Multiple sclerosis (MS) is chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease with either a progressive (10%–15%) or relapsing-remitting (85%–90%) course. The pathological hallmarks of MS are lesions of both white and grey matter in the central nervous system. The onset of the disease is usually around 30 years of age. The patients experience an acute focal neurologic dysfunction which is not characteristic, followed by partial or complete recovery. Acute episodes of neurologic dysfunction with diverse signs and symptoms will then recur throughout the life of a patient, with periods of partial or complete remission and clinical stability in between. Currently, there are several therapeutic options for MS with disease-modifying properties. Immunomodulatory therapy with interferon beta-1b (IFN-β1b) or -1a, glatiramer and natalizumab shows similar efficacy; in a resistant or intolerant patient, the most recently approved therapeutic option is mitoxantrone. IFN-β1b in patients with MS binds to specific receptors on surface of immune cells, changing the expression of several genes and leading to a decrease in quantity of cell-associated adhesion molecules, inhibition of major histocompatibility complex class II expression and reduction in inflammatory cells migration into the central nervous system. After 2 years of treatment, IFN-β1b reduces the risk of development of clinically defined MS from 45% (with placebo) to 28% (with IFN-β1b). It also reduces relapses for 34% (1.31 exacerbations annually with placebo and 0.9 with higher dose of IFN-β1b) and makes 31% more patients relapse-free. In secondary-progressive disease annual rate of progression is 3% lower with IFN-β1b. In recommended doses IFN-β1b causes the following frequent adverse effects: injection site reactions (redness, discoloration, inflammation, pain, necrosis and non-specific reactions), insomnia, influenza-like syndrome, asthenia, headache, myalgia, hypoesthesia, nausea, paresthesia, myasthenia, chills and depression. Efficacy of IFN-β1b in relapsing-remitting MS is higher than that of IFN-β1a, and similar to the efficacy of glatiramer acetate. These facts promote IFN-β1b as one of the most important drugs in the spectrum of immunological therapies for this debilitating disease.

Adresa za dopisivanje Ivan Galic Dom zdravlja Splitsko-dalmatinske županije Stomatoloska ordinacija – Kamenmost Kamenmost bb, 21262 Kamenmost Tel: +385 21 848 052 Fax: +385 21 848 052 igalic2@sfzg.hr Sažetak Određivanje dentalne dobi kod djece u razvoju važno je u pedodonciji, ortodonciji i forenzicnoj znanosti. Najcesce se primjenjuje postupak prema Demirjianu nastao na francusko-kanadskom uzorku djece 1973. godine na temelju Tanner-Whitehousova postupka (TW-a) procjene skeletne zrelosti. Svrha: Željela se ispitati tocnost Demirjianova postupka za određivanje dentalne dobi kod djece u Bosni i Hercegovini (BiH). Ispitanici i postupci: Prilagođene Demirjianove tablice razvojnih stadija sedam zuba s lijeve strane mandibule iz 1976. godine ispitane su na ukupno 1106 panoramskih snimki bosansko-hercegovacke djece (597 djevojcica i 509 djecaka dobi od 5 do 14 godina). Nakon toga je T-testom za zavisne uzorke dentalna dob bila uspoređena s kronoloskom. Rezultati: Razlika između dentalne i kronoloske dobi bila je u rasponu od 0,60 do 2,17 godina kod djevojcica i 0,63 do 2,60 kod djecaka. Rezultati upozoravaju na precijenjenost dentalne dobi u usporedbi s Demirjianovim standardima iz 1976. Zakljucak: Demirjianovi standardi za francusko-kanadsku djecu prema kojima se određuje dentalna dob nisu adekvatni za primjenu kod djece u Bosni i Hercegovini. Nužno je i dalje istraživati na vecem uzorku i odrediti specificne standarde za određivanje dentalne dobi kod bosansko-hercegovacke djece. Kljucne rijeci dob; određivanje pomocu zuba; Forenzicka stomatologija; radiologija, panoramska; Bosna i Hercegovina 1 Student doktorskog studija, Zavod za dentalnu antropologiju Stomatoloskog fakulteta Sveucilista u Zagrebu, Hrvatska PhD student, Department of Dental Anthropology School of Dental Medicine University of Zagreb, Croatia 2 Stomatoloski fakultet Sveucilista u Sarajevu, Bosna i Hercegovina School of Dental Medicine University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Zdravstveni fakultet Sveucilista u Zenici, Bosna i Hercegovina Faculty of health, University of Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina 4 Medicinski fakultet Sveucilista u Banjaluci, Bosna i Hercegovina School of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina 5 Student doktorskog studija, Medicinski fakultet Sveucilista u Zagrebu, Hrvatska PhD student, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia

We discuss status of the minimal supersymmetric SO(10) in both low and split supersymmetry regime. To demonstrate viability of the model we present a good fit of the fermion masses and their mixings. The solution needs a strongly split supersymmetry with gauginos and higgsinos around 102 TeV, sfermions close to 1014 GeV and a GUT scale of around 6×1015 GeV. It predicts fast proton decay rates, hierarchical neutrino masses and large leptonic mixing angle sinθ13≈0.1.