Mountain lakes are sensitive ecosystems that serve as natural indicators of ecological change and conservation needs. This study presents the first ecological assessment of Lake Šator (Bosansko Grahovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina), a glacial lake situated at 1,488 m a.s.l. Field research in July and November 2021 included measurements of physicochemical parameters, water sampling, and analysis of littoral and sublittoral macrozoobenthos. The lake showed oligotrophic conditions with high oxygen saturation (101–134%), low organic load, and stable conductivity (208 µS/cm). Nitrate concentrations increased in November, reflecting seasonal dynamics. The macrozoobenthic community comprised 10 taxa in July (26 individuals) and 11 taxa in November (19 individuals). Characteristic taxa included Sympetrum flaveolum, Asellus aquaticus, Erpobdella octoculata, Limnephilus rhombicus,  Limnephilus flavicornis, Tubificidae, and water mites (Hydracarina). Functional Feeding Groups analysis revealed dominance of predators (42–46%), followed by collectors, shredders, and scrapers, indicating a balanced trophic structure. Saprobic Index values (2.24 in July; 2.14 in November) correspond to β-mesosaprobic conditions, while Shannon–Weaver Index indicated stable but seasonally variable diversity. These findings confirm the good ecological status of Lake Šator with preserved littoral dynamics. Given its sensitivity and limited prior research, the lake should be considered a priority for long-term monitoring and conservation in the Dinaric karst.

The study examined the sources of volume loss in spruce and fir roundwood resulting from the prescribed Huber’s formula, the prescribed method of diameter measurement, the prescribed method of length measurement, and the deduction of double bark thickness. The Riecke’s formula was assumed to provide the most accurate determination of log volume and was therefore used to calculate the gross volume of roundwood, serving as the reference value for quantifying the observed losses. For all analyzed sources of volume loss except when applying Huber’s formula, a dependence on diameter class was observed, with losses decreasing as diameter increased. The highest percentage of volume loss for both spruce and fir logs was found when deducting double bark thickness (ranging from 9.1% to 6.4% for spruce and from 10.7% to 7.7% for fir), followed by the prescribed method of diameter measurement (from 7.3% to 1.7%). Additional losses were associated with the prescribed volume calculation formula (from 5.3% to 1.5% for spruce and from 3.7% to 1.1% for fir) and the prescribed method of length measurement (from 3.1% to 2.1%).

As part of the research, 100 samples of different types of honey from Bosnia and Herzegovina were collected and analyzed. Melisopalynological preparations were prepared in accordance with the Rulebook on methods for the control of honey and other bee products of Bosnia and Herzegovina and in accordance with ICBB propositions. Plant species identification was performed based on micromorphological elements of pollen grains, and qualitative-quantitative analysis of honey samples was conducted. Melisopalynological analysis identified 47 distinct pollen types among a total of 30,000 pollen grains counted. In botanical terms, pollen from 24 plant families was recognized, among which the Fabaceae family had the greatest melissopalynological significance, whose pollen grains were found in as many as 86% of the analyzed profiles. Pollen grains of the Fabaceae family were identified as dominant in 22%, as accessory in 40%, as important in 21% and as minor in 3% of the palynological profiles. Based on micromorphological characters in melissopalynological spectra, species/genera from the Fabaceae family were identified: Robinia pseudoacacia L., Lotus corniculatus L., Trifolium pratense L., Trifolium repens L., Amorpha fruticosa L., Lathyrus sp., Medicago sativa L. and Onobrychis sp.

This research study examined building performance and retrofitting strategies for reducing energy consumption in existing research laboratories. Research laboratory buildings are one of the most energy-intensive building typologies due to their high energy demands, complex building systems, and significant loads for mechanical cooling and ventilation. Retrofitting may extend building lifespan and improve their performance, energy consumption, carbon footprint, and occupants’ comfort. The study examined an existing research laboratory building at the University of Utah campus, utilizing a combination of research methods, such as archival and observational studies, field measurements, building envelope and HVAC systems assessment, and whole-building energy modeling and simulations. Actual energy consumption data was collected for three years and compared against simulated data. Five different retrofitting options were considered, where four options represented low-impact retrofits (improvements to the building envelope and interior lighting) and one option represented a deep-impact retrofit (improvements to the building envelope, interior lighting, and HVAC systems). These investigated retrofit options were simulated and compared to the building’s actual and simulated energy consumption data. The results show that the deep-impact retrofit option would have the highest impact on energy use savings (more than 50% energy savings), while the four low-impact retrofit options would have lower, but comparable results (between 22% and 27% energy savings). Therefore, improvements to the mechanical systems are necessary to significantly reduce energy consumption and the associated carbon footprint of existing research laboratory buildings, besides building envelope and lighting improvements.

