, demographics, risk factors, and prognostic factors that influence outcomes in patients with adult Chiari malformation type I (CM-I) who underwent posterior fossa decompression surgery with duraplasty. Furthermore, they describe the contribution of their research group to the field of adult CM-I treatment, including association of increased body mass index with severity of CM-I and syringomyelia, relevant surgical anatomy, and surgical technique of 270° microsurgical decompression of foramen magnum. The authors also report on common complications in the literature and describe techniques for prevention of complications.

Additive manufacturing (AM) or industrial 3D printing uses cutting-edge technologies and materials to produce a variety of complex products. However, the effects of the unintentionally emitted AM (nano)particles (AMPs) on human cells following inhalation, require further investigations. The physicochemical characterization of the AMPs, extracted from the filter of a Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) 3D printer of iron-based materials, disclosed their complexity, in terms of size, shape, and chemistry. Cell Painting, a high-content screening (HCS) assay, was used to detect the subtle morphological changes elicited by the AMPs at the single cell resolution. The profiling of the cell morphological phenotypes, disclosed prominent concentration-dependent effects on the cytoskeleton, mitochondria, and the membranous structures of the cell. Furthermore, lipidomics confirmed that the AMPs induced the extensive membrane remodeling in the lung epithelial and macrophage co-culture cell model. To further elucidate the biological mechanisms of action, the targeted metabolomics unveiled several inflammation-related metabolites regulating the cell response to the AMP exposure. Overall, the AMP exposure led to the internalization, oxidative stress, cytoskeleton disruption, mitochondrial activation, membrane remodeling, and metabolic reprogramming of the lung epithelial cells and macrophages. We propose the approach of integrating Cell Painting with metabolomics and lipidomics, as an advanced nanosafety methodology, increasing the ability to capture the cellular and molecular phenotypes and the relevant biological mechanisms to the (nano)particle exposure.

Background Spontaneous sternal fracture is an extremely rare cause of chest pain during or after childbirth. To date, only three cases of sternal fracture during childbirth have been reported. This case report represents the first documented case of spontaneous sternal fracture among multiparous women. Case Description A 33-year-old multiparous woman with an uncomplicated medical history is described, who delivered a healthy fourth infant vaginally at 41 weeks of pregnancy. After the previous three deliveries, each child had been breastfed for more than a year, and the third delivery was eight months before conception, and she breastfed until 3 months of pregnancy. During the final stage of labor, while performing the Valsalva maneuver in the lithotomy position, she felt a sharp, severe chest pain. Postpartum work-up included cardioselective enzymes that were within reference values, and radiological work-up confirmed a non-displaced sternal fracture, which was treated conservatively with symptomatic therapy, with complete recovery after 6 weeks. Conclusions This case report suggests the need to consider sternal fracture as a differential diagnostic consideration in women who experience chest pain during or immediately after delivery. Changes in metabolism, especially calcium metabolism during pregnancy and lactation, can result in transient osteopenia and, with increased mechanical stress, cause bone fracture. Special attention should be paid to patients who breastfed immediately before conception or who breastfeed during pregnancy, to vitamin and mineral replacement therapy, adequate nutrition, and physical activity. Timely diagnosis of sternal fracture can significantly reduce the need for expensive and invasive diagnostic tests. Further research is needed on osteopenia in pregnant women, especially multiparous women who are breastfeeding immediately before conception or during pregnancy.

