Radikalne promjene u političkom životu Bosne i Hercegovine krajem 19. i početkom 20.stoljeća, uzrokovane turbulencijama evropskog društvenog bića, neposredno su inducirale tematskaopredjeljenja tadašnjih avangardnih pisaca. Književnost je svojom obuhvatnošću postala najpogodnijinačin za popularisanje naprednih ideja o demokratizaciji postojećih društvenih i državnih struktura.Dogovorom velikih evropskih sila na Berlinskom kongresu (1878), pod silnicama povijesnihpromjena, nestajalo je Otomansko carstvo, a na njegovim i drugim teritorijama formirale su se novenacije i države. Pravo upravljanja u civilnim poslovima pripalo je Austro-Ugarskoj monarhiji, avjerska pitanja ostala su u nadležnosti sultana u Carigradu. Bosna je postala “corpus separatum”,zbog kompleksnog dualističkog usoja K. u. K. monarhije, kojim je upravljalo Ministarstvo finansija.Nova vlast, uspostavljena vojnom silom, provodila se krutim administrativnim aparatom s upotrebomnjemačkog jezika. Anomija društva, sekularizacija i prisila, kao globalne kategorije u periodu krutevladavine K. u. K. dovela je do radikalnih promjena u kojoj je na udaru bila najsiromašnija kategorijetadašnje popoulacije – seljaci. Nametanje poreza, kazne, hapšenja, nasilno oduzimanje zemlje i stoke,pravo na život i egzistenciju pobudili su interese u avangardnih književnih krugova koji su započeliliterarnu borbu za poboljšanje takvog stanja i težnju za uspostavom demokratskih jednakosti.Bosanskohercegovački pisac iz srpskog naroda, Petar Kočić, svoje napredne liberarne, stavove onepravdi koju trpi njegov narod, izravno je prenio u satiru “Jazavac pred sudom”. Idejna porukaskrivena u postupcima izgradnje fabule, karakterizacije likova i indirektnog inkorporiranjahumoresknih dijelova rezultirala je suprotstavljanjem i ironijskim odnosom prema nasilnomponašanju vlasti. Cilj ovog rada je, metodom istraživanja, analize i dokazivanja, potvrditi kolikosatira kao žanrovska kategorija pogoduje umjetničkom izražaju neposredno povezanom sa kritičkimstavovima o političkom nasilju. Namjera nam je objasniti stav pisca, koji u svojoj krajnjoj konstanticijiplasira ideju o reakciji rezigniranog čovjeka postavljenog na rub egzistencije.

The paper presents the monitoring of biotic damage agents over a five-year period (from 2018 to 2022) at bio-indication point BIT I Štubik near Negotin, which includes oak trees (7/8 of all trees) and maple trees (1/8 of the total number of trees at the site). The presence of several types of biotic damage agents was recorded, some of which are very dangerous and significant. The most common were harmful insects, among which the most notable was the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar. At the end of the study in 2022, the highest number of undamaged trees was recorded (83.3%), while the most damage was present in 2019 when only 1/4 of the trees were undamaged. It can be said that the condition of the crowns is directly related to the percentage of biotic damage agents.

This manuscript explores the significance of state estimation methods in electric power systems, with a particular focus on the role of Phasor Measurement Units. In the manuscript is presented the basic principles and advantages of state estimators in the absence of PMU measurements, followed by an analysis of how PMU measurements significantly enhance the accuracy of state estimations. Through a detailed review, we highlight the key characteristics of PMUs and how their synchronized data contributes to improved state estimation quality. The paper investigates the security aspects of state estimation, specifically focusing on malicious attacks through the injection of false measurements (FDIA). Using a concrete example, it is demonstrated how an FDIA attack can significantly impact the accuracy of state estimations by introducing inaccurate data into the system. The manuscript also considers a strategy for detecting such attacks through residual analysis

In this paper, the authors used multi-criteria decision-making to select among the offered types of tractors with the aim of determining the possible effects of certain weight coefficients on the final ranking of alternatives. For the purpose of determining the weights of the given criteria, three objective decision-making methods were used (Entropy, MEREC, and CRITIC), while the MABAC (Multi-Attributive Border Approximation Area Comparison) method was used for the final ranking. The results of the research show that different weights were obtained for individual criteria, but this did not significantly affect the choice of the best alternative. In all three cases of objective criteria evaluation, the X8 660 tractor was the best alternative in the final ranking. The results are important as they confirm the effective use of the mentioned methods. However, future research should compare these methods with a group of subjective methods to make the final decision in this field as rational as possible.Key words: Tractors, MABAC method, Entropy method, MEREC method, CRITIC method

This paper explores the intricate balance between safeguarding the rights of minors and ensuring effective criminal justice in the examination of juvenile testimony within legal proceedings. Focused on the intersection of criminal law and juvenile justice, the study delves into the challenges and ethical considerations surrounding the interrogation and testimonial processes involving minors. The evolving landscape of juvenile criminal justice necessitates a nuanced approach that considers both the developmental vulnerabilities of young individuals and the imperative to uphold justice. The article addresses the fundamental tension between the rights of minors to fair treatment and the societal interest in uncovering the truth. The examination of minors in criminal proceedings requires a delicate balance, considering factors such as cognitive development, susceptibility to coercion, and the potential impact of trauma. The paper critically evaluates existing legal frameworks and proposes innovative strategies to enhance the protection of juvenile rights without compromising the pursuit of justice.