The construction and maintenance of large dams require close integration between geodetic and civil engineering disciplines to ensure structural stability, operational reliability, and long-term safety. This paper reviews the role of geodetic techniques in supporting civil engineering processes throughout the planning, construction, and monitoring phases of dam projects. This paper highlights how continuous monitoring and data interpretation enable early detection of abnormal structural behavior, verification of design assumptions, and implementation of corrective measures.

<p>This review article examines the concept of collocational competence in learning English as a foreign language, considering its theoretical foundations, definitional development, empirical research, and pedagogical implications. Drawing on Firth&rsquo;s principle that word meaning is shaped through its typical co-occurrence patterns and Halliday&rsquo;s concept of lexicogrammar, collocational competence is situated within contemporary theories of phraseology. The paper synthesizes findings from corpus-based studies and classroom research, which demonstrate that collocational knowledge plays a crucial role in the development of idiomaticity, fluency, and overall communicative competence across diverse educational contexts. Existing research consistently shows that collocational competence develops more slowly than vocabulary size, and that even advanced learners experience difficulties in the productive use of conventionalized word combinations. Verb&ndash;noun collocations, low-frequency and semantically opaque combinations, as well as collocations that are incongruent with learners&rsquo; first-language patterns, are particularly problematic. These findings confirm that collocational knowledge does not emerge spontaneously through exposure to language alone but requires targeted and systematic pedagogical intervention. The paper further highlights the importance of explicit, corpus-informed, and strategy-based instruction, which has proven significantly more effective than implicit learning. Successful approaches include working with authentic corpora, developing noticing and memory strategies, and integrating collocations into tasks focused on real-life language use. At the same time, key methodological and conceptual challenges are identified, including inconsistent definitions, a limited number of longitudinal studies, and insufficiently contextualized assessment models. The study concludes by emphasizing the need for integrated curricular frameworks and mixed-method assessment approaches that link collocational competence to communicative outcomes across different proficiency levels.</p>

<p>This paper examines John Barth&rsquo;s novel The Sot-Weed Factor (1960) as an emblem of early American postmodernism with specific focus on its metafictional strategies. Written as an seventeenth-century pastiche, the novel follows and satirizes the na&iuml;ve poet Ebenezer Cooke and his blind devotion to literary classics during his voyage from England to the colonial Maryland. The analysis of Barth&rsquo;s playful engagement with self-reflexivity and historiographic metafiction is approached primarily through theoretical concepts of Patricia Waugh and Linda Hutcheon. Barth&rsquo;s metafictional game starts with mocking and parodying of exhausted and conventional literary forms of earlier traditions, such as realism, in an attempt to renew narrative possibilities and to question the role of art/literature as well as the human need to narrativize. By constantly blurring the boundaries between &ldquo;the real&rdquo; and &ldquo;invented&rdquo; events, Barth&rsquo;s historiographic metafiction deconstructs historical records, e.g. colonial narratives, as subjective narratives and fabrications used to perpetuate domination and exert power. With the analysis of The Sot-Weed Factor as a narrative game and a critical reflection on the limits of historical knowledge, the aim of this paper is to illustrate that Barth&rsquo;s metafictional strategies do not only exemplify postmodernist aesthetics but also inquire into the relationship between truth, history, and narrativization/literature.</p>

