Fenton processes, in which hydrogen peroxide in the presence of divalent iron ions generates hydroxyl radicals (•OH), are widely used for the degradation of organic pollutants (phenols, antibiotics, dyes). In this review, red mud is analysed as a cheap source of iron ions in Fenton processes. Raw red mud can be used without additional modifications, but to increase the catalytic efficiency, its modification is required, which includes chemical reduction, carbothermal treatment or doping with metals. Particular attention is given to photo-Fenton and electro-Fenton processes, where red mud doped Cо, Sn or Cе, or in combination with reduced graphene oxide and biochar, allow the generation of not only hydroxyl radicals (•OH) but also singlet oxygen (1O2) and superoxide radicals (•O2–), achieving ≥99% pollutant removal. At the same time, the synthesised catalysts showed high stability and reusability. Based on a comparative analysis of more than 30 studies, it is concluded that red mud represents a cheap source of iron ions for heterogeneous Fenton processes, with significant potential for industrial application.Keywords: Fenton process, hydroxyl radicals, organic pollutants, red mud.

This study presents a numerical analysis of the airflow around a passenger vehicle (DrivAer model in the Notchback configuration) travelling across a viaduct, with the aim of investigating the influence of bridge protection elements on the vehicle's aerodynamic characteristics. CFD simulations were conducted in STAR-CCM+ using the RANS approach coupled with the k-ω SST turbulence model. Four geometric configurations were analysed: open flow without any protection, viaduct with a guardrail, viaduct with a solid windbreak, and viaduct with a porous windbreak. Each configuration was simulated under two flow scenarios, with and without a crosswind component. The CFD model was validated against experimental data obtained from the Technical University of Munich (TUM) wind tunnel, showing satisfactory agreement in the drag and pressure coefficients. The results indicate that the solid windbreaks increase side forces and rolling moments, whereas the porous windbreaks significantly reduce turbulent effects and improves aerodynamic stability. The analysis of the Q - criterion field and turbulent kinetic energy confirms that the porous barrier narrows the wake region and diminishes vortex structures behind the vehicle. It was further established that for passenger vehicles, a well-designed guardrail can achieve comparable or even superior effects to complex windbreak in terms of optimizing aerodynamic loads on the vehicle.

Fertigation represents one of the most significant innovations in modern agriculture, particularly prevalent in intensive vegetable production. While it enables precise plant nutrition and substantial yield increases (20–50%), inadequate fertilizer application within this system entails serious risks that can be categorized into three key dimensions: agronomic, economic, and ecological. Agronomic risks include phytotoxicity resulting from elevated electrical conductivity (EC), physiological drought, and nutritional imbalances caused by elemental antagonism. The economic dimension is reflected in the loss of market value of produce, unnecessary costs associated with excessive fertilization, and potential malfunctions of irrigation systems due to chemical incompatibility of substances. The most far-reaching are ecological risks, encompassing soil salinization, uncontrolled shifts in pH values, and contamination of groundwater (aquifers) with nitrates. Beyond these primary concerns, improper fertigation practices may also reduce crop quality, thereby limiting competitiveness in demanding markets. Excessive nutrient application can accelerate soil degradation, diminishing long-term productivity and increasing reliance on external inputs. Moreover, the disruption of soil microbial communities may impair natural nutrient cycling, further complicating sustainable management. From an economic standpoint, inefficiencies in fertilizer use contribute to higher production costs and reduced profitability, particularly in resource-limited farming systems. Ecologically, the persistence of nitrates in aquifers poses risks to human health and necessitates costly remediation measures. Therefore, the adoption of scientifically grounded strategies, including precise nutrient scheduling and integrated monitoring, is essential for balancing productivity with environmental stewardship. The study concludes that mitigating these risks requires a transition from experiential to scientific approaches, which involve regular soil analysis, continuous monitoring of EC and pH values in nutrient solutions, as well as the implementation of tensiometer-based monitoring. Only through integrated management of nutritional parameters can fertigation remain a sustainable tool for enhancing efficiency without degrading natural resources.

