Background: As a complex socio-economic concept, financial inclusion is related to the improvement of access and use of formal financial products and services (such as bank deposits, loans, insurance, etc.) by all participants in the financial system. More inclusive financial systems contribute to poverty reduction, decrease in inequalities among different income groups leading to economic growth, and economies more resilient towards macroeconomic shocks. Purpose: This paper aims to assess the relationship between financial inclusion and inflation in Southeast European countries, focusing on Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Slovenia, Serbia, and Turkey in the period from 2011 to 2021. Study design/methodology/approach: The financial inclusion index was constructed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The connection between the financial inclusion index and inflation was investigated using panel regression modeling (OLS, fixed-effect, and random-effect models). Findings/Conclusions: The research showed that countries with higher levels of financial inclusion are more resilient to inflation. This finding is consistent with other research implying that policymakers and other stakeholders within a financial system should contribute to promoting financial inclusion and building more inclusive financial systems. Limitations/future research: The main limitation of the research is related to data availability for multidimensional index construction. Future research should be directed to providing a better understanding of whether the relationship between financial inclusion and inflation is under the influence of other monetary policy instruments, such as interest rates.

Background: Human papillomavirus is a risk factor in the development of cervical cancer. Other risk factors are frequent vaginal infections, cigarette smoking, use of oral contraceptives, but also lack of lacrobacillus in women with HPV infection. Objective: The objective of our study was to determine the risk factors for the development of cervical intraepithelial lesions in women with normal and pathological Pap test results. Methods: The research is a prospective study conducted in the Gynecology Center "Dr. Mahira Jahić" Tuzla and Dom Zdravlja Tešanj since February. 2023 to March 2024. The research included 200 respondents aged 25 to 50. Tested group: 100 subjects with pathological Pap smear findings (ASCUS, LSIL and HSIL) and a control group of 100 subjects with normal Pap smear findings. Sociodemographic data were obtained from the subjects during interviews and examinations: age, cigarette consumption and frequency of previous vaginal infections and the presence of lactobacilli. The obtained results were processed using the methods of descriptive statistics, student's t test and X2 test. A difference for a value of p<0.5 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of the dpbo examined group was 38.1±1.7, while in the control group it was 39.6±1.9 years. Cigarettes were consumed by 62 (31%), 38 (19%) of the examined group, and 24 (12%) of the control group with a statistically significant difference of p<0.05. Out of a total of 100 in the examined group, 60 subjects had LSIL, 9 subjects had HSIL (CIN 2 two subjects and CIN 3 had 7), and ASCUS 29 and ASC-H 2 subjects. Subjects with pathological findings had significantly more vaginal infections during one year (p<0.05). HPV was positive in 65 (65%) subjects with a pathological Pap smear test, and negative HPV in 35 (35%). HPV 16,18 was present in 19 (19%) test subjects in combined form, and mono-isolate HPV 16 in 14 (14%) and HPV 18 in one case. In the combined form of several HPVs, HPV 16 and HPV 31, 33, 35, 45, 56 were found in 5 (5%), and HPV 18 in 4 (4%) with HPV 36, 59, 68. The most frequently isolated HPV 16 in 38 (38%) as monoisolate and in combined form. Lactobacilli were present in 26 (13%) subjects in the test group and in 60 (30%) subjects in the control group, with a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). The presence of Lactobacillus in subjects with a regular Pap test is significantly more frequent compared to women with cervical intraepithelial lesions (ASCUS, LSIL, ASC-H and HSIL) ) in the finding of the Pap test. Conclusion: Altered microflora of the vagina, lack of lactobacilli, frequent vaginal infections and smoking are risk factors for the development of CIN lesions in women positive for high-risk HPV.

Value changes in the real estate market affect both the quality of bank loan portfolios and financial stability and the real economy. The Republic of Serbia is one of the countries facing an upward trend in demand for housing. This paper investigates the impact of macroeconomic and banking variables on the real estate price index in Serbia for the period from 2014 to 2023 on a quarterly basis. Also, panel regression and correlation analysis are applied in this research. The selected independent (explanatory) variables are the gross domestic product, the consumer price index, the interest rate on bank loans, the exchange rate of the domestic currency against the Euro and household saving. The research results showed that the independent variable consumer price index had the most significant impact on the housing price index. On the other hand, the following independent variables had the most significant negative impact on the dependent variable (housing price index): interest rate on bank loans and the domestic currency against the Euro.