<p>The demand for stainless steels has been steadily increasing across industries such as automotive,<br />aerospace, aviation, medical technology, and household appliances, primarily due to their excellent<br />corrosion resistance, low thermal conductivity, and favorable strength-to-weight ratio. Many of<br />these applications involve components with complex geometries and strict dimensional<br />tolerances, making machinability a crucial factor.<br />Technical surfaces are not ideally smooth geometric surfaces separating two media, but are, from<br />a microscopic point of view, rough surfaces characterized by a series of irregularities of different<br />sizes, shapes, and arrangements. The roughness represents the microgeometric irregularities of the<br />surface, i.e., unevenness at the small reference length (l) of a given direction of the surface.<br />According to the available literature, the effect of alloying elements on roughness during<br />conventional turning has not been sufficiently investigated. Therefore, the objective of this study<br />is to investigate and quantify the effect of alloying elements and nonmetallic inclusions on<br />roughness magnitudes in the longitudinal turning process of X8CrNiS18-9 stainless steel.</p>

Smoking is a serious public health problem, as smoking and passive exposure to tobacco smoke are important risk factors for global morbidity and mortality. It also negatively affects the structure and functionality of the sensory-motor-oral system, disrupting key functions such as breathing, phonation, chewing and swallowing. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the influence of cigarette consumption on olfactory function and compensatory muscle movements during the oral phase of swallowing. 80 respondents participated in the research (40 smokers and 40 respondents who did not consume tobacco products). The research procedure included examination and analysis of the subject's olfactory ability in the form of recognition of presented smells. The compensatory movements of the lip muscles - musculus mentalis and musculus orbicularis oris - were evaluated. The research results showed that smokers have a weak ability of olfactory perception compared to non-smokers, which implies the occurrence of muscle compensation during swallowing.

<p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span dir="auto" style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span dir="auto" style="vertical-align: inherit;">Proučavana je fauna ptica duž masiva planine Orjen i graničnog područja parka uz rijeku Trebi&scaron;njicu. Analiza je obuhvatila stani&scaron;ta i migracije u periodu od ljeta 2021. do jeseni 2023. godine, s ciljem dugoročnog praćenja, prognoziranja i za&scaron;tite vrsta. </span></span><br /><span dir="auto" style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span dir="auto" style="vertical-align: inherit;">Metode kori&scaron;tene za praćenje, označavanje, snimanje i obradu podataka uključivale su: metodu kilometarskog transekta, tačkasti popis, kretanje po slobodno odabranim rutama i metodu "reprodukcije". Analizirana su i prethodna istraživanja faune ptica u ovom parku kako bi se sintetizirali rezultati. </span></span><br /><span dir="auto" style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span dir="auto" style="vertical-align: inherit;">Glavni rezultati dobijeni nakon terenskog istraživanja su sljedeći: sastavljen je sistematski popis vrsta ptica, potkrijepljen foto albumom, a kreirane su i karte koje prikazuju najvažnija stani&scaron;ta za gniježđenje.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span dir="auto" style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span dir="auto" style="vertical-align: inherit;">Prijedlog je predstavljen upravi parka prirode i zainteresovanim stranama za ovo područje, s ciljem za&scaron;tite vrsta i osiguranja njihove održivosti unutar stani&scaron;ta.</span></span></p>

In this paper we analyse and compare two modern methods of deformation analysis: the squared Msplit method and the absolute Msplit method. The comparison is made on cases of simulated and actually measured horizontal geodetic networks. The squared Msplit method is based on the assumptions of the least square method, while the absolute Msplit method is based on the assumptions of the least absolute deviation method. For each method, we developed a computer programme and used it to calculate point displacements in both a simulated and a measured 2D geodetic network. The purpose of this article is to compare the displacements. The results of the two methods differ by up to about one centimetre in the simulated network and by less than two centimetres in the actually measured geodetic network.

