Introduction: 2,4-Diaminobutyric acid (2,4-DABA) is an excitatory amino acid with neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, and potentially carcinogenic effects, found in aquatic ecosystems with a tendency to accumulate in plants and animals. Due to its potential impact on development, its embryotoxicity is being studied. Zebrafish (Danio rerio), with high homology to the human genome, serve as an excellent model for studying development and developmental abnormalities. Objective: To investigate the effect of 2,4-DABA on proteins crucial for zebrafish eye development using molecular docking. Methods: Proteome screening was conducted using the FINDSITEcomb software, selecting 1119 proteins based on homology, tissue specificity, and expression timing. Six proteins that met the criteria were analyzed using molecular docking in the AutoDock Vina program. Results: The interaction of the fzd8a protein with 2,4-DABA showed the lowest Gibbs free energy value of -4.6 kCal/mol, while the interaction with the pbx4 protein had the highest value of -3.4 kCal/mol. A similarity was observed in the amino acid sequence of proteins that bind to 2,4-DABA, particularly in those containing an -SH group. Conclusion: 2,4-DABA may affect eye structure development in zebrafish by interacting with proteins throughout the entire development period. The results of in silico analyses provide a basis for further in vivo research, which should be conducted on live embryos to confirm these findings.

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a serious cardiovascular disease and the primary cause of mortality, with a complex etiopathology. Identifying the genetic basis of myocardial infarction (MI) is essential for developing personalized medical treatments. This study examined the possible association between polymorphisms in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene and MI. In the study, 120 patients with MI and 120 age-and-sex-matched controls were genotyped for C677T and A1298C MTHFR polymorphisms by the allele-specific or amplification refractory mutation systempolymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR). In the case of the C677T polymorphism, the T/T and C/T genotypes were associated with a significantly increased risk of MI under the dominant genetic model (odds ratio (OR)=2.060; P=0.006). Although there was no significant association between the A1298C variant and MI, this polymorphism was linked to a higher level of creatinine in MI patients (P<0.002). A similar association was observed for the C677T polymorphism (P=0.003). An A-T haplotype represented an increased risk for MI (OR=1.630; P=0.014), whereas the A-C haplotype had a protective role (R=0.517; P=0.002). These findings indicate that C677T MTHFR polymorphism is strongly associated with and increased risk of MI, making it a potential genetic risk factor and a possible predictor of MI.

In medieval Bosnia, the existence of a unified legal code that defined the legal principles, duties, and obligations of the parties involved in a particular dispute was not recorded. One of the most significant relationships in the history of medieval Bosnia was the relationship between the ruler and the nobility. The rights and obligations of the nobles in relation to the ruler in the medieval Bosnian state were defined through the institution of "faithful service" on one side and "noble faith" on the other. Simply put, as long as the nobles faithfully served the ruler, they were secure and their possessions were protected. This article focuses on instances of treason against the ruler and the judicial body responsible for investigating charges and delivering judgments according to established legal customs. The nobles mentioned in the Bosnian charters played a role in defining the relationship between the ruler and the respective noble, as did members of the hierarchy of the Bosnian Church. The Bosnian Church was a religious institution formed in the territory of Bosnia after the displacement of the Catholic diocese in the mid-13th century and was first mentioned in the 1320s. It was considered a heretical movement by the Roman Church, and its followers were excommunicated. It was accepted by the Bosnian ruling dynasty of Kotromanić and by the majority of noble families. From the perspective of neighboring states, the hierarchy of this church was considered to be the authority characterized by exceptional moral values. The aim of this article is to provide the research results regarding the role of the head (djed) of the Bosnian Church in determining the culpability of Bosnian nobles during the 14th and 15th centuries.

This study aims to assess and monitor the health of an urban protected area by analyzing the levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and mercury (Hg) in soil and sediments. Based on the results, the detected concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and Hg are above the threshold maximum values for soils, and the prescribed target values for sediments. In the investigated protected area PCBs pose a very high ecological risk. The presence of 16 priority PAHs in analyzed soils and sediments poses a moderate to high cancer risk and Hg poses a considerable health risk to children. The research suggests that preserving urban protected areas is crucial for environmental and urban sustainability. In urban environments these areas should be evaluated in terms of their environmental, eco-geochemical, economic, and socio-cultural dimensions. The value of the existence of this natural oasis lies in its aesthetic and psycho-hydrological impact, local climate regulation, residential isolation, and significant art-architectural and horticultural shaping. The connection between eco-geochemical and management practices, planning, and urban green spaces policy should become an adopted innovation in the cities in the future.

Wastewater must be treated before discharge into the recipient to such an extent that it meets standards and regulations on wastewater quality, so as not to damage the environment. Depending on the quality of the influent, different technological procedures are applied, which are more or less energy intensive. Also, with the tightening of the conditions related to the quality of the effluent, the application of more energy-intensive purification technologies occurs, and thus the energy consumption at the plants increases. Wastewater treatment plants are among the biggest consumers of energy. In this paper, electric energy consumption at wastewater treatment plants was analyzed depending on different indicators of specific energy consumption, the applied technological process, and the level of purification.

