UDK 582.632.2:581.4(4) Rad obuhvata istraživanja na 9-godišnjim biljakama 16 provenijencija evropske bukve (Fagus sylvatica L.) Eksperimentalna površina je osnovana 1991. sa dvogodišnjim kontejnerskim sadnicama bukve iz Njemačke, srednje i južne Italije i po jedna iz Bosne i Hercegovine, Slovenije i Rumunije. U radu su istraživane morfološke karakteristike bukve i to: visina, prsni prečnik, grananje i forma stabla. U cilju utvrđivanja geografskih tipova bukve, testirane provenijencije su grupisane u četiri areal grupe. U pogledu prirašćivanja ne mogu se donijeti završne ocjene koje bi dale sigurnu sliku o boljem prirašćivanju pojedinih provenijencija. Najbolji prosječni prirast u visinu i prsni prečnik pokazale su provenijencije iz južne Italije (Capracotte, Aspromonte i Riffredo) i jugoistočne Evrope (Maramures i Vlasenica). Po boljoj formi stabla i grananju provenijencije iz srednjoevropske areal grupe se statistički razlikuju od provenijencija iz južne Italije i jugoistočne Evrope iz čega se može zaključiti da provenijencije iz srednje Evrope imaju kvalitetnije morfološke karakteristike u odnosu na srodnike iz južne Evrope.

UDK 546.19:543.422.3 Razvijena je jednostavna i jeftina metoda za određivanje arsena u niskom ppb području. Metoda je zasnovana na redukciji arsenita i arsenata u kiseloj reakcionoj sredini do gasovitog produkta hidrida arsena, arsina i njegovoj reakciji sa živa(II) bromidom. Živa(II) bromid je impregniran na čvrsti nosač (filter papir), a formiranje i detekcija žuto-smeđeg produkta je vršena spektrofotometrijski, upotrebom instrumenta za terensko određivanje arsena, Supralab FD. Za podešavanje kiselosti rastvora korištena je amidosulfonska kiselina, a redukcija arsena je vršena natrij borhidridom. Metoda je korištena u određivanju arsena u uzorcima zemljišta nakon digestije. Validacija metode je izvršena upotrebom standardnog referentnog materijala (SRM 2710) i interlaboratorijskom komparacijom analizom sa ICP-MS. Limit detekcije razvijene metode je 0,06 mg As/dm3 sa limitom kvantifikacije od 0,2 mg As/dm3.

SUMMARY The development of modern technology and the Internet has enabled the explosive growth of distance learning. distance learning is a process that is increasingly present in the world. This is the field of education focused on educating students who are not physically present in the traditional classrooms or student’s campus. described as a process where the source of information is separated from the students in space and time. If there are situations that require the physical presence of students, such as when a student is required to physically attend the exam, this is called a hybrid form of distance learning. This technology is increasingly used worldwide. The Internet has become the main communication channel for the development of distance learning.

Bone marrow contains cell type termed mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), first recognized in bone marrow by a German pathologist, Julius Cohnheim in 1867. That MSCs have potential to differentiate in vitro in to the various cells lines as osteoblast, chondroblast, myoblast and adipoblast cells lines. Aims of our study were to show in vivo capacity of bone marrow MSC to produce bone in surgically created non critical size mandible defects New Zeland Rabbits, and then in second part of study to isolate in vitro MSC from bone marrow, as potential cell transplantation model in bone regeneration. In vivo study showed new bone detected on 3D CT reconstruction day 30, on all 3 animals non critical size defects, treated with bone marrow MSC exposed to the human Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 (rhBMP-7). Average values of bone mineral density (BMD), was 530 mg/cm3, on MSC treated animals, and 553 mg/cm3 on control group of 3 animals where non critical size defects were treated with iliac crest autologue bone graft. Activity of the Alkaline Phosphatase enzyme were measurement on 0.5, 14, 21, 30 day and increased activity were detected day 14 on animals treated with bone marrow MSCs compared with day 30 on iliac crest treated animals. That results indicates strong osteoinduction activity of the experimental bone marrow MSCs models exposed to the rhBMP-7 factor Comparing ALP activity, that model showed superiorly results than control group. That result initiates us in opinion that MSCs alone should be alternative for the autolologue bone transplantation and in vitro study we isolated singles MSCs from the bone marrow of rat's tibia and femora and cultivated according to the method of Maniatopoulos et all. The small initial colonies of fibroblast like cells were photo-documented after 2 days of primary culture. Such isolated and cultivated MSCs in future studies will be exposed to the growth factors to differentiate in osteoblast and indicate their clinically potential as alternative for conventional medicine and autologue bone transplantation. That new horizons have potential to minimize surgery and patient donor morbidity, with more success treatment in bone regenerative and metabolism diseases.