As the digital economy continues to evolve, the demand for humancentric competencies is becoming increasingly critical. This study examines the role of soft skills in bridging the skills gap in modern business environments, with a focus on communication, teamwork, adaptability, and emotional intelligence. Based on a survey of 71 senior managers and executives from diverse business sectors in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the findings indicate that communication skills are the most highly valued, followed closely by teamwork and adaptability. At the same time, emotional intelligence, though necessary, ranks comparatively lower. To contextualise these insights, the study incorporates ICT adoption data from the Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina to explore how digitalisation is reshaping workforce demands. The observed trends suggest that the need for problem-solving, adaptability, and interpersonal competencies could intensify as automation and digital tools become more integrated into business operations. The study highlights the growing need for interactive, feedback-driven training methods rather than traditional instructional approaches to develop these skills effectively. The findings inform strategic recommendations for human resource development, educational curricula, and organisational policies to ensure that businesses can cultivate a workforce capable of navigating the challenges of an increasingly digitalised economy.

Workplace exposure to gaseous chemical pollutants represents a significant occupational health concern in healthcare environments, particularly in large clinical centers where diverse chemical agents are used and emitted. In this study, we provide a comprehensive assessment of chemical hazards in selected workplaces at the Public University Clinical Center of the Republic of Srpska in Banja Luka during the summer period. The results indicate pervasive exceedances of regulatory reference values for acrolein (C₃H₄O) and localized exceedances for nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), suggesting potential occupational relevance in specific areas. Exploratory factor analysis identified six components explaining approximately 79% of the total variance, indicating multiple partially overlapping emission sources. Correlation analysis revealed structured associations among several reactive and aromatic pollutants, pointing to common controlling processes. Differences between operating rooms and other areas were statistically significant for CO₂, CH₄, isopropanol (C₃H₈O), and acetone ((CH₃)₂CO). The findings highlight the spatial heterogeneity and activity-driven nature of chemical exposure in hospital environments and support the need for integrated monitoring approaches to improve occupational health risk management. The study contributes to a better understanding of chemical exposure patterns in hospital environments and provides a basis for future risk management and occupational health interventions.

This paper presents the results of a comprehensive study on the assessment of environmental noise levels at selected locations used for public events in the city of Banja Luka. The research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the impact of noise on the environment and public health, as well as determining compliance of the measured noise levels with applicable legal regulations and the recommendations of the European Union and the World Health Organization. The study includes a theoretical analysis of the physical and physiological characteristics of sound and noise, their propagation in space, perception, and effects on the human organism, as well as a review of the relevant legislative framework. Field measurements were carried out at several representative locations using standardized measuring equipment and prescribed methodologies, and the obtained results were analyzed and graphically presented through noise propagation models. Based on the results, conflict areas with elevated noise levels were identified, and specific urban planning, technical, and organizational measures for noise reduction were proposed. The noise modelling results enabled the definition of a noise protection zone and a maximum permissible sound emission level of 78.5 dB(A) for open-air concert organization in the studied student residential area. The conclusions of the study provide a professional basis for the development of decisions and action plans aimed at sustainable noise management during public events and the improvement of quality of life in the urban environment.

Background: Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and long-term neurodevelopmental impairment, particularly in preterm infants. Early diagnosis remains challenging, and there is growing interest in biomarkers that reflect underlying mechanisms such as neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier disruption. Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of selected circulating biomarkers in preterm infants with HIE, with emphasis on a multimarker approach. Methods: This prospective cohort study included 120 preterm infants (gestational age 28-36 weeks), divided into HIE (n = 90) and control (n = 30) groups. Serum levels of NR2 antibodies, endothelin-1, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neurofilament light chain (NfL) were measured at 24-48 hours, day 5-7, and day 14. Statistical analysis included t-test, ANOVA, correlation analysis, logistic regression, and ROC curve analysis. Results: Biomarker levels were significantly higher in the HIE group (p < 0.001). GFAP and NfL showed the highest diagnostic performance (AUC 0.86 and 0.88). The combined model achieved the best accuracy (AUC = 0.89). Biomarker levels correlated with disease severity. Conclusion: A multimarker approach improves diagnostic accuracy and may support early risk stratification and individualized management in preterm infants with HIE.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a key factor in the development of countries. Countries have recognized the potential of using AI to achieve sustainable development. This research explores the potential of the Southeast European (SEE) countries in the field of AI applications. The Government AI Readiness Index, with its nine indicators, is used to assess readiness for AI applications. A comparison of the SEE countries for the application of AI was conducted using Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods. The methods used were MEREC (Method based on the Removal Effects of Criteria) and CORASO (COmpromise Ranking from Alternative SOlutions). The results of the MEREC method show that the maturity and adaptability indicators have higher weight values compared to the other ones. The results of the CORASO method show that Greece and Bulgaria have the strongest indicators, with the sensitivity analysis confirming these findings.

