Detecting new and enlarged lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients is needed to determine their disease activity. LeMan‐PV is a software embedded in the scanner reconstruction system of one vendor, which automatically assesses new and enlarged white matter lesions (NELs) in the follow‐up of MS patients; however, multicenter validation studies are lacking.

Background: In vivo diffuse reflectance spectroscopy provides additional contrast in discriminating nerves embedded in adipose tissue during surgery. However, large datasets are required to achieve clinically acceptable classification levels. This study assesses the spectral similarity between ex vivo porcine and in vivo human spectral data of nerve and adipose tissue, as porcine tissue could contribute to generate large datasets. Methods: Porcine diffuse reflectance spectra were measured at 124 nerve and 151 adipose locations. A previously recorded dataset of 32 in vivo human nerve and 23 adipose tissue locations was used for comparison. In total, 36 features were extracted from the raw porcine to generate binary logistic regression models for all combinations of two, three, four and five features. Feature selection was performed by assessing similar means between normalized features of nerve and of adipose tissue (Kruskal–Wallis test, p < 0.05) and for models performing best on the porcine cross validation set. The human test set was used to assess classification performance. Results: The binary logistic regression models with selected features showed an accuracy of 60% on the test set. Conclusions: Spectral similarity between ex vivo porcine and in vivo human adipose and nerve tissue was present, but further research is required.

The aim of this research was to examine characteristics and predictors of auto stimulatory behavior in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), as well as to determine the presence of auto stimulatory behavior exhibited by children with ASD. The sample included 43 participants diagnosed with ASD. The instrument used was Behavior Problems Inventory (BPI-01, Rojahn et al., 2002), subscale for stereotyped behavior. Our results show that children with ASD from our sample have lower rates of auto stimulatory behavior, with the most common ones being repetitive body movements, arm shaking, bouncing around, running and pacing. The school type has not proven to be a predictor of auto stimulatory behaviors. However, male participants and those with low functioning ASD exhibit more auto stimulatory behaviors than females and those with high functioning ASD. The presence of auto stimulatory behaviors persists through age. Auto-stimulatory behaviors exhibited by children with ASD can be reduced or eliminated, however it is important to use evidence-based interventions with proven benefits for the child. Since stereotypy is usually automatically maintained and therefore is one of the behaviors that is often difficult to reduce, it is recommended that parents are taught on how to implement interventions in their home environment.

Modern video streaming services require quality assurance of the presented audiovisual material. Quality assurance mechanisms allow streaming platforms to provide quality levels that are considered sufficient to yield user satisfaction, with the least possible amount of data transferred. A variety of measures and approaches have been developed to control video quality, e.g., by adapting it to network conditions. These include objective matrices of the quality and thresholds identified by means of subjective perceptual judgments. The former group of matrices has recently gained the attention of (multi)media researchers. They call this area of study ``Quality of Experience'' (QoE). In this paper, we present a review of QoE's theoretical models together with a discussion of their properties and implications for the field. We argue that most of them represent the bottom-up approach to modeling. Such models focus on describing as many variables as possible, but with a limited ability to investigate the causal relationship between them; therefore, the applicability of the findings in practice is limited. To advance the field, we therefore propose a structural, top-down model of video QoE that describes causal relationships among variables. We hope that our framework will facilitate designing comparable experiments in the domain.

A search for flavor-changing neutral-current couplings between a top quark, an up or charm quark and a $Z$ boson is presented, using proton-proton collision data at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV collected by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The analyzed dataset corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb$^{-1}$. The search targets both single-top-quark events produced as $gq\rightarrow tZ$ (with $q = u, c$) and top-quark-pair events, with one top quark decaying through the $t \rightarrow Zq$ channel. The analysis considers events with three leptons (electrons or muons), a $b$-tagged jet, possible additional jets, and missing transverse momentum. The data are found to be consistent with the background-only hypothesis and 95% confidence-level limits on the $t \rightarrow Zq$ branching ratios are set, assuming only tensor operators of the Standard Model effective field theory framework contribute to the $tZq$ vertices. These are $6.2 \times 10^{-5}$ ($13\times 10^{-5}$) for $t\rightarrow Zu$ ($t\rightarrow Zc$) for a left-handed $tZq$ coupling, and $6.6 \times 10^{-5}$ ($12\times 10^{-5}$) in the case of a right-handed coupling. These results are interpreted as 95% CL upper limits on the strength of corresponding couplings, yielding limits for $|C_{uW}^{(13)*}|$ and $|C_{uB}^{(13)*}|$ ($|C_{uW}^{(31)}|$ and $|C_{uB}^{(31)}|$) of 0.15 (0.16), and limits for $|C_{uW}^{(23)*}|$ and $|C_{uB}^{(23)*}|$ ($|C_{uW}^{(32)}|$ and $|C_{uB}^{(32)}|$) of 0.22 (0.21), assuming a new-physics energy scale $\Lambda_\text{NP}$ of 1 TeV.