Introduction/Aim: Procaine is a local anesthetic from the amino ester group that blocks voltage-gated sodium channels. Since it can cross the placenta in its ionized form, its potential impact on embryonic development is of concern. Zebrafish, which have a significant degree of homology with the human genome, allow for the study of cardiovascular system development with reliable extrapolation to humans. Investigation of the effects of procaine on key proteins involved in zebrafish heart development using molecular docking. Methods: First, a screening of the interaction between procaine and the entire human proteome was performed using FINDSITEcomb software. Based on significant interactions with a high degree of analysis precision, 113 proteins were selected. Using the ZFIN database, the degree of homology between the selected human proteins and zebrafish proteins, tissue specificity, and expression timing were determined. Nine proteins met all the criteria: kcnh6a, kcnh7, kcnh5a, kcnh2a, psen2, rbfa, and zfpl1, and were further investigated through molecular docking in the AutoDock Vina program. Results: Most of the proteins were highly expressed during the blastula stage. Docking results showed that the scn1laa protein and procaine had the lowest Gibbs free energy value (-6 kCal/mol), while the zfp11 protein had the highest value (-4.4 kCal/mol). Procaine binding to the tested proteins revealed similar amino acid sequences within the same protein family. Conclusion: Procaine interacts with proteins involved in zebrafish heart development under in silico conditions. Further analyses on live embryos are needed to complement these findings.

The discovery and introduction into practice of various substances that have a harmful effect on insects, known as insecticides, have undoubtedly achieved great, and one might even say grandiose, results in protecting people, animals and plants from numerous insects. As is known, their application eradicated certain infectious diseases, facilitated the suppression and treatment of ectoparasitises in humans and animals, and improved and increased agricultural production. In order to increase agricultural production, a large amount (millions of tons) of these funds are used in the world on an annual basis. This is primarily due to the prevailing opinion that agricultural production has become practically impossible without the use of insecticides and other pesticides. The facts just mentioned, that is, this kind of application of insecticides, which is often irrational, is causing increasing concern. In addition to the increasing development of resistance, and thus the decrease in the effectiveness of insecticides, there is also a growing concern about environmental pollution. There are not rare cases everywhere, even here in our country, that non-target insects, that is beneficial insects, ie. bees, but also other organisms in soil and water. The goal of this paper is to point out not only the possible harms of irrational use of insecticides, but also to list some of the insecticides that appeared on the market at the end of the last and the beginning of this century, and those of plant origin as potential substitutes for insecticides that are currently used.

Geopolymer is a type of inorganic polymer which hardens after being synthesized at ambient temperature. Geopolymers are synthesized by the reaction of poly-condensation of the geopolymer precursor and alkali activator. Ecologically, it would be more favourable to use industrial by-products since the hazardous waste is being taken care of. The most frequently used raw materials for geopolymer production are: kaolin clays, meta-kaolin, fly ash, blast furnace slag, fly ash and slag mixture, fly ash and meta-kaolin mixture and so forth. Fly ash from the Stanari Termal Power Plant, granulated slag from ArcelorMittal Zenica and quarc sand from Tuzla were used as initial raw material for the purpose of the study presented in this work. Based on the results obtained through research carried out in laboratory conditions at the Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences in Zenica and at the "Kakanj" Cement Factory, it can be concluded that fly ash from the TPP Stanari together with granulated blast furnace slag from ArcelorMittal Zenica can successfully use for the production of geopolymer. This test determined that the best compressive strength results were obtained by samples with a ratio of water glass/NaOH=2.0 and that the optimal heat treatment temperature was 60°C.

Since the 1960s, the rapid advancement of information technology (IT) infrastructure has been covered by the innovation of new electronic devices. This progress has not only accelerated industrial growth but also enhanced the quality of human life. Modern electronic devices are highly advanced and contain numerous components. Traditionally, Sn-Pb solder alloys have been the preferred choice due to their many advantages, such as ease of use, low melting point, favorable working conditions, good ductility, and excellent wetting properties on copper and its alloys. However, due to the toxic effects of lead on both health and the environment, limit the use of lead. As a result, the development of lead-free solder alternatives has been a focus for the past thirty years. To investigate new solder materials extensively, it's crucial to understand phase diagrams, phase equilibria, and melting points. Thermodynamic calculations and modeling are key in producing a consistent dataset and predicting thermodynamic properties. Muggianu Model and Model Toop were used to calculate the thermodynamic properties of Al-Ga-Sn liquid alloys. The predicted values were compared with the calculated results of the General Solution Model, and published experimental data confirm that the models are both accurate and practical.

This study empirically explores short run and long run causality between institutional financial inclusion and income inequality in 22 members of European Union (EU) divided in two subpanels: Old EU members and New EU Member states (NMS). A panel VECM (PVECM) approach is utilized to observe the dynamic causal relationship between financial inclusions on income inequality when control the effect of economic development on inequality. The current level of financial inclusion in the old EU members only through expansion ATMs services lead to decrease income inequality in long run while it contributes through expansion commercial bank branches in short run. On the contrary, the study finds weak and subdued effect financial inclusion on income inequality in the NMS countries in long run, while only expansion commercial bank branches lead to decrease income inequality in short run. The results show that financial inclusion measured by commercial bank branches contributes to more equal income distribution for both regions, only in the short run. In fact, deepening institutional financial inclusions by increasing availability and diversify of specialized financial products and ATM services are still needed to address impediments to financial inclusion, especially in the NMS.