UNLABELLED Lymphadenopathy is defined as an abnormality in the size or character of lymph nodes, is caused by the invasion or propagation of either inflammatory cells or neoplastic cells into the node. Numerous factors, such as age, localization, size and consistency, present and previous pathological conditions are very important in order to define the future diagnostic and therapeutic course. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the etiological and clinical characteristics oflymphadenopathy in children in the area of the Tuzla Canton. PATIENTS AND METHODS This retrospective-prospective study analyzed the medical records of the Department of Pediatrics in Tuzla of 334 patients in age from 0 to 14 years, in which the clinical signs of palpable lymph nodes of one or more regions was diagnosed in the period from January 1st 1998 to June 30th 2003. The anamnesis data, clinical findings, diagnostic procedures results, therapeutic approach and disease outcome etiology defined lymphadenopathy were analyzed. RESULTS Out of 334 children, localized lymphadenopathy have been verified in 230, and generalized in 104. Male/female ratio was 1:1.8. Final results of our study have shown the etiologies as following: Infectious etiologies, 79.34%, neoplastic 11.34%, and non-neoplastic 9.28%. In neoplastic etiologies, lymphoblastic leukemia has been the most often verified neoplastic disease (68.4%), not related to the age or sex of patient, and equally presented as localized and generalized lymphadenopathy. In this study lymphomas were presented by generalized lymphadenopathy. CONCLUSION The regional and generalized lymphadenopathy in children depends on their etiology and has significant prognostic value for the disease.

INTRODUCTION The clinical course and outcome of B-CLL is various and so far unpredictible. Defining prognostic parameters potentiating division of patients in groups with favorable and unfavorable prognosis which could help the benefit assessment of early treatment, improve treatment effects, and potentiate treatment modification for each patient. AIM To analyze the bone-marrow (BM) pattern and immunophenotypic score at diagnosis of B-CLL and determine the correlation of BM pattern with the clinical stage of disease and immunophenotypic score. METHODS A sample of 40 untreated patients with B-CLL was divided into two groups: group with clinical stage Binet A and group with clinical stages Binet B and Binet C. BM patterns were observed as a diffuse, interstitial, nodular and mixed. BM immunophenotyping included CD5, CD23, CD22, and CD20 as an indirect indicator of FMC7. RESULTS The overall sample mean age was 62.88 years +/- 11.10, without significant difference in the age of two compared groups (63.15 +/- 10.53 years vs. 62.60 +/- 11.50 years) (t = 0.16, df= 38, p = 0.88). Proportion of men was significantly higher in stages Binet B and C (12/20) compared to stage Binet A (5/20) (Z=2.24, p=0.025). The percentage of women was higher than men in Binet A stage (75% vs. 25%). The BM patterns in Binet A stage were observed as follows: mixed 50% (10/20), interstitial 30% (6/20), nodular 15% (3/20) and diffuse 5% (1/20). The BM patterns in Binet B and C stages were observed as follows: diffuse 50% (10/20), mixed 40% (8/20), interstitial 5% (1/20) and nodular 5% (1/20). Clinical stage and the BM patterns were significantly associated (c2=8.02, p=0,005). The chance for non-diffuse patterns was 19 times higher in stage Binet A compared to stages Binet B and C, respectively, analyzing 95% CI at least 2 times higher (95% CI: 2.02-866.6). Immunophenotypic score in total sample was observed as follows: score 4: 5% (2/40), score 3: 72.5% (29/40), score 2: 20% (8/40) and score 1: 2,5% (1/40). Immunophenotypic score 3 and > 3 had 77.5% of patients (31/40), but there was no significant association between the immunophenotypic score and the BM patterns (c2=0.76, p=0.38). CONCLUSIONS Diffuse BM pattern was significantly associated with the clinical stages Binet B and C, compared to non-diffuse BM patterns which were significantly associated with the clinical stage Binet A. Diffuse BM pattern represent the parameter of progressive disease compared to the non-diffuse BM patterns which are more often represented in stable disease. Immunophenotypic score improves diagnostic accuracy of B-CLL, but should not be used as a prognostic parameter of B -CLL.