Lilium martagon L. var. cattaniae Vis. (Liliaceae) is endemic plant of Dinaridi mountain. In this work we established protocol for fast in vitro propagation and multiplication of Lilium martagon var. cattaniae. The aim was to enable fast production of plant material as potential source of pharmaceutically valuable secondary metabolites. Seeds of L.martagon var. cattaniae were germinated on a Murashige and Skoog basal medium with a supplement of 0.15 mg/l gibberellic acid (GA3), and multiplication was performed on MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l gibberellic acid (GA3), 0.2 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 0.5 mg/l 6-ben- zylaminopurine (BAP). We used ultrasound assisted extraction to prepare extracts of leaves and bulbs of Lilium martagon var. cattaniae, which were evaluated for their genotoxic potential using Allium test and cytokinesis-block micronucleus test in human lymphocytes culture. There was statistically significant difference between all used concentrations of lilium extracts and control on proliferation of cells of root tip of onion (Allium cepa). In cytokinesis-block micronucleus test no statistically significant difference between frequencies of analyzed parameters in samples treated with tested concentrations of extracts and control was obtained.

Genetic polymorphisms in diabetes: Influence on therapy with oral antidiabetics Due to new genetic insights, etiologic classification of diabetes is under constant scrutiny. Hundreds, or even thousands, of genes are linked with type 2 diabetes. Three common variants (Lys23 of KCNJ11, Pro12 of PPARG, and the T allele at rs7903146 of TCF7L2) have been shown to be predisposed to type 2 diabetes mellitus across many large studies. Individually, each of these polymorphisms is only moderately predisposed to type 2 diabetes. On the other hand, monogenic forms of diabetes such as MODY and neonatal diabetes are characterized by unique clinical features and the possibility of applying a tailored treatment. Genetic polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes, transporters, receptors, and other drug targets have been linked to interindividual differences in the efficacy and toxicity of a number of medications. Mutations in genes important in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) play a critical role in pharmacogenetics of diabetes. There are currently five major classes of oral pharmacological agents available to treat type 2 diabetes: sulfonylureas, meglitinides, metformin (a biguanide), thiazolidinediones, and α-glucosidase inhibitors. Other classes are also mentioned in literature. In this work, different types of genetic mutations (mutations of the gene for glucokinase, HNF 1α, HNF1β and Kir6.2 and SUR1 subunit of KATP channel, PPAR-γ, OCT1 and OCT2, cytochromes, direct drug-receptor (KCNJ11), as well as the factors that influence the development of the disease (TCF7L2) and variants of genes that lead to hepatosteatosis caused by thiazolidinediones) and their influence on the response to therapy with oral antidiabetics will be reviewed. Genetički polimorfizmi u dijabetesu: Utjecaj na terapiju oralnim antidijabeticima Dijabetes tipa 2 dosegao je proporcije epidemije u SAD (> 18 milijuna) i cijelom svijetu (170 milijuna oboljelih osoba) te ima tendenciju daljnjeg dramatičnog rasta. Stoga se u posljednje vrijeme ulažu napori da se otkriju i razviju novi farmakološki agensi za