Energoinvest, a state-owned enterprise established in Sarajevo in the 1950s, was one of the largest Yugoslav exporters for years (during the 1970s and 1980s), accounting for 5% of the total exports of the Yugoslav economy, or 35% of the total exports of Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to the same source, the company exported complex engineering products, knowledge and technology. It exported complete power plants to many countries around the world, built thermal power plants in India and Indonesia, power plants and facilities in a number of African countries, equipped oil pipelines and power plants in Iraq and the Soviet Union, competing with world-leading companies in related sectors. In addition to offices in many countries worldwide, Energoinvest had formed joint ventures in Mexico, Libya and Pakistan, amongst other countries. Interestingly, Energoinvest, like many other large and high-tech companies in the former Yugoslavia, including the electronics company Ei Nis[AQ1] established in 1948 (once an electronics hub, employing 28,000 workers including thousands of engineers, who developed and produced TV and radio receivers, computers, telephones and household appliances), existed in a communist/socialist state. Indeed, like in other post-communist/post-socialist countries, state-owned enterprises (SOEs) were an integral part of the Yugoslav economic structure, thus providing a greater level of economic independence as measured by the value of economic transactions between countries. Most SOEs vanished due to failed or controversial privatization by a new generation of opportunistic ‘entrepreneurs’. For instance, in 2016 Ei Nis had only one employee, remaining assets and infrastructure having been sold or rented to small firms or entrepreneurs. A long-lasting and promising transition of the ex-Yugoslavian states' economies saved almost none of those global firms. An ultimate aim was to liberalize markets in developing countries by reducing state intervention in the economy. Orthodox Keynesian economics with a high level of social welfare and employment protection has been replaced by a neoliberal policy model that assumed comprehensive structural adjustments. Structural adjustment programmes by individual states centred on a number of key fundamentals: liberalization of domestic markets and trade, monetary policy, labour market deregulation, reduction in the size and scope of the state, fiscal restraint through broadening the taxation base and reducing state spending and social support. In this process, new-breed politicians blindly followed the Washington Consensus principles that were supposed to help developing countries to speed up structural reforms in order to get financial ‘support’ from international financial institutions such as International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank (WB). One

Background Hospitals are institutions whose primary task is to treat patients. Family-centered care, which considers loved ones as equal partners in patient care, has been gaining recognition in the adult care setting. Our aim was to record experiences of and opinions on communication between hospital-based healthcare providers and patients' loved ones, related but not limited to the rigorous mitigation measures implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods The Twitter profile @HospitalsTalkTo and hashtag #HospitalsTalkToLovedOnes were created to interact with the Twitter public between 7 June 2021 and 7 February 2022. Conversations surrounding #HospitalsTalkToLovedOnes were extracted and subjected to natural language processing analysis using term frequency and Markov chain analysis. Qualitative thematic analysis was performed on the 10% most interacted tweets and of tweets mentioning “COVID” from a personal experience-based subset. Results We collected 4412 unique tweets made or interacted by 7040 Twitter users from 142 different countries. The most frequent words were patient, hospital, care, family, loved and communication. Thematic analysis revealed the importance of communication between patients, patients' loved ones and hospitals; showed that patients and their loved ones need support during a patient's hospital journey; and that pediatric care should be the gold standard for adult care. Visitation restrictions due to COVID-19 are just one barrier to communication, others are a lack of phone signal, no space or time for asking questions, and a complex medical system. We formulate 3 recommendations to improve the inclusion of loved ones into the patient's hospital stay. Conclusions “Loved ones are not ‘visitors' in a patient's life”. Irrespective of COVID-19, patient's loved ones need to be included during the patient's hospital journey. Transparent communication and patient empowerment increase patient safety and improve the hospital experience for both the patients and their loved ones. Our findings underline the need for the concept of family-centered care to finally be implemented in adult nursing clinical practice.

ABSTRACT This study is the first to examine recent migration from Bosnia and Herzegovina to China in the 21st century. It gives an overview of new Chinese geopolitical and economic circumstances, a historical analysis of migration flows between China and the rest of the world from the 19th to the 21st century, and a survey of recent emigration flows from Bosnia and Herzegovina. The second part presents the results of an empirical study of labour migration from Bosnia and Herzegovina to China and the experiences of 25 migrants, which was conducted using structured interviews The research results show that most in the group plan to stay in China permanently. Some would like to move to North America or Australia. It is characteristic that there are no gender gaps in terms of qualifications or career ambitions. The measures to combat COVID-19 implemented by the Chinese government affected the respondents in different ways.