Introduction/purpose: The noise generated by artillery firing can have an extremely harmful effect on the people using it, namely the crew. The subject of this paper is the measurement and analysis of noise levels on artillery weapons used in the Serbian Army. Methods: The analysis and comparison of the results were carried out during operation of weapons of different calibers. Also, the aspect of impact and risk on the crew exposed to the mentioned physical phenomena was considered. Results: The results of the examination of the acoustic parameters in relation to the available criteria show that the crew on certain vehicles is exposed to a higher level of noise than allowed. Conclusion: It is concluded that all measured noise levels exceed the prescribed limit value. Based on the obtained results, further work can be done on reducing negative physical phenomena, as well as providing adequate equipment for the protection of the crew.

This case report describes the early clinical and laboratory course of an orphaned wild Bosnian Mountain Horse foal, with the aim of highlighting the diagnostic value of age-appropriate interpretation of clinicopathological findings during early life. The report is of particular interest because published data on the clinical monitoring of orphaned foals of this breed remain limited. The case included repeated hematological and biochemical analyses, coprological examinations, and dermatological evaluations, initiated partly due to the occurrence of two distinct skin lesions. Laboratory findings obtained at approximately two and four months of age were interpreted with consideration of age-related physiological variations characteristic of foals. Progressive decreases in erythrocyte parameters were consistent with physiological anemia of foals, while leukocyte profiles, platelet counts, and biochemical values reflected normal developmental adaptation rather than pathological changes. Two clinically distinct skin conditions were identified during follow-up. The first was a localized periocular dermatophytosis caused by Microsporum canis, diagnosed by microbiological analysis of skin scraping collected from the lesion margins. The second was diffuse, irregular, poorly demarcated alopecic lesion of non-infectious origin, supported by negative microbiological and parasitological findings from skin scrapings and by spontaneous regression without specific therapy. Despite early-life challenges associated with orphan status and suboptimal nutrition, the foal maintained stable systemic health throughout the monitoring period. This case underscores the importance of age-appropriate interpretation of clinicopathological parameters and comprehensive clinical assessment in orphaned or free-ranging foals.

This paper presents new records and noteworthy data on the following taxa in SE Europe and adjacent regions: green algae Cosmarium formosulum and Tetraspora gelatinosa, fungi Coprinopsis melanthina, Heteroxylaria oxyacanthae, Lophodermium petiolicolum, Peziza ostracoderma, and Phylloporia ribis, lichen Sphaerophorus globosus, liverworts Scapania curta and Solenostoma gracillimum, mosses Buxbaumia viridis, Sphagnum cuspidatum var. viride, and Sphagnum medium, dicots Hippuris vulgaris and Viola orbelica and monocots Arundo donax, × Gymnigritella suaveolens, Ophrys insectifera, and Ornithogalum montanum.

Drinking water is a vital resource for public health and sustainable development, yet its quali­ty is increasingly threatened by pollution, climate change, and emerging contaminants. Directive (EU) 2020/2184 on the quality of water intended for human consumption introduces stricter requirements for monitoring, risk management, and public transparency. This paper analyzes the content and significance of the Directive, with a focus on the challenges of its implementation in Bosnia and Herzegovina.Special attention is given to harmful substances such as bisphenol A, PFAS compounds, and cyanotoxins, which pose serious risks to human health. The Directive introduces new water quality parameters, promotes access to water as a human right, and encourages the use of tap water to reduce plastic waste.In conclusion, aligning national legislation with this Directive is essential for improving water quality, protecting public health, and achieving sustainable development goals.Keywords: drinking water, EU Directive 2020/2184, pollutants.

This paper presents new records and noteworthy data on the following taxa in SE Europe and adjacent regions: brown alga Heri­baudiella fluviatilis, fungi Holmiella sabina, Lysurus cruciatus, and Psathyrella ammophila, lichen Umbilicaria subpolyphylla, liverwort Kurzia pauciflora, mosses Climacium dendroides, Dicranella howei, Fissidens rivularis, F. viridulus, and Sphagnum papillosum, dicots Hesperis matronalis subsp. candida, Hieracium gaudryi, Lythrum hyssopifolia, Lythrum tribracteatum, and Taraxacum janchenii and monocots Allium moschatum, Cyperus esculentus, Dactylorhiza × aschersoniana, Dactylorhiza incarnata, Ophrys insectifera, and Schoenoplectus litoralis.