In this work, the solubility of creatine, creatinine, guanidinoacetic acid, and their hydrochlorides in water at atmospheric pressure and in the temperature range T = (293.15 - 313.15) K was determined by the gravimetric method. The thermodynamic parameters of dissolution in water for the mentioned compounds were calculated. The solubility increases significantly by converting the zwitterionic structures of creatine and guanidinoacetic acid into a cationic form, i.e. hydrochloride salt. The effect of increasing solubility is more pronounced for guanidinoacetic acid and decreases with temperature for both compounds. A simple process of transforming electrically neutral zwitterionic structures into cations represents a good way to increase the solubility in water and bioavailability of biologically active compounds.

Background: Launois-Bensaude syndrome is a rare condition characterized by the accumulation of fat deposits under the skin. This disorder is most commonly found in individuals from Mediterranean countries, particularly those who are chronic alcohol consumers. The exact cause of this syndrome is still not fully understood. Objective: Launois-Bensaude syndrome, as the case of the patient with chronic hepatitis B infection we presented. Case report: A case study was conducted on a female patient admitted to the Clinic for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at the Clinical Centre University of Sarajevo. The patient underwent liposuction in the back of her neck after a thorough clinical examination and radiological assessment. She also had chronic hepatitis B virus infection along with other medical conditions. Discussion: Based on Schiltz's classification, the patient was diagnosed with type Ia Launois-Bensaude syndrome, which is characterized by fatty deposits in the neck region, often referred to as a "buffalo hump". Following the liposuction procedure, the patient was monitored for 2 years and did not experience a recurrence of the disease. Conclusion: Research suggests that liver disease plays a crucial role in the development of Launois-Bensaude syndrome. This highlights the importance of understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this rare disorder.

Background: World Health Organization (WHO) defines human resource pl anning in the healthcare industry as "The process of estimating the number of people, knowledge, skills, and attitudes needed to achieve a set of goals".Human resource planning is the most important part of the work of organizational management. Objective: The aim of the study was to point out the importance of timely and optimal planning of human resources and their impact on the work efficiency of healthcare professionals. Methods: This research is a comparative, descriptive-analytical study which used a questionnaire created according to the Likert model. The questionnaire containes statements related to factors affecting work efficiency, work analysis, position systematization, human resource planning, professional selection, work process design, management and manager's style, etc. Results and Discussion: A total of 450 respondents (healthcare professionals, both docotrs and nurses) participated in this research. Participation (inclusion) critaria in the research is employment in healthcare institutions in Canton Sarajevo, of different ages, of both genders. The planning process begins with a quality job analysis and human resource analysis to get an answer to several very important questions. How many people are needed to realize the set goals of the organization? What kind of people are needed: what skills, knowledge, and abilities? How to attract the necessary people (internal, external filling, selection procedure). How to adjust the current employee’s training so that they can adequately respond to all work tasks in the future, more demanding business environment of the health organization? The lack of human resources that have the necessary skills and knowledge, and the burden of inadequate resources (disabled workers), have slowed down the development of many companies. We are experiencing significant negative manifestation on the existing staff through reduced work efficiency and reduced quality of health care provided. Due to the above, it is necessary to timely plan human resources as an integral part of planning, business, and development of the entire organization. The planning of human resources in a health institution is influenced by the following factors: a) institutional factors b) level of health care c) type of health care institutiond) size of health care institution e) infrastructure of the existing institution. Conclusion: Human resource planning is a fundamental management activity from which all other activities arise,and contents of human resource management planes are based.

The aim of this research was to determine whether there is a relationship between body composition and motor abilities. A total of 50 participants, non-athletes, school-aged, from the school "Vožd Karađorđe" from Niš, male and female, average age 12.9 years, participated in this research. The research examined whether there is a relationship between parameters of the body composition and tests of explosive power, speed and agility. Tests were used to asses explosive power: countermovement jump (CMJ), countermovement jump with free arms (CMJA), squat jump (SJ) and five jump test (5JT). To asses speed we conducted tests 5m sprint (5m), 10m sprint (10m) and 20m sprint (20m). The following tests were used to assess agility: T-test, Zig Zag and Slalom. We used Pearson's correlation analysis to determine the relationship between body composition variables and motor abilities variables. As a result, it was proven that there are statistically significant correlation between body composition and motor abilities of school-age children.