Background and Objective Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) are a rare group of neoplasms situated in the prevascular mediastinum. Due to their rarity and histological diversity, understanding their development is quite challenging, and their molecular profile is not well defined. Although advances in molecular profiling have improved our understanding of many solid cancers, TET remains poorly characterized. The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/ERBB2) has gained interest as a molecular target due to its role in oncogenesis and its therapeutic significance in various malignancies; however, its potential role in treating TET remains unclear. This review examines the expression patterns, gene amplification status, and clinical implications of HER2 in thymomas and thymic carcinomas, especially in the era of antibody-drug conjugates which target tumors with low HER2 expression. Methods PubMed, Embase and Web of Science research was conducted using the terms [HER2] OR [ERBB2] OR [ErbB2] OR [HER2/neu] OR [c-erB2] AND [thymic epithelial tumors], [HER2] OR [ERBB2] OR [ErbB2] OR [HER2/neu] OR [c-erB2] AND [thymoma], and [HER2] OR [ERBB2] OR [ErbB2] OR [HER2/neu] OR [c-erB2] AND [thymic carcinoma]. There were no restrictions on publication date. After analysis, nine articles met the research criteria. Key Content and Findings In one study, thymic carcinomas expressed HER2 frequently, with focal to strong membranous positivity in 8 of the 17 cases. In another, HER2 was expressed in 58.3% of cases with other members of the receptor family and signaling pathway ligands also demonstrating frequent expression. The immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the receptors epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (33.3%), phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (pEGFR) (33.3%), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3) (45.8%), along with the ligands transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) (54.2%), amphiregulin (25.0%), and epiregulin (91.7%), were expressed in the tumor cells. Only one case showed HER2 gene amplification. In another study, HER2 expression was positive in only one case of thymic carcinoma (1/22), whereas there was no expression observed in any of the thymoma cases (0/22). In the other series, there were scarce or no cases with HER2 expression or gene amplification. Conclusions HER2 plays a still undefined role in TET, especially in thymic carcinoma. Although gene amplification is rare, protein expression is more frequent, suggesting potential for targeted therapy. Detailed molecular profiling and innovative research methods are essential to further explore the therapeutic potential of HER2 in these rare cancers.

Abstract Orevactaene yellow pigment was produced by solid-state fermentation of broken rice using Epicoccum nigrum. The pigment was extracted using water as a solvent and subjected to stability studies at different temperatures (30, 40, 60, and 80°C), pH (4, 6, and 8), sterilization, and sunlight exposure treatment. The observed data were fitted in the first-order kinetic model. Yellow pigment stability was found to vary at different temperatures studied. At 30°C, only a 4% decrease in color intensity was observed after 2 h; at 40°C, an 8% decrease was observed, and at 80°C and pH 6.0, 17% of color intensity was lost. These results showed that the orevactaene pigment produced by E. nigrum is heat-sensitive and changes in color intensity should be expected in heat-processed products. After 180 min at 80°C, yellow pigments maintained 82 and 76% of the initial color at pH 6 and 8, while a 65% decrease in color intensity was observed at 80°C, pH 4. Autoclaving resulted in 69% decay and exposure of pigment to sunlight for 2 h showed 1% decay. The half-life period of the pigment at different temperatures varied from 82.5 to 5.25 h. The decimal reduction time decreased from 275 to 17.5 h with an increase in the temperature. Thermodynamic parameters for pigment decay at pH 6.0 were represented in terms of enthalpy ∆H, activation energy E a, free energy ∆G, and entropy ∆S. The values observed were 44.52–44.93, 48.48, 96.60–105.18 kJ/mol, and −170.50 to −171.85 J/mol/K, respectively. All these parameters help in predicting the quality changes in terms of appearance during thermal processing and optimizing the process.

We present a resistance switching device that exhibits analogue potentiation and depression of conductance under the same voltage polarity. This contrasts with previously studied devices that potentiate and depress under opposite polarities. We refer to this mode of operation as the subthreshold regime due to it occurring at voltage or current biases that are insufficient to produce discrete or non-volatile switching. This behaviour has the potential to reduce the complexity of neuronal and synaptic circuitry in neuromorphic computing by removing the need for voltage pulses of both positive and negative polarities. The characteristically long timescales may also help replicate bio-realistic timings. In this article, we detail how to induce this unique behaviour, how to tune its properties to a desired response, and finally, we demonstrate one potential application.