Background Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain parasite infection in parental species and their hybrids. Hybrid heterosis is generally applied to explain the advantage for F1 generations of hybrids exhibiting a lower level of parasite infection when compared to parental species. Post-F1 generations often suffer from genetic incompatibilities potentially reflected in the higher level of parasite infection when compared to parental species. However, the presence of specific parasites in an associated host is also limited by close coevolutionary genetic host-parasite associations. This study focused on monogenean parasites closely associated with two leuciscid fish species—common bream and roach—with the aim of comparing the level of monogenean infection between parental species and hybrids representing two F1 generations with different mtDNA and two backcross generations with different cyto-nuclear compositions. Results Monogenean infection in F1 generations of hybrids was lower when compared to parental species, in line with the hybrid heterosis hypothesis. Monogenean infection in backcross generations exhibited similarities with the parental species whose genes contributed more to the backcross genotype. The distribution of monogeneans associated with one or the other parental species showed the same asymmetry with a higher proportion of roach-associated monogeneans in both F1 generations and backcross generation with roach in the paternal position. A higher proportion of common bream-associated monogeneans was found in backcross generation with common bream in the paternal position. Conclusions Our study indicated that cyto-nuclear incompatibilities in hybrids do not induce higher monogenean infection in backcross generations when compared to parental species. However, as backcross hybrids with a higher proportion of the genes of one parental taxon also exhibited high level of this parental taxon-associated parasites, host-parasite coevolutionary interactions seem to play an obvious role in determining the level of infection of host-specific monogeneans in hybrids.

Quantum cryptography can provide a very high level of data security. However, a big challenge of this technique is errors in quantum channels. Therefore, error correction methods must be applied in real implementations. An example is error correction based on artificial neural networks. This paper considers the practical aspects of this recently proposed method and analyzes elements which influence security and efficiency. The synchronization process based on mutual learning processes is analyzed in detail. The results allowed us to determine the impact of various parameters. Additionally, the paper describes the recommended number of iterations for different structures of artificial neural networks and various error rates. All this aims to support users in choosing a suitable configuration of neural networks used to correct errors in a secure and efficient way.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Fully automatic quantification methods of spinal cord compartments are needed to study pathologic changes of the spinal cord GM and WM in MS in vivo. We propose a novel method for automatic spinal cord compartment segmentation (SCORE) in patients with MS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cervical spinal cords of 24 patients with MS and 24 sex- and age-matched healthy controls were scanned on a 3T MR imaging system, including an averaged magnetization inversion recovery acquisition sequence. Three experienced raters manually segmented the spinal cord GM and WM, anterior and posterior horns, gray commissure, and MS lesions. Subsequently, manual segmentations were used to train neural segmentation networks of spinal cord compartments with multidimensional gated recurrent units in a 3-fold cross-validation fashion. Total intracranial volumes were quantified using FreeSurfer. RESULTS: The intra- and intersession reproducibility of SCORE was high in all spinal cord compartments (eg, mean relative SD of GM and WM: ≤ 3.50% and ≤1.47%, respectively) and was better than manual segmentations (all P < .001). The accuracy of SCORE compared with manual segmentations was excellent, both in healthy controls and in patients with MS (Dice similarity coefficients of GM and WM: ≥ 0.84 and ≥0.92, respectively). Patients with MS had lower total WM areas (P < .05), and total anterior horn areas (P < .01 respectively), as measured with SCORE. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate a novel, reliable quantification method for spinal cord tissue segmentation in healthy controls and patients with MS and other neurologic disorders affecting the spinal cord. Patients with MS have reduced areas in specific spinal cord tissue compartments, which may be used as MS biomarkers.

There is no research examining female bandy players, which creates a gap of knowledge of female skating performance and its determinants with male skating performance, not only in bandy but also in exercise science in general. Therefore, the aim of this explorative study was to investigate position and playing-level differences in the sprint skating performance and anthropometrics of 74 elite female bandy players (age: 18.9 ± 4.1 years; height: 1.67 ± 0.06 m; body mass: 63.2 ± 7.4 kg). Participants were categorised according to playing level (26 elite and 48 junior elite players) and position (22 defenders, 35 midfielders, and 17 forwards). They were tested on their anthropometric characteristics and sprint linear skating profile over 80 m with the split times measured at 10, 20, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 m to calculate the average velocities between these different 10 m intervals. Results revealed that elite players had more training experience, were heavier, could accelerate faster, and reached a higher maximal velocity than the junior elite players (9.52 ± 0.37 vs 8.84 ± 0.40 m/s, respectively). In general, defenders were heavier than forwards, and the elite forwards accelerated faster in the first 10 m than the midfielders (p = 0.041). In summary, playing level and position, body mass, and training experience modulated skating sprint performance. The findings suggest that female junior-level players should spend more time developing skating sprint and acceleration abilities to meet the specific demands of playing at the elite level. Moreover, the coaches and professionals who work with female bandy players should be aware that the development of acceleration ability is more important for forwards.