liječenje ove bolesti. Klasifikacija šećerne bolesti proširena je uspjesima istraživača na području genetike. Da bismo razumjeli farmakogenetiku antidijabetika neophodno je razumjeti genetiku samog dijabetesa. Kao što će biti prikazano u ovom radu veliki broj gena koji su povezani s razvojem dijabetesa takođe utječe i na odgovor na terapiju antidijabeticima. S druge strane, mutacije gena koji utječu na ADME (apsorpcija, distribucija, metabolizam i ekskrecija) lijeka imaju značajan utjecaj na farmakogenetiku oralnih antidijabetika. Utvrđeno je da je dijabetes genetički heterogena bolest. Uobičajeni oblici dijabetesa su gotovo uvijek poligenski i za razvoj same bolesti vrlo su značajne snažne interakcije među različitim genima kao i između gena i okoliša. Zbog toga mutacije ili polimorfizmi koji u manjoj mjeri utječu na funkciju gena mogu postati klinički značajni samo u slučaju kada se kombiniraju s drugim faktorima odnosno genima. Smatra se da u razvoju dijabetesa mogu sudjelovati stotine pa čak i tisuće gena. Do 2006. identificirano je nekoliko uobičajenih alela koji povećavaju rizik za razvoj dijabetesa, od kojih su najznačajniji PPARG (Pro12), KCNJ11 (Lys23) i TCF7L2 (T na rs7903146). Do danas je najveći uspjeh postignut u identifikaciji gena odgovornih za razmjerno rijetke oblike ove bolesti poput »Maturity-onset diabetes of the young« (MODY) i neonatalnog dijabetesa. Monogenske oblike dijabetesa odlikuju jedinstvene kliničke karakteristike i mogućnost primjene individualnog tretmana. Genetički polimorfizmi enzima koji utječu na metabolizam lijekova, transportera, receptora i drugih ciljeva djelovanja lijekova povezani su s interindividualnim razlikama u efikasnosti i toksičnosti mnogih lijekova. Vrlo je važno da se na temelju farmakogenetičkih istraživanja mogu predvidjeti neki neželjeni efekti lijekova. Trenutačno postoji pet glavnih klasa oralnih antidijabetika: sulfoniluree, meglitinidi, metformin (bigvanid), tiazolidindioni i inhibitori α-glukozidaze. U literaturi se također spominju inhibitori dipeptidil peptidaze IV (DPP-IV), selektivni antagonisti kanabinoidnog receptora 1 (CB-1), mimetici glukagonu sličnog peptida 1 i mimetici amilina. Razumijevanje mehanizama koji rezultiraju disfunkcijom β stanica na fiziološkom i molekularnom nivou neophodno je za napredak u razumijevanju tretmana dijabetesa. U ovom radu dat je pregled različitih genetičkih mutacija (mutacije gena za glukokinazu, HNF 1α, HNF1β, Kir6.2 i SUR 1 podjedinicu KATP kanala β stanica, PPAR-γ, OCT1 i OCT2, citohrome, KCNJ11, faktore koji utječu na razvoj bolesti (TCF7L2) i varijante gena koji dovode do hepatosteatoze uzrokovane tiazolidindionima) te njihov utjecaj na odgovor na terapiju oralnim antidijabeticima.

UDK 630*52:582.475(497.6) U radu se analiziraju debljinske i visinske strukture jednodobnih nenjegovanih šumskih zasada crnog bora različite starosti i uslova staništa na karbonatnim supstratima u Bosni. Utvrđene su prosječne procentualne raspodjele broja stabala po debljinskim i visinskim klasama za starosne klase širine 10 godina u okviru pojedinih bonitetnih razreda staništa i njihovi numerički parametri (aritmetička sredina, varijaciona širina, standardna devijacija, koeficijent varijacije, koeficijenti asimetrije i zaobljenosti). Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju veliki varijabilitet prečnika i visine stabala, odnosno intenzivno debljinsko i visinsko diferenciranje stabala ispitivanih zasada.