The use of biomarkers ensures breast cancer patients receive optimal treatment. Established biomarkers such as estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) have been playing significant roles in the selection and management of patients for endocrine therapy. HER2 is a strong predictor of response to trastuzumab. Recently, the roles of ER as a negative and HER2 as a positive indicator for chemotherapy have been established. Ki67 has traditionally been recognized as a poor prognostic factor, but recent studies suggest that measurement of Ki67-positive cells during treatment will more effectively predict treatment efficacy for both anti-hormonal and chemotherapy. p53 mutations are found in 20–35% of human breast cancers and are associated with aggressive disease with poor clinical outcome when the DNA-binding domain is mutated. The utility of cyclin D1 as a predictor of breast cancer prognosis is controversial, but cyclin D1b overexpression is associated with poor prognosis. Likewise, overexpression of the low molecular weight form of cyclin E1 protein predicts poor prognosis. Breast cancers from BRCA1/2 carriers often show high nuclear grades, negativity to ER/PR/HER2, and p53 mutations, and thus, are associated with poor prognosis. The prognostic values of other molecular markers, such as p14ARF, TBX2/3, VEGF in breast cancer are also discussed. Careful evaluation of these biomarkers with current treatment modality is required to determine whether their measurement or monitoring offer significant clinical benefits.

In this paper motion control systems with delay in measurement and control channels are discussed and a new structure of the observer-predictor is proposed. The feature of the proposed system is enforcement of the convergence in both the estimation and the prediction of the plant output in the presence of the variable, unknown delay in both measurement and in the control channels. The estimation is based on the available data — undelayed control input, the delayed measurement of position or velocity and the nominal parameters of the plant and it does not require apriori knowledge of the delay. The stability and convergence is proven and selection of observer and the controller parameters is discussed. Experimental results are shown to illustrate the theoretical predictions.

This paper is concerned with numerical study of fluid flow through a pair of corrugated platest. The aim was to observe and understand the behavior of the flow and vortex formation through channels where the fluid is subjected to a periodic increase and decrease in cross-section area. The plates modeled for the study had sinusoidal profiles. A pair of plates with 180 o phase shift was simulated in two-dimensional spaces. The Reynolds number was a function of the average plate spacing (Havg) and the laminar flow velocity and it was in the range between 200 and 1000.