U radu se propituju toponimi Grada Visokog. Prvo je dat kratak pregled historije i stanovništva u Visokom, s naglaskom na važnost srednjovjekovnog perioda, kada je Visoko bilo i mjesto stolovanja bosanskih kraljeva. Potom su prikazane najvažnije osobine visočkog govora te dosadašnja istraživanja, nakon čega se pristupilo samoj analizi. Korištena je kvalitativna metoda, tj. analiza manjeg uzorka, na osnovu kojeg se mogu pretpostaviti širi zaključci koje treba provjeriti daljim istraživanjima. Svi mikrotoponimi Visokog podijeljeni su prema motivaciji nastanka na one uvjetovane prirodnim okruženjem, ljudskom djelatnošću i antroponimima, unutar čega su izvedene preciznije potkategorije, zatim prema tvorbenim modelima, a na kraju je dat osvrt na dijalekatske osobine. Ovim se istraživanjem pokušalo otkriti ikavske toponime, koji bi mogli svjedočiti o tome da je Visoko nekada bilo ikavsko, kako se navodi u literaturi. Nakon provedenog istraživanja, nisu pronađeni ostaci ikavštine u toponimiji Visokog, tako da se pretpostavlja da Visoko vjerovatno ipak nije bilo ikavsko. Priložen je spisak mikrotoponima i karta.

<p><span dir="auto" style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span dir="auto" style="vertical-align: inherit;">Tehnolo&scaron;ki napredak i povećana upotreba interneta duboko su prodrli u sve sfere ljudskog života, &scaron;to je dovelo do značajnih promjena u svakodnevnim obrascima pona&scaron;anja, posebno među Generacijom Z. Ova generacija, okružena tehnologijom od malih nogu, razvila je obrasce kori&scaron;tenja pametnih telefona koji često dovode do pretjeranog oslanjanja na takve uređaje za svakodnevno funkcioniranje i regulaciju raspoloženja, &scaron;to može rezultirati kompulzivnim pona&scaron;anjem pri kupovini. Pandemija COVID-19 dodatno je intenzivirala oslanjanje na tehnologiju, ističući kori&scaron;tenje pametnih telefona kao sredstvo za bijeg od stvarnosti. Cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti vezu između ovisnosti o pametnim telefonima i kompulzivne online kupovine direktno i kroz koncept regulacije raspoloženja. Empirijska studija kori&scaron;tenjem metode anketiranja provedena je u Bosni i Hercegovini početkom 2025. godine, na uzorku od 178 pripadnika Generacije Z. Pretpostavljeni odnosi između varijabli analizirani su kori&scaron;tenjem korelacijske i regresijske analize. Rezultati su pokazali pozitivnu korelaciju između svih istraživanih varijabli i da ovisnost o pametnim telefonima ima direktan utjecaj na kompulzivnu online kupovinu, kao i indirektan utjecaj kroz regulaciju raspoloženja putem pametnih telefona (djelimična medijacija). Veća ovisnost o pametnim telefonima može indirektno intenzivirati kompulzivnu online kupovinu kroz regulaciju raspoloženja pomoću pametnih telefona; Međutim, postoji i direktan uticaj ovisnosti o pametnim telefonima na kompulzivnu online kupovinu koji nije u potpunosti obja&scaron;njen posredničkom varijablom. Dobijeni rezultati obogaćuju postojeće znanje o razmatranim varijablama i predstavljaju dodatnu smjernicu za razvoj novih marketin&scaron;kih strategija, kako općenito, tako i posebno u kontekstu Generacije Z.</span></span></p>

The aim of this study was to evaluate the strength of the left and right hamstring and the quadriceps muscle group in professional handball players. It also aimed to assess the statistical significance of the relationship between these two muscle groups. The study included eight professional handball players from the "Borac" team, Banja Luka. Standard anthropometric measurements were taken. The following variables were assessed: maximum quadriceps torque (MQT), maximum hamstring torque (MHT), and hamstring–quadriceps ratio (HQR), to determine the presence of muscle imbalances bilaterally and unilaterally. Isokinetic testing of knee strength was performed on both knees at the Institute for Sports, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, University of Banja Luka, using the CON-TREX CYK device, which allows comprehensive assessment of muscle and joint function. Based on the findings, there was no significant muscle imbalance in handball players, i.e., no significant difference in quadriceps or hamstring strength between the left and right legs, either bilaterally or unilaterally (p > 0.05). The strength of the left and right quadriceps and hamstrings showed minimal variation, with no evidence of muscle imbalance. In professional and elite sports, information from isokinetic diagnostics is essential for designing training programs and preventing injuries. This study provides normative data for the handball player population.