The contemporary landscape of global security is profoundly influenced by the phenomenonof terrorism, constituting a paramount concern of unparalleled magnitude. While terrorism hashistorically permeated the annals of state formations, its contemporary manifestation has witnessed amarked escalation and proliferation in recent decades. Contrary to popular belief which may confinethe specter of terrorism to the confines of the Old Continent or to nations characterized by democraticgovernance paradigms, its reach extends far beyond such boundaries, impacting diverse geographicallocales and transcending conventional societal demarcations. Indeed, terrorism in the present eraexacts a heavy toll, manifesting in myriad forms and encroaching upon all facets of communalexistence. In its deleterious wake, terrorism undermines the foundational tenets safeguarded by globallegal frameworks, thereby imperiling the bedrock principles that underpin civilizational norms. Thisscholarly exposition endeavors to scrutinize the multifaceted dimensions intrinsic to the phenomenonof terrorism, elucidating the intricate interplay of factors that precipitate recourse to violent means inthe pursuit of political objectives.

This article describes the architecture life cycle effect analysis (ALCEA) method, a structured method for evaluating proposed new architectures for software-intensive systems. The method evaluates a proposed architecture by quantifying its effect on the performance of system life-cycle phases. The method is instantiated by identifying the relevant life-cycle phases of the system under investigation and a set of evaluation functions that capture, in terms of basic factors, the effect of different architectural decisions on key life-cycle PAs, such as revenue, operating resources, and investments. The method results in a transparent cost and revenue structure, documented in a tabular form, based on quantifiable factors from the developing organization. The results of the method can be used directly as part of a business case, and their robustness can be estimated by sensitivity analysis. The ALCEA method is designed for system-level architectural analysis, covering both software and hardware aspects. In this article, we introduce the ALCEA method and provide a detailed example of how to apply it in the evolution of embedded systems. Moreover, we share early experiences of using the method in large-scale industrial settings.

Large peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) and carrier frequency offset (CFO) are dominant impairments of the orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol transmission that is applied within the state-of-the-art wireless operator networks. In this work, we deal with consequences of the amplitude peak clipping that is commonly used at the transmitter to reduce the PAPR of the OFDM symbol, and thus prevent its non-linear distortion which would otherwise be imposed by the output high-power amplifier (HPA). Accordingly, regardless of the clipping generating mechanism at the transmitter being either inherent (related to the HPA) or deliberate (due to PAPR reduction), the clipped incoming OFDM symbol at the receiver may lead to degraded detection accuracy and transmission performance. However, the methods that have been applied so far at the receiver for compensating non-linear distortion due to clipping, are quite complex and computationally demanding. On the contrary, we propose effective mitigation of the problem to be performed at the receiver, by deriving the closed-form enhanced detection criterion, which requires common measurements of the mean and the rms values, as well as the autocorrelation of the received OFDM symbol comprising both un-clipped and clipped sections. Such improved detection was shown to significantly reduce the side effects of clipping, and restore satisfactory transmission performance – the bit error rate (BER) in particular. The proposed analytical model was preliminarily verified by versatile Monte-Carlo simulations and professional industry-standard vector signal analysis (VSA) test system, as well as by BER testing. The evident convergence of the three methods’ test results leads to the conclusion that the proposed clipped OFDM symbol detection method provides clear improvement with respect to the conventional one.

Every attempt to access to the Internet through a Web browser, email sent, VPN connection, VoIP call, instant message or other use of telecommunications systems involves cryptographic techniques. The most commonly applied technique is asymmetric cryptography, which is generally executed in the background without the user even being aware. It establishes a cryptographic code based on the computational complexity of mathematical problems. However, this type of cryptography, which is widely used in today’s telecommunications systems, is under threat as electronics and computing rapidly develop. The development of fifth-generation cellular networks (5G) is gaining momentum, and given its wide field of application, security requires special attention. This is especially true faced with the development of quantum computers. One solution to this security challenge is to use more advanced techniques to establish cryptographic keys that are not susceptible to attack. An essential part of quantum cryptography, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) uses the principles of quantum physics to establish and distribute symmetric cryptographic keys between two geographically distant users. QKD establishes information-theoretically secure cryptographic keys that are resistant to eavesdropping when they are created. In this paper, we survey the security challenges and approaches in 5G networks concerning network protocols, interfaces and management organizations. We begin by examining the fundamentals of QKD and discuss the creation of QKD networks and their applications. We then outline QKD network architecture and its components and standards, following with a summary of QKD and post-quantum key distribution techniques and approaches for its integration into existing security frameworks such as VPNs (IPsec and MACsec). We also discuss the requirements, architecture and methods for implementing the FPGA-based encryptors needed to execute cryptographic algorithms with security keys. We discuss the performance and technologies of post-quantum cryptography, and finally, examine reported 5G demonstrations which have used quantum technologies, highlighting future research directions.