Proizvodnja fermentiranih kobasica od konjskog mesa u nasoj zemlji ima dugu tradiciju koja obogacuje nasu gastronomsku ponudu. No, premalo je dostupnih podataka o takvoj tradicionalnoj proizvodnji i kakvoci proizvoda da bi se moglo govoriti o standardizaciji i zastiti izvornosti. Stoga je cilj ovog rada bio istražiti fizikalno- kemijska i senzorska svojstva kobasica od konjskog mesa, a u ovisnosti o sezoni proizvodnje te fazi zrenja. Prosjecne vrijednosti pH u gotovom proizvodu iznosile su 5, 83, udio vode 19, 90 %, aktivitet vode 0, 896, kolicina NaCl-a 3, 44 % te amonijaka 0, 42 mg%. Senzornom ocjenom utvrđena su neznatna odstupanja u senzornim svojstvima kobasica u odnosu na sezonu proizvodnje. Tijekom zrenja utvrđene su prema sezoni proizvodnje statisticki znacajne razlike (p<0, 05) fizikalno- kemijskih pokazatelja koje ipak nisu znacajno utjecale na ujednacenost kakvoce gotovih proizvoda.

The paper deals with the changes of some parameters of dairy cows teat caused by machine milking. Ultrasonographic scanner GE Medical Systems LOGIQ 100 PRO with linear array VE 5 with 5 MHz probe was used for scanning the teats. Scanning was conducted on nineteen cows of Holstein-friesian breed. The cows were housed in a free stall barn and milked in a herringbone milking parlour 2x3 with Alfa-Laval milking system with Duovac milking units. Teat scanning was done just before morning milking and immediately after milking on the right side of the udders for front and rear teats. The following parameters were measured: teat canal length (TCL), teat end width (TEW), teat cistern width (TCW) and teat wall thickness (TWT). Ratio between teat wall thickness and teat cistern width (TWT/TCW) before and after milking was calculated. Length of teat canal for the front right teat increased in average for 12.55% after milking and 23.61% for the rear right teat. Teat end width of the front and rear right teat increased after milking for 1.25% and 4.79%, respectively. Mean teat cistern width of the front right teat decreased after milking for 22.27%, while for the rear right teat mean decrease was 25.63%. Teat wall thickness of the front and rear right teat increased after milking for 5.22% and 17.26% respectively. Ratio between teat wall thickness and teat cistern width (TWT/TCW) changed from 0.635 before milking to 0.860 after milking for the front right teat and from 0.698 to 1.101 for the rear right teat.

Cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti mikrobioloske promjene u trajnim kobasicama od konjskog mesa prema fazama zrenja i sezoni proizvodnje, determinirati bakterije mlijecne kiseline i ispitati njihov inhibicijski potencijal prema bakteriji Listeria monocytogenes. Sezona proizvodnje znacajno je utjecala naukupni broj bakterija, broj bakterija mlijecne kiseline, koagulaza negativnih koka, enterokoka i kvasaca u gotovom proizvodu (p<0, 05). Bakterije mlijecne kiseline bile su najbrojnija mikrobna populacija u nadjevu, uz znacajan broj kvasaca i koagulaza negativnih koka. Najcesce izolirana vrsta bakterija mlijecne kiseline bila je Lactobacillus plantarum (56 %), a potom Weisella confusa (26 %), Lactobacillus fermentum (6 %), Lactobacillus pentosus (6 %), Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (2 %), Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii (2 %) i Weisella viridescens (2 %). Najsnažnije inhibicijsko djelovanje prema L. monocytogenes in vitro pokazali su izolati laktobacila. Dobiveni rezultati mogu poslužiti boljem razumijevanju specificnosti fermentacije kobasica od konjskog mesa u odnosu na druge vrste mesa te poslužiti u postupku standardizacije proizvodnje.