Ultrasound devices and methodologies have been continuously evolving and becoming more important as tools in diagnostic medicine. Recently a new ultrasound diagnostic technique has been developed. Named sonoelastography, the technique enables evaluation of tissue elasticity and is based on differences in stiffness (hardness, compressibility, elasticity) of pathological changes and normal adjacent tissue. Sonoelastography (SE) is also known as Real-time tissue elastography (RTE), Real-time sonoelastography (RTSE), Tissue type imaging (TTI) and Ultrasound Strain Imaging Technology. It has been found useful in many medicine � elds and adopted readily by clinicians of different specialties. It gives more information than conventional ultrasound in evaluation of tumors, liver disease, skeletal muscles, rheumatoid nodules and other pathological changes. This review covers the basics of elastography, its applications, instruments, techniques, the scoring system and the indications for elastography. © 2011 University of Sarajevo Faculty of Health Studies

Introduction: The prevalence of pediatric obesity is increasing. Finding the most effective preventive measures for the development of obesity in each country requires accurate epidemiological data on the number of obese children and adolescents, and their habits regarding nutrition and activity. The objective of this study was evaluate diet and physical activity in primary school students in relation to the occurrence of obesity, to determine the prevalence of overweight, mark the basic causes of this phenomenon and to establish measures for treatment and prevention.Methods: pupils 1-8. grades of primary schools were surveyed in written forms in terms of nutrition and physical activity, and measured height and weight, body mass index (BMI-body mass index) was calculated by whichwas estimated the level of nourishment: BMI> p (percentile) 5-malnutrition, p 5-85 proper body weight, p 85-95 over-nutrition, p> 95 obesity.Results: The study comprised 2329 pupils from 10 primary schools in the Canton of Sarajevo. Number of respondents by age and gender was balanced: I-IV 1077, V-VIII 1252; M-1226 and -1103 W. Obese and overweight was 22.46%, 62.53% of normal weight and 15 underweight, 01%. Most children eat a sandwich from school 34.63%, and food from the bakery 23.36% and 23.64% a sandwich from home. Still-dense juices are mostly drunk, even 22.34% of the students, a maximum of 52.8% water. Daily candy had taken 53.21% of all primary school students. 33.80% of the students were active on physical activity lessons and daily only 28.27%.Conclusions: The overweight problem in relation to the way of nutrition and physical activity is evident. The most important factors in] uencing the development of obesity undernutrition of children in school, the high frequency of intake of sweets and thick juice, an inadequate level ofphysical activity and sedanteran way of life.

Introduction: Lumbar pain syndrome is the most common cause of why patients, especially the active ones, are reported to physicians. It is manifested as nonspecific or non-radicular lumbar pain syndrome which is not associated with neurological symptoms, and specific which is associated with spinal nerve root compression. Aims of this study were to determine correlation between inadequate equipment and improper position for work with disk caused lumbar pain syndrome.Methods: The study included 913 patients who have visited the Community-based rehabilitation ambulance "Praxis" due to low back pain syndrome and verified disc hernia in the five year period. Lumbar pain syndrome was diagnosed by clinical examination (history, inspection, palpation, Lasegue sign, neurologic and motoric dysfunction tests), then radiologic diagnostic methods (CT, MRI). The data about inadequate equipment and position during work were obtained in interview with  patients.Results: Lumbar pain syndrome is most common among workers (268 or 29.35%), followed by officials (239 or 26.17%). With the conducted research we determine that all the patients had inadequate equipment and the position of labor and weak abdominal and spinal muscles.Conclusion: Based on research conducted through the before mentioned variables, we can determine not only the association, but a strong influence of inadequate equipment and improper position for work to the occurrence of disk caused lumbar pain syndrome.

Introduction: Estrogen deficiency plays a critical role in the development of osteoporosis. However, some other factors may contribute to bone loss as well. Aim: To show presence of osteoporosis risk factors and to examine its influence on bone mass loss in women with normal menstrual history.Methods: The study included 30 postmenopausal women, ages from 50 to 65 with osteoporosis who entered into menopause before the age of 45, and 30 postmenopausal women, ages from 50 to 65 with osteoporosis who had normal menstrual history. Presence of risk factors has been calculated for both groups and statistical significance of differences  between two groups presented.Results: In the group with normal menstrual history 33.33% women had low level of physical activities, 56.66% suffered from insuficient intake of calcium, 63.33% of women were active smokers. Body mass index bellow 19 had 6.66% women, insuficient exposure to the sun was registered in 60%, and 23.33% women were either taking medicaments or had  diseases that could cause osteoporosis. Statistical significance of differencies in presence of certain risk factors between two groups was registered for : insuficient daily intake of calcium (p <0.001), insuficient exposure to the sun (p<0.001), and smoking (p <0.001).Conclusion: Results of the study indicate high presence of osteoporosis risk factors in women with normal menstrual history and indicate influence of certain factors (calcium, sun exposure, smoking) on occurence ofosteoporosis in this group.

Introduction: Traumatic injuries of the spinal column are among the most devastating injuries in orthopedics. The primary goals of rehabilitation of these injuries are prevention of secondary complications, maximizing physical functioning and reintegration into the community. Rehabilitation after spinal injury reqires multidisciplinary team approach. Team members include, but are not limited to, physical therapists, occupational therapists, nurses, psychologists, health care managers and social workers, with each member having role and responsibility in their area of expertise. This study aimed to determine the difference in the occurrence of spinal injuries according to gender, age, cause of injury, neurological phenomenon in injured patients, the treatment and physical procedures used in the early stages of rehabilitation. Methods: The study was conducted as a retrospective and comparative at the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology of Clinical Center University of Sarajevo. Medical records of 100 patients, treated at from January 1 st 2007 till June 30 th 2008, were processed and data about outpatient protocols and surgery protocols analyzed. Results: The results obtained from the data showed greater proportion of women (56%) compared to men (44%). Most patients were in the age group between 41 and 60. Injuries were most often due to falls from height