Background: Patulin (4-hydroxy-4H-furo[3,2-c]pyran-2(6H)-one; CAS Number 149-29-1) patulin as a secondary metabolite of certain types of molds, primarily Penicillium, Aspergillus and Byssochlamys, belongs to the group of mycotoxins. Patulin is a well-known toxicant in food, with adverse immunological, neurological and gastrointestinal outcomes associated with chronic intake. Patulin is an enteropathogenic mycotoxin and has the ability to alter the function of the intestine. Methods and Objectives: The method for determining patulin using liquid chromatography is described in AOAC method 995.10, by which patulin is extracted three times with ethyl acetate, followed by purification using sodium carbonate solution, evaporation of the organic solvent, and determination of patulin on a C-18 reverse phase column, with a UV detector. 24 samples of baby food containing apple were analyzed. All samples were imported. Results: In the group of products for infants and small children, patulin was detected in juices and porridges, in average concentrations below 10mg/kg. The maximum determined content of patulin was 3.3 and 2.7 mg/kg in juices and porridges, respectively. In none of the 24 samples of food for infants and young children tested in this research, the patulin content was not over 10 mg/kg, from which it follows that all tested samples in terms of patulin content meet the legal requirements. Conclusions: The safety rating of the tested samples was given on the basis of a comparison of the obtained results with the relevant maximum permitted levels defined by the legislation in the Republic of Srpska. In order to preserve public health, it is necessary to monitor and control the population's exposure to patulin.

Background: Nasal decongestants are drugs that are used to prevent excessive nasal secretions, and to facilitate breathing in case of a cold, allergy or other disorders of the upper respiratory tract. They are most often used locally in the form of sprays, nasal drops or inhalation products, but they can also be used oraly in the form of tablets or capsules, alone or in combination with other medicines. Monitoring the consumption of medicines is important for the analysis and improvement of its rational use, and the aim of this paper is to analyze the outpatient consumption of nasal decongestants for local administration, in the Republic of Srpska during the period from 2020 to 2022. Methods and Objectives: The data were obtained from the Annually Drug Consumption Report of the Public Health Institute of the Republic of Srpska, and are expressed in defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID), in accordance with the recommendations and classifications of the World Health Organization. Results: Among the drugs for the treatment of the respiratory tract, nasal preparations (drugs for the treatment of diseases of the nasal mucosa) are in second place, right after the drugs for the treatment of obstructive lung diseases. Among the nasal preparations, the sympathomimetics xylometazoline and oxymetazoline, and the combination of xylometazoline with dexpanthenol, are used the most, similarly to other countries in the region. Conclusions: During the observed period, a slight increase in the consumption of nasal preparations was observed, and it is necessary to continue monitoring the trend of consumption and work on improving cooperation between doctors, pharmacists and patients in order to rationalize therapy and raise knowledge and awareness about the correct use of nasal decongestants in accordance with modern therapeutic guidelines.

Background/Aim: Dental fear and anxiety (DFA) are psychological phenomena normally arising and developed in the dental office during various kinds of dental procedures and interventions. The most usual stressors for the DFA appearance are those related to dental pain, no matter if the pain has already been caused, or potentially will be committed. There are a few main dental pain-provoking factors related to endangering body integrity in the oral cavity, and tooth extraction is the strongest one. The research aimed to observe, notify, and analyze physiological parameters of DFA in adults related to oral surgical therapy procedures of removing impacted third permanent molars. Material and Methods: After inclusive selection 500 patients entered into the study. The study protocol included preoperative assessment of DFA presence with Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale (CDAS) on examination day, preoperative assessment of physiological parameters on examination day and operative day before the treatment, as well as their postoperative assessment followed by evaluation of postoperative pain, on the day after the treatment. Results: The results of our research indicated that an increase in DFA led to increased values of the measured physiological parameters for all preoperative measurement days. The postoperative decrease in the physiological parameters values could be explained by the fact that the oral-surgical procedure was completed, so the psychological burden of the patients was also less. Conclusions: Patients with higher values of the DFA presence have also declared more postoperative pain.