Frequent sedentary behavior caused by the increased use of new technologies has contributed to the increase in overweight and obesity in children. These lifestyle changes include insufficient physical activity (PA) or an unfavorable relationship between food energy intake and energy expenditure. Parents and the family environment play a significant role in the development of obesity in their children. This study aimed to determine parents' attitudes about the FA of children of different nutritional levels (body mass index - BMI). A total of 149 respondents, parents of students in the first to fourth grades of urban and rural elementary schools, participated in the research. For the purposes of this research, the Fels Questionnaire (FELS PAQ) was used to assess the level of PA in children. The results indicate that there is no statistically significant difference in the intensity of attitudes about PA between parents of overfed and obese children and parents of normally fed children, as well as between mothers and eyes. A statistically significant association between actual and perceived PA levels was found in parents of over-nourished and obese children. Analysis of the difference in the intensity of attitudes about PA among parents of overfed and obese children from urban and rural areas revealed that there is no difference in the attitudes of parents from urban and rural areas

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Background: Cervical cancer is a cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix–the lower part of the uterus that connects it to the vagina and represents a global public health problem. In 2008, 530,000 new cases and 275,000 deaths from cervical cancer were recorded worldwide, and in 2018, an increase to 570,000 new cases and 311,000 deaths was recorded. For many years, it has been known that the main cause of preinvasive lesions and cervical cancer is the human papillomavirus–HPV. The total prevalence of HPV in the cervix in the general population of women is 10%. In developing countries, this prevalence is higher and describe most frequent clinical manifestations in the praxis. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze and describe molecular genetic basis of cervical cancer and the most frequent clinical manifestations in the praxis. Methods: This is cross-sectional study based on meta-analysis of the facts published in scientific literature stored in indexed databases Medline, PubMed Central, Scopus, Hinari, etc., about molecular genetic basis of the cervical cancer with description of clinical manifestations and its consequences describing morbidity and mortality rate in the population worldwide. Results and Discussion:  In 2008, 530,000 new cases and 275,000 deaths from cervical cancer were recorded worldwide, and in 2018, an increase to 570,000 new cases and 311,000 deaths was recorded. The main cause of preinvasive lesions and cervical cancer is the human papillomavirus–HPV. HPV infection is most common in young, sexually active women under the age of 25, but cervical cancer is more common in older women. Oncogenic types of human papillomavirus 16 and 18 together with HPV 45 and 31 are the causative agents of 80% of cervical cancer cases. HPV 16 has the highest oncogenic potential. Epigenetic changes include DNA methylation and post-translational modifications of histones, such as: methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination and sumoylation. Cervical intraepithelial (CIN / SIL) lesion is a premalignant change of the cervix that occurs due to chronic infection with high-risk types of HPV. Persistent infection with oncogenic types of HPV causes almost all cases of cancer. HPV DNA was detected in 99.7% of cancer samples. Conclusion: There are four main steps in the development of cervical cancer: infection of the metaplastic epithelium of the transformation zone, viral persistence, progression towards precancerous lesions and invasion of the basement membrane. Histologically, in about 80% of cases, squamous cell carcinomas arise from preexisting dysplasias. Adenocarcinoma accounts for about 15-20% of cancer cases. HPV 16 is the main cause of squamous cell carcinoma, unlike HPV 18 which is typically associated with adenocarcinoma.

Background: Lymphadenopathy is a common finding in clinical practice. The cause of enlarged nodes on clinical examination alone is challenging and there may be multiple reasons for this enlargement. It may become enlarged due to stimulation by infectious agents or the involvement of metastasis or malignant diseases, such as lymphoma. Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the diagnostic role of fine needle aspiration cytology of lymph nodes in metastatic cancer and lymphoma. Methods: A total of 48 FNAC lymph nodes suspicious for malignancy were sampled with follow-up biopsy in Clinical Center of University of Sarajevo from 2017 to 2023. Lymph nodes were aspirated using 20-22 G needle with minimally 2 passes, spread on slides, air-dried, stained with May-Grünwald-Giemsa or Papanikolaou and residual material sent for cytoblock. Results: Out of 48 cytological samples, 30 (62.5%) revealed metastatic epithelial cells and 12 (25%) lymphoproliferative neoplasm. Three samples were suspected for malignancies, one sample was unrepresentative, one inconclusive and one falsely negative. Histopathological confirmation had 35 patients, while others were confirmed based on clinical presentation and radiological techniques. Compared to histopathological diagnosis, cytology had a sensitivity of 89.47%, specificity of 93.33%, positive predictive value (PPV) 95.04% and negative predictive values (NPV) 86.13% for epithelial metastatic cancer. The overall diagnostic test accuracy was 91.06%. For lymphoproliferative neoplasms cytology in comparison to histopathology had sensitivity 85.71%, specificity 91.18%, PPV 76.4% and NPV 95.04%. The overall diagnostic test accuracy was 89.81%. In both ways cytology is showing significant possibility to be used as a primary tool in detecting cancers. Conclusion: FNAC is a fast, reliable, and efficient method for diagnosing malignant lymphadenopathy. The cytological diagnosis can sometimes be accepted as the definitive diagnosis without further correlation with histopathology, especially in advanced malignancies and known primary malignancies.

In this article, we address a form of active perception characterized by curiosity-driven, open-ended exploration with intrinsic motivation, carried out by a group of agents. The multiple agents and a large number of possible actions are the main motivation for incorporating Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning used to train a neural network in order to derive agent’s policy. Partially Observable Markov Decision Process framework is used to accommodate the inaccuracy of sensors and probabilistic nature of agent’s actions. The proposed method incorporates a consensus that derives the common belief vector, thus allowing each agent to make its decisions based on information acquired by all agents involved in the process of active perception. A well-known benchmark problem with a decentralized tiger scenario was used to demonstrate the possibility of the method to generate agents with different perceptual characteristics by simply changing the agents’ reward function related to their intrinsic motivation. The main validation of the proposed approach was performed by using an example of multi-agent search mission. Final results are presented and discussed, and possible avenues for progress on open problems are identified.

Background: Levetiracetam (LEV) is a broad spectrum second-generation antiepileptic drug (AED). Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of levetiracetam for childhood epilepsies. Methods: This is single, tertiary centre observational, prospective study, that included paediatric patients who were treated with levetiracetam at Paediatric hospital University Clinical Centre Sarajevo, during the period of 15 years (2008-2022). Inclusion criteria were: paediatric patients age > 1 month, diagnosed with epilepsy according to International League Against Epilepsy. After the introduction of levetiracetam, each patient has been followed up at least 12 months. According to the outcome the patients were divided into 5 groups: seizure reduction >50%, seizure reduction <50%, complete seizure freedom, the same number of seizures and increased number of seizures. From these groups two intergroups have been formed: responders (seizure reduction >50% and complete seizure freedom) and non-responders (seizure reduction <50%, the same number of seizures and increased number of seizures). Results The study enrolled 259 patients (141 female and 118 male), with mean age 7 years (3,0–12.0). Comorbidities were present at 129/259 (49.8%) patients. After 12 months of treatment, 25/259 (9.7%) patients had seizure reduction >50%, 30/259 (11.6%) patients had seizure reduction <50%, 154/259 (56.5%) patients had achieved seizure freedom, 31/259 (12%) patients had same number of seizures, while 19/259 (7.3%) patients had increased number of seizures. Seizure frequency between responders and non-responders, before treatment and after 12 months of treatment was statistically significant (p<0.001). Discussion: Non responders had the best outcome with ditherapy (30/79; 38%), while responders had the best outcome with monotherapy (161/180;89.4%). Conclusion: Levetiracetam is efficient antiepileptic drug for different types of epilepsies in childhood, used as mono, di or polytherapy.

Background/Aim: The aim of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the national oral health programmes in the Balkan countries, to compare key measures and activities in the implementation of the general and specific objectives of the programme, and to analyse the results achieved after the implementation of the programme. Material and Methods: The data were obtained through an electronic search of publicly available documents published by the relevant institutions in the field of dental health care in the Balkan countries. The search terms were: "national programme", "strategy", "action plan", "project", and "oral health". The search was conducted in English and in the native languages of the Balkan Peninsula countries. A comparative analysis of valid documents and those whose validity period has expired was carried out. Results: Bulgaria and the Republic of North Macedonia have valid national preventive programmes. In Cyprus, a strategic plan for the provision of dental services is described. An oral health promotion programme for elementary school children and universal preventive programme for children ("dentist pass") have been implemented in Greece. Serbia has a national preventive programme that has expired, but the programme activities still apply. Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Romania, and Turkey do not have national oral health preventive programmes. Countries in the region with no oral health promotion programmes have poorer oral health indicators compared to countries with existing programmes. Conclusions: While countries in the Balkan Peninsula have made progress in improving the oral health of their inhabitants, the absence of national oral health promotion programmes is striking in many countries in the region. Greater involvement of the community in activities to maintain and improve oral health is needed, as is more comprehensive dental care for vulnerable populations. This paper (Part I) compares national oral health promotion programmes of the Balkan countries, the key measures and activities, and general and specific objectives of the programme.